Iscelin of habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha, noocyada, qiimaha hab

Regulation dhaqdhaqaaqa neural waa geedi socodkii excitation iyo is-celin ku yimaada habdhiska dhimirka. Markii hore, waxa ay u muuqataa sida cadaanyo hoose kicinta ah. In geeddi-socodka ah ee horumar lahaa dhibaato ka mid ah hawlaha neuroendocrine, taasoo keentay in formation of qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee nidaamka neerfaha iyo hormoonada jidhka. Iscelin ee habdhiska, noocyada iyo qaababka of hirgelintiisa - In this article aan mid ka mid ah hababka ugu muhiimsan ee lagu baari doonaa.

unugyada neerfaha, qaab-dhismeedkooda iyo shaqada

Mid ka mid ah noocyada unugyada xayawaanka, la odhan jiray dareemayaasha uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka gaar ah siisaa labada geedi socodka excitation iyo kaakicin function Fariin ku yimaada habdhiska dhimirka ah. unugyada dareenka ka kooban yihiin jidhka iyo appendages: gaaban (dendrites) oo dheer (axon), kaas oo bixiya gudbinta falalkooda dareemayaasha ka mid ah in neurocyte kale. dhamaadka axon ee xiriirada unugyada neerfaha la dendrites of neurocyte xiga ee meelaha lagu magacaabo synapses. Waxay hubiyaan in falalkooda bioelectric weheliyaan unugyada dareemayaasha. War sidee excitation had iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa hal jiho - ka axon si jirka ama dendrites of neurocyte kale.

hanti kale marka laga reebo excitation dal ee unugyada neerfaha, - Iscelin in habdhiska dhimirka. Waa jawaabta jirka ee kicinta taasoo keentay in hoos u dhac ama joojin buuxda oo motor ama hawl secretory, kaas oo ku lug leedahay neurons culus. Fariin ku unugyada neerfaha dhici karaan iyaga oo aan excitation hordhaca ah, laakiin keliya sarkhaansan Fariin xoog ah dhexdhexaadiyaha, sida reer Gebacna. Wuxuu ka mid ahaa laliska weyn ee Fariin waa. Waxaad kaloo wici kartaa walax this sida glycine. acid amino Tani waxay ku lug leh hagaajinta geedi socodka inhibitory iyo dareen wax soo saarka ee u taagoo ee gammaaminomaslyannoy synapses acid.

I. M. Sechenov iyo shaqada ee neurophysiology

saynisyahan Ruush caan ah, abuure ah aragtida ah ee hawsha reflex ee maskaxda tusay joogaan in qaybaha dhexe ee habka dareemayaasha ee kaxeynayo gaarka ah ee unugyada awood inactivating geedi socodka bioelectric. Furitaanka xarumo Biriigu in habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha waxaa suuragal ka dhigay isticmaalka I. Sechenov saddex nooc oo tijaabo. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid goynta qaybaha jilif qaybaha kala duwan ee maskaxda, kicinta ee loci shaqsi arrinta cirro shayo jirka ama kiimiko (koronto, sodium chloride) iyo sidoo kale hab ka mid ah excitation xarumaha maskaxda nafsaaniga ah. I. M. Sechenov ahaa experimenter weyn, fulinta jeexan aalladda sugan aagga u dhexeeya thalami oo ku qumman thalamus ee rihii. Waxa uu daawaday yareynta iyo joojinta dhamaystiran oo hawl motor of adimada xayawaanka.

Sidaas daraaddeed, neurophysiologist furay nooc gaar ah oo la xidhiidha geedi neural - Iscelin in habdhiska dhimirka. Noocyada iyo qaababka ay formation, waxaan kala hadli warbixino badan oo qaybaha soo socda, oo hadda mar kale saktsentiruem fiiro gaar ah u xaqiiqda, in waaxyaha sida oblongata medulla ah, iyo thalamic goobta ku yaal yeedhay jejebiyey, ama xarunta "Sechenovskiy". saynisyahan ayaa sidoo kale cadeeyay in ay joogaan ma aha oo kaliya in nuujiya, laakiin sidoo kale in aadanuhu. Waxaa intaa dheer, I. M. Sechenov helay arrin ku xarumaha excitation jejebiyey tonic. Waxaa la fahamsan yahay by this habka excitation yar ee neurons culus oo muruqyada la xiriira, iyo sidoo kale in Iscelin of dareemayaasha isu xarumaha.

Falgalaan in geedi socodka neural?

Studies caan Ruush physiologist I. P. Pavlova iyo I. M. Sechenova caddeeyeen in shaqo ee habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha lagu gartaa isuduwidda of falcelinta reflex. Dhexgalka ee excitation iyo is-celin ku yimaada habdhiska dhimirka keentey in xeer isku mid ah hawlaha jidhka, dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka, Neefta, dheefshiidka, Digo. geeddi socodka Bioelectric isku mar ka dhaca xarumaha dareemayaasha oo laga yaabaa in sequentially isbedelka muddo. Waxay bixisaa xiriir iyo marinka waqtigii of hummaag jawaab u calaamadaha deegaanka gudaha iyo dibadda. tijaabo badan oo ay sameeyeen neurophysiologists, ayaa xaqiijiyay in xaqiiqada ah in excitation iyo Iscelin in habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha - a ifafaale muhiimka ah neerfayaasha, kaas oo ku salaysan yihiin astaamo gaar ah. Aynu u baaro si faahfaahsan.

Xarumaha dareemayaasha of kiliyaha cerebral ay awoodaan in ay la qaybiyo labada nooc ee geedi socodka dhex habka dareemayaasha jirka. Hantidaan waxaa loogu yeeraa radiating excitation ama Iscelin. arrin ka soo horjeeda - yaraynta ama la yareeyo degaanka ee maskaxda, oo fidsan bioimpulsy. Waxa la yidhaahdaa ka-fiirsashada. Labada nooc ee isdhexgalka, saynisyahano ku arkay, waayo, formation of hummaag motor shuruud. Inta lagu jiro marxaladda hore ee xirfadaha motor, iyadoo ay sabab u cindiga of excitation mar jaray kooxaha muruqa badan, daruuri ma aha ku lug waxqabadka fal motor sameeyay. Kaliya ka dib markii aaminin badan ahbaa dhigay of damacyadii jidhka ah (kobaha, barafka, baaskiil), taasoo keentay in fiirsashada ah hawlgaladii excitation ee Axdigu cortical neuronal gaar ah, oo dhan dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha noqon vysokokoordinirovannymi.

Mase xarumaha dareemaha ayaa sidoo kale laga yaabaa inuu dhaco sabab u induction. Waxay u muuqataa marka shuruudaha soo socda ku qanacsanayn: marka hore waxaa jira Iscelin ama excitation fiirsashada, hawlgaladaa waa in ka mid ah xoog ku filan. In sayniska yaqaan laba nooc oo induction: S-waji (in Iscelin dhexe ee habdhiska wanaajisaa excitation) iyo foomka negative (excitation sababa habka Fariin). Sidoo kale laga helay induction joogta ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, habka dareemayaasha waxaa lagu beddeli ee xarunta dareemaha. Studies neuroscientists ku cadaato xaqiiqda ah in dhaqanka nuujiya sare iyo Insiba leh waxaa lagu qeexaa by ifafaale induction, cindiga iyo ka-fiirsashada excitation neural iyo is-celin.

Fariin aan shuruud lahayn

Ha ka fikiro si aynu noocyo faahfaahin dheeraad ah Fariin ee habdhiska iyo focus on nooc ka mid ah in uu yahay soo jireenka ah ee xayawaanka iyo bini'aadanka labadaba. Ereyga waxaa la soo jeediyay by Ivan Pavlov. saynisyahan rumaystay geedi socodkan waxa weeye mid ka mid ah guryaha dhalin of habka dareemayaasha jirka oo aqoonsaday laba ee noociisa ah: ku sidnaa dhimashada iyo joogto ah. Aynu u wada hadlaan si faahfaahsan.

U qaadan in kiliyaha waxaa girgire excitation, abuuraa digir in ay xubin ka shaqeeya (muruqyada, unugyada secretory qanjirka). Sababo la xiriira xaaladaha beddelo deegaanka dibadda ama gudaha baxdo qayb kale oo ku faraxsan of kiliyaha cerebral. Waxaa abuuraa ah calaamadaha bioelectrical ee xoogga weyn in uu hakiyo excitation ee hore u firfircoon ee xarunta dareemayaasha iyo ARC ee reflex. Iscelin dhimanayaan habdhiska keentey in in xoogga reflex wacyi gelin ah si tartiib tartiib ah hoos u. Sharaxa for this ka mid ah ku heshaa aasaasiga ah ma keeno excitation ee receptors habka neuron ku afferent.

nooc kale oo Iscelin lagu arkay dadka iyo xayawaanka labadaba, waxay muujinaysaa tijaabo ku sameeyay Nobel Prize ee 1904. I. P. Pavlovym. Inta lagu guda jiro eeyaha quudinta (fistula ka soo jeeda dhabanka) experimenters ka mid beep fiiqan - candhuufta ka fistula ka joogsatay. saynisyahan view Iscelin noocan oo kale ah lagu magacaabo aan caadi ahayn.

Sida hantida ah soo jireenka ah, Iscelin of habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha mara farsamo reflex Shuruudi. Waa halkii dadban iyo ma keeni socodka xaddi weyn oo tamar, taasoo keentay in la joojiyo of hummaag shuruud. Fariin Constant shuruud weheliyo cudurada maskaxda badan: psoriasis, curyaannimo caydi iyo flaccid.

Waa maxay engegay jejebiyey

Sii in ay bartaan hababka of Iscelin in habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha, ka fiirso wixii waa mid ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee ay, ugu yeedhay kala jejebiyey engegay. Waxaa si fiican u la og yahay in reflex wacyi waa jawaabta jirka ee saamaynta signal shisheeye cusub. Xaaladdan oo kale, in xarunta dareemayaasha kiliyaha cerebral waxaa la aasaasay ku jira xaalad ah excitation. Waxa uu qaab qaanso a reflex in mas'uul ka tahay jawaabta jirka ee oo u yeedhay reflex wacyi gelin ah. falkan reflex sababa Iscelin of reflex u shuruud ah waxa dhacaya la joogo. Ka dib soo noq-ku meersan Ngcuka caago reflex, loo yaqaan muujinaysaa si tartiib tartiib ah hoos ugu danbayntiina baaba'aa. Sidaas daraaddeed, waxa aanu keeni Iscelin weyn ee reflex ah shuruud. signal noocan oo kale ah la helay iyo magaca biriiga engegay.

Sayidka, Iscelin dibadda ee hummaag shuruud ay sabab u tahay saameynta ay signal jirka ajnabi ah waa hanti ah dhalin oo ka mid ah bartamaha iyo habdhiska durugsan. Lama filaan ah ama cusub ku heshaa, sida dareen xanuun, dhawaaq la yaab leh, isbedel Nuur, ma aha oo kaliya keentaa reflex wacyi gelin ah, laakiin sidoo kale gacan ka geysaneysaa daciifaan ama xitaa joojin buuxda oo arc reflex shuruud, waa hadda firfircoon. Haddii signal dibadda (kale oo aan ahayn xanuunka) joogta ah ka shaqeeya, Iscelin of reflex ah shuruud u muuqataa yar. Doorka runta ah ee habka dareemayaasha foomka unconstrained ka kooban yahay fulinta jawaabta jirka ee kicinta ah, waa waxa ugu muhiimsan ee xilligan.

Iscelin gudaha

Magaciisa kale ee loo isticmaalo in jirka ah ee hawlaha sare dareemayaasha - shuruud Iscelin. shardi ugu weyn ee ah ee geedi socodka this - la'aanta ah ee calaamadaha xoojinta ka imanaya dunida dibadda, hummaag la dhalin, dheefshiidka, dhareerka. Ka dhacay ku hoos jira xaalad kuwaas oo ku istaago geedi socodka habdhiska u baahan a bareeg waqti cayiman. Tixgeli aragtida ay si faahfaahsan.

Tusaale ahaan, Iscelin faraqa u dhacdaa sida jawaab u calaamadaha deegaanka, ku beegneyd ee Ilodanimada, xoojinta iyo xoogga kicinta shuruud. Tani foomka xiriirka ka dhexeeya habka dareemayaasha jirka oo dunida ka baxsan ogolaanaya jidhka in badan ka jar kala soocaan ku meersan iyo inuu ka noqdo iyaga gabi ahaanna ee wixii la sii kordhaa reflex dhalin jaraan. Tusaale ahaan, codka call a ciidan of 15 Hz, oo ay taageerayaan ku shubtay berkeddii la cuntada, eyga horumariyo jawaab shuruud dhareerka. Haddii xayawaanka in ay isticmaalaan dhawaaq kale, xoogga 25 Hz, mana ay xoojin lahaa waxayna la cuntada, ee taxanaha ugu horeysay ee tijaabo, eyga candhuufta fistula la qoondeyn doonaa labada kicitaankan shuruud. Muddo ka dib ku kaladuwan yihiin doonista xoolaha ee calaamadaha, kuwaas oo, iyo xoogga sanqadha 25 Hz ka fistula candhuufta jireyso baxay taagan, la, horumarinta Iscelin kala.

Xawilo maskaxda ka macluumaadka ayaa laga badiyay door muhiim ah oo muhiim u ah jidhka - function tani waa si hufan u qabata Fariin in habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha. Physiology siman caddeeyeen in falcelinta shuruud motor, sidoo qotoma si ay u horumariyaan xirfadaha, jiri karaa oo dhan nolosha qofka, sida kobaha, baaskiil.

Koobaya, waxaan dhihi karaa in habka inhibitory in habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha - daciifaan ama joojinta dareen diidmo qaar ka mid ah u shaqeeyo. Waxay aad u muhiim yihiin, sida hummaag jirka oo dhan la saxo oo la raacayo shuruudaha u habaynta, iyo haddii signalka shuruud ayaa laga badiyay miraheeda, xitaa si buuxda u libdhi karo. Noocyada kala duwan ee deceleration in habdhiska waa aasaasiga ah awoodaha sida maskaxda aadanaha sida ilaalinta is, takoorka filasho ku meersan.

muuqaalka dib u ah habka dareemayaasha

Siman hal abuuri karaan xaalad ay jawaab jirka ee signalka shuruud ka deegaanka dibadda lagu muujiyay ka hor-gaadhista kicinta Shuruudi, sida cuntada. By kordhaya bareeg waqtiga u dhexeeya bilowga gaadhista ee signalka shuruud (iftiinka, dhawaaqa, tus, metronome) iyo xilligan loo gurmado inay seddex daqiiqo ee ku meersan candhuufta shuruud ku xusan sii kordheysa raagay oo waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka hore ee xayawaanka u muuqataa shekeysan cunto. jawaab gaabiyo in signalka shuruud waa muujinaysaa, Iscelin of hababka habdhiska yeedhay view raagay, kuna waari dhexdeeda waxay u dhigantaa waqtiga socodka ee bareeg u dhac of kicitaankan Shuruudi, sida cuntada ah.

Qiimaha Iscelin in habdhiska dhimirka

jidhka bini'aadamka waa, sida masaal, waa "on hortooda" tiro badan oo arrimaha deegaanka dibadda iyo gudaha, waayo, kuwaas oo waxaa lagu qasbay in ay dareenkooda u sameeyaan hannaanka ah shakhi. xarumaha ay dareemayaasha iyo labada cirif loo sameeyay in ay maskaxda iyo xangulada. nidaamka dollar tirada habdhiska weyn ee xarumaha ugu faraxsanahay in kiliyaha cerebral leedahay saamayn taban ku leh caafimaadka maskaxda, laakiin sidoo kale waxay yareysaa ay hufnaan.

saldhigyadii Biological ee dhaqanka aadanaha

Labada nooc ee hawsha unugyada neerfaha, sida excitation iyo is-celin ku yimaada habdhiska dhimirka, waa ku salaysan waxqabad sare dareemayaasha. Waxay keentaa ah hababka jir ah hawlaha maskaxda aadanaha. cilmiga hawshani sare dareemayaasha waxaa diyaariyey I. P. Pavlovym. fasiraadda A casri ah waxaa ka mid ah oo akhrinaya sida soo socota:

• Excitation iyo Iscelin in habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha, dhaca lala, siiyaan geedi socodka maskaxda kakan: xasuusta, fakarka, hadalka, miyir, iyo foomka jawaabaha dabeecadda aadanaha adag.

Si aad u samayso hab sayniska ku salaysan waxbarasho, shaqo, firaaqada, saynisyahano loo isticmaalo aqoonta shuruucda dhaqdhaqaaqa sare dareemayaasha.

Muhiimadda noolaha ee ah habka dareemayaasha firfircoon sida Iscelin la go'aamin karaa sida soo socota. xaaladaha deegaanka dibadda iyo gudaha Beddelidda (maqnaanshaha of signal xoojinta shuruud reflex dhalin) waxaa weeyaan isbedel ku filan hababka la qabsiga ee jirka aadanaha. Sidaa darteed helay fal reflex dhaxalsiiyeen (off) ama gebi ahaan u baaba'aa sida waxa uu noqonayaa mid aan waaqici for shaqeeyo.

Waa maxay riyo?

I. P. Pavlov shuqulladiisa experimentally cadaato xaqiiqda ah in habka of Iscelin ee nidaamka dhexe ee habdhiska iyo hurdo leeyihiin nooca la mid ah. Inta lagu jiro mudada xillo ee jidhka ku saabsan asalka ah ee hawlaha guud ee kiliyaha cerebral ayaa weli laga helay qaar ka mid ah goobaha ay qariyeen by Fariin gudaha. Marka la seexdo, waxa radiates dushiisa oo dhan barka ah ee maskaxda, oo gaarey dhismayaasha subcortical: thalamus (thalamus), hypothalamus, formation reticular iyo nidaamka limbic. Sida tilmaamay by barnaamijkan hal caan P. K. Anohin, oo dhan oo ka mid ah qaybo ka mid ah habka dhexe ee dareemayaasha mas'uul ka ah dhinacyo dabeecadda, dareenka iyo dareenkaaga, marka la seexdo ay yareeyaan dhaqdhaqaaqa. Tani waxaa weeyaan hoos u dhac ku qarniga falalkooda dareemayaasha soo socda ka soo hoos daboolka. Sidaas darteed, ay hawshooda u ah kiliyaha waa la dhimay. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa-shiid inteeda kale iyo soo kabashada ee neurocytes ee maskaxda iyo jidhka oo dhan oo dhan.

Tijaabo saynisyahano kale (Hess badbaadinayo) kaxeynayo ayaa la aasaasay unugyada dareenka gaarka ah ay leeyihiin thalamus yaruna non-gaar ah. geeddi socodka excitation cudurka iyaga oo ku, sababaya hoos ku qolof Edmilson ah oo laga daawan karaa sida guurka ka gobolka firfircoon (soo jeedaan) si ay u seexdaan. Studies of meelaha maskaxda sida Silvio tuubooyinka iyo ventricle III, keentay saynisyahano in fikradda ah jiritaanka xarunta of sharciyeynta hurdo. Waxa uu midka ku xiran meelaha maskaxda ka masuul ah xillo. Jabiyaan kiliyaha kaledii this by dhaawacyada ama ay sabab u tahay cudurada la iska dhaxlo ee aadanuhu u keenaysaa in shuruudaha pathologic of hurdo la'aan. Sidoo kale la soco xaqiiqada ah in xeerka jidhka ee muhiim u tahay geedi socodka Fariin sida hurdo qaadeen xarumaha dareemayaasha diencephalon iyo nuclei subcortical: caudate ah, amygdala, dayrarka iyo lenticular.