Hydrogen macdan

hydrogen macdan ah, taas oo cadaadis ah oo ku saabsan afar milyan iyo badh atmospheres, waxaa laga yaabaa in heerkulka guurka ugu muhiimsan ee kala duwan ee kirishbooyada heerkulka sare. Sida laga soo xigtay xisaabo hordhaca ah, saynisyahano Italo-Germanic physicists afka baarkiisa, heerkulka muhiimka ah ee element waa loo siman yahay si ay 242 K (jaray kow iyo soddon degrees Celsius).

gaaska hydrogen waxaa la galeen at heerkul ah 20 C. Haddii heerkulka ayaa weli ka hooseeya at 6 K, waxaa loo roggi karaa element gobolka adag. Hanington Wigner iyo in 1935 la wareegay saarka ee hydrogen in shaybaar. Sida laga soo xigtay iyaga, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la isticmaalo cadaadis sare ahaa - 25 GPA (GPA waa qiyaastii u siman yihiin in mid ka mid ah tobanka kun oo reer atmospheres). Sidaas darteed, cadaadis sare oo xubin ka beddelin isotope ah hydrogen - element a dielectric tabinta. Waa in la ogaadaa in gaaska ee gobolka bilowga ah wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin tabinta. Iyo sidoo kale birta, element ayaaba korantada, halka waxaasu noqon ee gobolka adag. In si kale loo dhigo, hydrogen waxaa laga yaabaa in a dareere ah oo guryaha macdan ah.

In 1971 yimid shaqo daabacaadan ah aqoonyahaniinta Soviet iyo aragtiyaha madax Kagan ah. Kooxda physicists caddeeyeen in hydrogen biraha laga yaabaa metastable. Taas macnaheedu waa in ka dib markii joojinta gaadhista cadaadis kacsantahay element ma guurto ay gobolka asalka - gaaska, taas oo wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin dielectric. Isla mar ahaantaana weli ma cadda in tallaabadan waa dheer u leedahay in waqti si ay u isticmaalaan hydrogen biraha.

Guusha ugu horeysay qorshaha baaritaanka loo hagaajiyey ee 1975, sannadka February. Koox Seynis hogaaminayo Vereshchagin abuuray hydrogen macdan ah. Under saameynta ay heerkulka of 4.2 K qol khafiif ah lakabka la anvils diamond ah sidoo kale u sakhiray in ay cadaadis a amarka 300 GPA ayaa lagu arkay hoos u dhac caabin korontada ee gaaska ee malaayiin jeer. Tani waxay muujisay kala guurka ah hydrogen ee gobolka macdan ah.

Waayo, cadaadis sarreeya oo dubbaha diamond codsatay. Waxaa la soo bandhigay qaab laba diamond macmal saadaaliyay cadaadisay ka dhan ah midba midka kale iyadoo adeegsanayo jaraa'id. Sidaas darteed, cut, dhexroorka - amarka of dhowr meelood millimeter ah, la sameeyey cadaadis loo baahan yahay. On this site waa la qaboojiyey muunad in gacanta. Tijaabada waxaa isku meel ka waa qalab loo nuujiyo: thermocouples Ghadafi, electrodes iyo qalab kale oo lagu qiyaaso.

Tallaabada xigta ee shaqada ah aqoonyahaniinta ahaa in la ogaado suurtagalnimada ee kala guurka ah ku xiga gobolka superconducting bir ah. First Weydii dhibaatadan Neil Ashcroft. Theorist saadaaliyay in hydrogen macdan noqon doonaa guryaha "qalaad" markii loo feydo heerkulka ka sarreeya 200 K.

Xad dhawaan la daabacay shaqo ah physicists Jarmal iyo Talyaani. Qorayaashu waxay ku andacoodaan in ay hab electron-phonon of formation of lammaane Cooper gaaray record index heerkulka muhiim ah - 242 K. Iyada oo ay taasi, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah iyo gaadhista cadaadiska sare - oo ku saabsan 450 GPA, iyo this, markeeda, afar milyan iyo badh jeer cadaadiska Hawada.

Marka la xirrira ee mooshinka lammaane electron-phonon Cooper in daaqaddii wareegsan ee electron u soo jiitay ka udhigo soo socda chip, si wanaagsan lagu soo eedeeyay. Sidaas awgeed waxaa laga lahayo ku yar ee ka qaylisay, oo waqti gaaban u kordhiyaa-fiirsashada la'aan wanaagsan. By kordhaya fiirsashada of electron kale waxaa soo jiitay. Sidaas daraaddeed laba electrons waxaa soo jiitay. At heerkul ah nonzero is beddel ah ee ku saabsan udhigo dalalka hoganaya ay. Phonons - quanta ee isbedbedelka xogta this.