Horumarka noolaha

horumarka Biological - waa jihada kaliya ee horumar, taasoo keentay in wax nin u eg. arrimuhu Tani waxay keenaysaa in kala guurka ah ee geedi socodka of horumar heerka bulshada.

Sida aad ogtahay, guusha horumarka noolaha, taariikhda horumarka (phylogeny) ee taxon kasta gaar ah (group) waxay ku xiran tahay aagga qabsiga taas, dhab ahaantii, xuubsiiban taxon this. Waxaa sidoo kale muhim yihiin sixitaanka suurto gal ah in qaab-dhismeedka hay'adeed ee kooxda.

Saameeya dhibaatada ugu weyn ee lagu xalinayo horumarka noolaha, saynisyahano waxaa feejignaan in doorka factor kasta jira in la go'aaminayo haddii arrimuhu gaar ah ee horumarinta. In si kale loo dhigo, waa waxbarasho ee su'aashan noo ogolaaneysa in la arko sida kordhin kartaa taam iyo horumar ah ee dhan.

Hore ee bilaabay in ay barato aagga this, wuxuu noqday ZH. B. Lamark. Saynisyahanka la wadaago horumarka noolaha ee laba nooc. The ugu horeysay ee uu qaaday wayn Fadilid - kordhaya heerka urureed. Shirka labaad ee iyaga ka mid ah, sida ay saynisyahano, waa formation of kala duwanaanshaha noocyada ururka ee heer kasta oo gaar ah. Qubarada badankooda ayaa aaminsan in labadaa geedi socod ka madaxbannaan yihiin midba midka kale. Sayidka, Fadilid sababay rabitaan gudaha horumar, kala duwanaanshaha soo saaray deegaanka. Waa in la sheegay in, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in B. ZH. Lamark qaldan farsamo ee labada jiho, jiritaankooda aad u waa xaqiiqda ku salaysan.

Darwin tixgeliyo horumarka noolaha kale. Waxa uu u dhigantaa ah fikradaha ee horumar iyo la qabsashada. Taa awgeed, sida uu sheegay Darwin, sii kordhaya heerka urureed waxaa qayb ahaan keliya natiijada habka oo dhan. Sida caadiga ah, iyadoo ay ururka ee geedi socodka of horumar marka la isku daro siyaadiyaa qabsashada. Inta lagu guda jiro sifooyinka kala (kala) waa dhexdhexaad biotic dhibaato joogto ah. Darwin soo jeediyay in dheeraad ah in la qabsashada in ay dhexdhexaad ka sii adag waxaa lagu gaari karaa by kaliya qaab-dhismeedka ka sii adag ee jirka. Ka dibna, horumarka noolaha ayaa bartay laba siyaabood. waxbarashada ayaa la sameeyay in Ruush Severtsov iyo dibadda J. Huxley iyo B. Rensch.

Sida ZH. B. Lamark, B. Rensch rumeysan yahay in horumarka ah ee horumar laga yaabaa vertical kaliya ma, laakiin sidoo kale horizontal. waxbarasho kala duwan ee heer la mid ah urur la odhan jiray kladogenezom Renshaw, wax soo saarka waa heer cusub - anagenesis. Taa baddalkeeda, John. Huxley in qeexitaanka "Goon" (heerka), la soo jeediyay by Lamarck soo laabtay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmiga loo qoondeeyay iyo jihada saddexaad in dhacdaa horumarka noolaha, waxa ugu yeeray stasigenezom. Tani waa jihada uu u maleeyay arrin ku xasilinta, ilaalinta joogto ah, laamo is beddelin. Falanqaynta jiho kasta, J .. Huxley in su'aasha ah ee sida badan guud ahaan waxay keeni kartaa horumarinta evolutionary yimid iyo in uu noqon karaa Faraj ay progressiveness. Natiijada waxa ay aheyd isku liddiga ah J. Huxley kuwa horumar leh - tiibiida bacilli, oo iska xanaajin cudur aadanaha, ama nin isaga qudhiisa.?

Qubarada waxa ay isku dayayaan si ay u xalliyaan arrimaha soo baxaya in uu aragtida horumarka aan xad lahayn oo kooban. Iyadoo la tixraacayo aragti ah ee horumar, dabcan - waa horumarka noolaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horumarinta this waa koox, oo sidaas daraaddeed, xadidan. Gudbinta ka mid stage in kale, taxon kasta (group) waa horumar, laakiin waqti isku mid ah, ay timaado in eynu, oo waa inuu stasigenezu. Xaaladdan oo kale, jihada kaliya hal of horumarinta, taas oo keentay in muuqaalka kore ee qofka waa aan xad lahayn. Tan waxa u sabab, ugu horrayn, inay helaan heer cusub oo horumar - bulshada.