Go'doomin Taranka: Qeexid, Sababaha. Noocyada go'doomin taranka: tusaalooyin

At noolaha panmiktichnyh (galmada tarmo) nooca - set oo ah noolaha la mid ah in badan oo sifooyinkaa in si xor ah hybridize karaan si ay u sameeyaan wax Ishu ku bacrin yihiin. Fikradda ah ningax waxaa loo isticmaalaa in macnaha guud ee microevolution, ama, sida waxa loo yaqaan, - speciation. go'doomin Taranka bilaabaa habka of formation of noocyada cusub oo u dhameeyo. Laakiin dhammaan noocyada this ifafaale ma keeni doontaa in soo bixitaanka of nooc cusub, sida aan ningax kasta oo keenta in dissociation final dadka taranka.

hababka takooro in horumar

Shaqsiyaadka gudahood noocyada a waxaa jira kooxo - dadka. Waa dadka sida unit ka mid ah microevolution adeego sidii wax loogu talagalay formation of noocyada cusub, oo kala duwan laga bilaabay curadkii. noocyada dhexeeya dadka ee wax hidde gudahood waxaa badelay inta lagu jiro nidaamka dhalmo ah. Waa maxay waxa loo yaqaan awoodda taranka ee jirka. Marka, sabab kasta ha, is-dhaafsiga u dhexeeya dadka gudahood noocyada a waa xaddidan ama gabi ahaanba macquul aheyn in la yidhaahdo in go'doon ah taranka. Qeexidda of this hab evolutionary waa in la hubiyo in shaqsiyaadka dadka kala duwan ma soo saari karaan farcankaaga. Taariikhda ah ee nooc cusub - silsilad ah noocyada kala duwan ee go'doomin taranka, bedelida ama noqnoqashada, samaynta kala qeybinta dadka karin.

go'doomin Taranka: soocidda

Waxaa jira dhowr fikradaha ku kala soocidda dadka noocyada go'doonsan. shuruudaha kala duwan ayaa laga qaadayaa feature aasaasiga ah siiyo qaar ka mid ah arrinta wareer. Ha noo qaado in ay sal u ah in go'doomin taranka sida a panmixia xadaynta joogto ah (isgoyska free) - taasi waa marxaladda la soo dhaafay, speciation finalka. Taageerayaasha of view this of karantiimada ee noocyada-ayaa lagu yaqaan in ay bayoolajiga evolutionary GM Dobzhansky (1900-1975 GG.) Oo E. Mayr (1904-2005 GG.). Farsamo ee go'doomin taranka ee habkan loo kala qaybin doonaa saddex kooxood:

• separation aan ollogga (juquraafi ahaan);
• ningax deegaanka (hanaanka difaaca);
• habboon hab taranka dokopulyatsioinnye ka kooban (si ay u sameeyaan zygotes) iyo poslekopulyatsionnye (isagaoo dhacdaa, laakiin ukunta waa bacarimisani ama ma, ama dhinto, ama Beelaha sterile) caqabado.

Marka kasta oo hab gaari xaddidaadda panmixia: buuxa ama qayb ahaan. Si kooban, in koox kasta ka fiirsan doonaa noocyada go'doomin taranka. Tusaale ahaan iyaga muujinaysa caawin doonaa in ay fahmaan nuxurka ama qaab.

go'doomin da'ayeen hababka dadka

farsamo go'doomin la xidhiidha isbedelka kala duwan dhul (dhacdo of caqabadaha qaab tiixtiix ama webiga) ama gelida qaybo badan oo foomka. In case of xad gudub ku ah socodka hiddo u dhexeeya dadka kala maqan dhacdaa go'doomin taranka. Tusaalaha ugu wanaagsan yaqaan of this ifafaale si ay u sameeyaan noocyo cusub oo noocyada la oran karo waa creepers jasiiradda Galapagos, taas oo mid ka mid ah tusaalooyin ee Darwin noqday "Asalkii Species by Means of Selection dabiiciga ah." Ama tusaale u ah magpie ah buluug, mid ka mid ah dadka ku nool Shiinaha, oo kale - ee Spain.

hababka go'doomin Environmental

Sababaha go'doomin taranka ee noocan ah waxaa la xidhiidha farqiga in dadka ka mid ah xaaladaha taranta ka mid ah noocyada symmetrically ku nool, waa in isla aagga. Tusaale ahaan, taranta ama ubax xilli ha ku beeganto. On xeebta California ee symmetrically waxaa jira laba nooc oo ah geedo saytuun dibadeed ah, hal nooc oo manka u deyney in February, iyo mid kale - ee April. go'doomin dhawrista xilliyeed waxa uu noqday ay faafin. TUSAALE go'doomin taranka, laakiin waxa ay ka dhacday ay sabab u tahay database-calafka xoolaha kala duwan u muujiyaan saddex nooc oo shaabadood Antarctic ka dhacay mid ka mid ah awoowe phylogenetic. Khatimidii Veddelya cuna kalluunka oo keliya, badda shabeel - pingvin iyo shaabadihiisa, iyo Ross seal - cephalopods.

Foomamka Dokopulyatsionnye go'doon taranka

go'doomin farsamo - oo aan natiijo ah isagaoo sababa dhismeedka kala duwan oo ka mid ah xubnaha taranka ama copulative. Tusaale ahaan, noocyada kala duwan ee xikmadda leeyihiin qaab ubaxa kala duwan iyo waxaa lagu pollinated by bees kale. xiriir la mid ah u dhexeeya orchids iyo hummingbirds. weheshiga Interspecies umado Drosophila keenaysaa in dhaawac ama dhimasho ah lammaane.

go'doomin Ethological - ma isagaoo ay sabab u tahay kala duwan ee dhaqanka galmada (in saaxibo, gabay, oo cayaaraya, luminescence ama pheromonesku farqiga). Tusaale ahaan, si dhow ula nooc oo fireflies la xiriira at dumar degdeg rimay kala duwan biligleynaya (la soo noqnoqoshada kala duwan iyo muddo). Sidoo kale, waxaa la xusay waxaa laga yaabaa in macnaha guud, noocyada-gaarka ah ee songs ka tihiin shimbirro oo rahyo. Oo weheshiga cibaadaysi Shimbiraha ogaadaan wax kasta.

go'doomin Gametic - la'aanta dhexgalka ee gametes ama dhimasho gamete. Jiritaanka noocan ah ningax cadaato experimentally. Tusaale ahaan, laba nooc oo urchins badda la bacrinta dibadda gudbay geneticists American iyo Denis Brachet. Egg waxaa dilaacday laakiin embriyaha dhintay marxaladaha hore ee gastrulation.

Foomamka Poslekopulyatsionnye go'doon taranka

Tani waxa ay tilmaamaysaa u-meelmar ah non of ukun abuurmatay iyo dhimashada ee embriyaha ah ee marxaladaha hore ee ontogeny. Ama dhimashada ilamaha aan dhalan (ama qof) in ay gaaraan maturity galmada. Aad u dhow fikirka ah go'doomin gametic.

dhalaysnimo xoolaha hybrid

Inta badan xoolaha ka badbaaday Beelaha interspecific waa sterile, taas macnaheedu waa in aadan awoodin in ay soo saaraan farcankaaga. marka laga reebo waxaa laga yaabaa in Beelaha semisterile. hab ay of this ifafaale waa arrin adag, ku salaysan hiddo, koromosoomyada ama sababo cytological. Halkan waxaa ku qoran tusaale oo kaliya oo ah Beelaha interspecific, kaas oo lagu yaqaan in ay dhan.

Hybrid dameer iyo geenyo a - baqashiisii. Wuxuu ka weyn tahay dameer iyo ka yar faras, marka lagu daro, waxaa ku jira xayawaanka fudud. Beelaha dacawo la xiriira si dhow ula eeyaha iyo yeey (volkosob, poluvolk) ayaa soo saartay, kartina u ah iyo dulqaadasho badan eey caadiga ah. kalluun badan oo quraaradda - noocyo hybrid (Aulonocara midabo). Waxay u qurux badan, ka badan foomamka waalidka yihiin, laakiin marka aad iibsato waa sheeg asalka ah ee kalluunka, haddii kale aadan sugi doonaa farcankaaga. Qof walba waa ogyahay in miraha dhirta kaymo (yaanyada, qajaarka), la F-1 ah, calaamadeeyay - foomka hybrid ah. Midhaha ugu of dhirta, kuwaas oo ka hadhay, waayo, farcankaaga.