In waxa sannad iyo kuwa helay electron ah? Jirka, discoverer of electron ah: magaca, taariikhda daahfurtay iyo xaqiiqooyinka oo xiiso leh

Dood ku saabsan cidda helay electron ah, weli sii ilaa maantadan la joogo. In doorka horyaal ah oo qayb ka hoose, marka laga reebo Dzhozefa Tomsona, qaar ka mid ah taariikhyahanadu sayniska arki Hendrik Lorentz iyo Pieter Zeeman, dadka kale - Emilya Viherta, iyo kuwo kale - Filippa Lenarda. Sidaas yaa - saynisyahan, kuwaas oo helay electron ah?

Atom - si karo

Ereyga "atom" nolol maalmeedka la soo bandhigay by faylosuufiinta. fekeraya Baydka Leucippus kale qarnigii V BC. e. Waxaan soo jeediyay in qof kasta oo dunida ka kooban yahay qayb yar. Uu ardayga - Democritus u yeedhay atamka. Sida laga soo xigtay falsafo, atamka ka - "blocks dhismaha" ee caalamka, wuxuuna weligeed ah. Laga soo bilaabo qaabka dibadda ah iyo qaab-dhismeedka guryaha ku tiirsan of walxaha atamka iyo Wabiyadan socota biyo - biraha siman - ilko ka qortay, jirka engegnaantiinna siinayo.

The saynisyahan fiican Ruush M. V. Lomonosov, aasaasihii aragtida ah qaaradda-kelli rumeysan yahay in kooban of corpuscles fudud walxaha (Britain) oo lagu sameeyay a noocyada qaaradda hal, ay adag tahay - oo kala duwan.

Chemist baray Dzhon Dalton (Man) ee 1803, ee ku salaysan xogta tijaabo iyo qaadashada miisaankiisu unit caadiga ah ee atamka hydrogen helay tacsida qaraabo qaaradda ka mid ah xubno ka mid ah. Aragti Atoomikada England ahaa muhiimad weyn u ah horumar kale ee chemistry iyo physics.

Yaa helay electron ah?

By bilowgii qarnigii XX ee ay u ururay tiro ka mid ah xogta tijaabo caddaynaya kakanaanta ee qaab dhismeedka of atamka. Tani waxay ka mid noqon kara saamaynta photoelectric (Hertz, A. Stoletov ee 1887), furitaanka cathode ah (J. Plucker, W. Crookes, 1870) iyo X-ray (X-ray B., 1895) rays, shucaaca (A. Becquerel, 1896).

Seynisyahanno la rays cathode, qaybsan yahay laba dhinac ka shaqeeya, mid la filayaa nooca la ruxruxo oo ka mid ah ifafaale, kan kalena wuxuu ka - corpuscular. natiijooyin la taaban karo lagu gaari professor of Normale hôtelière Supérieure (Lille, France) Zhan Batist Perrin. In 1895, uu soo bandhigay iyada oo loo marayo tijaabo in rays cathode waa durdur qayb ka xun lagu soo eedeeyay. Waxaa laga yaabaa in Perrin - jirka, helay electron ah?

On marinkii guulaha weyn

Jirka iyo xisaab George Johnstone Stoney (Royal Irish University of Dublin) sanadkii 1874kii iyagoo ku dhawaaqay malo ee dabiiciga ah Discrete oo koronto ah. Maxaa sano iyo kan electron la helay? Intii lagu guda jiray shaqada tijaabo on waxaa electrolyzed D. Stoney qeexay qiimaha ugu yar ee lacag korontada (inkastoo natiijada helay (10 ^-20 cl) ahaa 16 gool ka yar dhabta ah). lacag korontada Elementary unit 1891 ee saynisyahanka Irish ee loo yaqaan "electron" (ka Giriigga ah ee "hurdiga ah").

Sannad ka dib, Gendrik Lorens (University Leiden, Netherlands ayaa) ayaa loo habayn caqiidada ugu weyn ee uu aragti electron, sida laga soo xigtay taas oo ku salaysan qaab-dhismeedka wax kasta waa eedeeyay korontada Discrete. saynisyahano ma fiirsan horyaal ee walxaha, laakiin baaritaan ay af iyo qoraal u noqday asaas adag furitaanka mustaqbalka ee Thomson.

enthusiast dhiso

On su'aasha ah haddii, marka iyo kuwa helay electron ah, buugaag siin jawaab waadix ah oo cad - Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson ee 1897. Waa maxay mudnaanta ee jirka dadka Ingiriisi ah?

aabbe u ahaa Madaxweynaha Mustaqbalka ee Society Royal ahaa bookseller iyo carruurnimada Ruhbaaniyad in wiilkiisa jacayl ah erayga daabacan iyo ridaa aqoon cusub. Ka dib ka qalin Owens College (1903 - Manchester University) iyo University of Cambridge ee 1880, xisaabyahan ah dhallinyarada Dzhozef Tomson u baxay inuu ka shaqeeyo Laboratory Cavendish ee. waxbarashada tijaabo gebi ahaanba la dhacsan yihiin cilmiga dhallinyarada. Shaqaalaheenna xusay uu furitaankii daalin iyo kacsi aan caadi ahayn loogu talagalay shaqo.

In 1884, isagoo jira da'da 28 sano, Thomson ayaa loo magacaabay agaasimaha shaybaarka, guulaysato Rabbiga K. Rayleigh. Under hoggaanka Laboratory Thomson u sarreeyey 35 sano ee soo socota waxa uu ku koray mid ka mid ah xarumaha ugu weyn ee physics dunida galay. Sidaa bilaabay sodcaalkoodii Rutherford, Bohr, P. Langevin.

Fiiro gaar ah u faahfaahsan

Work on daraasadda of rays cathode Thomson waxay bilaabeen inay hubiso tijaabo ah ka horreeyay uu. Wixii tijaabo badan waxaa la dhigay qalab gaar ah agaasimaha shaybaarka sawiro shakhsi. Ka dib markii la helo xaqiijinta aragnimada tayo leh, Thomson uma aan malaynaynin inaan halkaas u joojiyaan. Ujeedada ugu weyn waxaa ka mid ah waxaa loo arkaa in go'aanka saxda ah tiro ka mid ah nooca ah rays iyo qurubyada ay dastuurka.

tube New dhisay ee tijaabo ka dib markii ay ahayd in ay ka kooban, ma aha oo kaliya cathode caadiga ah iyo electrodes hi (foomka of taarikada iyo siddo) la danab darbo. corpuscles Feed faray at shaashadda dahaarka leh kula lakabka khafiif ah oo qayb ka Daawatay wax dul saameyn. Socodka ayaa la filayaa in loo maareeyo ficilka isku dhafan ee beeraha iyo korontada magnetic.

qaybaha la eb

noqon Discoverer adag. Xitaa way adag tahay si ay u difaacaan waxay aaminsan yihiin, taas oo lid ku ah fikradaha fiican oo la aasaasay kumanaan sanadood. CAQIIDADA naftaada in, in kooxda iyo Thomson sameeyey ninkii helay electron ah.

Khibradda siiyey natiijada cajiib ah. mass walxaha ahayd laba kun. jeer ka yar in ee atammada hydrogen. Ratio la'aan in corpuscles waxa aanu ku xiran tahay heerka socodka mass, guryaha ee wax cathode ah, nooca dhexdhexaadka ah ee gaseous taas oo dheecaanku ka dhacdaa. Gunaanadka waa u arkayo oo dhan aasaaska: corpuscle - arrin particulate Universal ee halabuurka ah ee la eb ee. Waqti ka dib markii, Thomson dadaal iyo si taxadar leh u baari natiijada tijaabo iyo xisaabinta. Marka shaki baa ka hadhay, muxaadaro ku saabsan nooca rays cathode of Society Royal ah. In guga ee 1897 waxa uu dayn inay noqon eb qaybin karo. In 1906, Dzhozef Tomson waxaa la guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee Physics.

Lama yaqaan Iogann Vihert

Name of Koningsborskogo Geophysics macallinka, ka dibna Jaamacadda Gottingen, meeraha seismography cilmibaadhe Johann Emilya Viherta, si fiican u yaqaan in wareegyada Haseyeeshee iyo geographers xirfadeed. Laakiin isagu waa la yaqaan iyo jirka saynisyahannada. Waa qofka kaliya ee kan science-ka rasmiga ah, oo ay la socdaan Thomson, discoverer ee electron u qirtay. Oo haddii baynu noqon gabi ahaanba sax ah, waraaqo ku tilmaamay tijaabo iyo xisaabinta Wiechert waxaa la daabacay bishii January ee 1897 - afar bilood ka hor warbixinta England ee. Yaa helay electron ah - ayaa taariikh ahaan la go'aansaday, laakiin xaqiiqada ah weli.

Waayo, tixraaca: in mid ka mid ahaa shuqulladiisa, Thomson ma isticmaalaan ereyga "electron" ah. Wuxuu isticmaalay "corpuscles" magaca.

Yaa furay proton ah, neutron iyo electron?

Ka dib markii lagu ogaan karo steel walxaha hoose ugu horeysay warar xan ah oo ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka suurto galka ah ee la eb ee. Mid ka mid ah lagu daydo ugu horeysay waxaa la soo jeediyay by Thomson. Atom, sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, ekaan goosin ka mid ah daadi la sabiib ah, jidh wanaagsan eedeeyay interspersed qayb ka xun.

In 1911, Ernest Rutherford (New Zealand, United Kingdom) soo jeediyay in model ah Planetary eb uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka a. Laba sano ka dib, ayuu hore u gelin la xiqiijiyay in jiritaanka in xuduntii la eb ee wanaagsan lagu eedeeyay Qurub iyo, isagoo u experimentally helay, wuxuu u yeedhay proton. Waxa uu sidoo kale saadaaliyay in jiritaanka walxaha dhexdhexaad ah in xuduntii la mass proton ah (neutron la helay in 1932 by saynisyahan British John Chadwick.). In 1918, Dzhozef Tomson wareejiyay shaybaarka gacanta ku Ernest Rutherford.

Baahnayn in la sheego in daahfurka ee electron ah ayaa loo ogol yahay deymo cusub ee guryaha korontada, magnetic iyo indhaha ah waxyaabaha la. Way adag tahay in ay qiimayn dheeraad doorka Thompson iyo kuwa uu horumarinta physics qaaradda iyo nuclear.