Isku xidhnaan - a ... hirarka iftiinka isku xidhan. wadashaqaynta temporal

Tixgeli faafinayeen ruxruxo meel. Isku xidhnaan - qiyaas ah oo xiriirk ka dhexeeya wejiyada ay, qiyaasay at dhibcood kala duwan. Wadashaqaynta la ruxruxo waxay ku xiran tahay sifooyinka ay isha.

Laba nooc oo isku xidhnaan

Aynu ka fiirsan tusaale fudud. Bal qiyaas laba birtiina, kor iyo hoos on dusha biyaha. U qaadan in isha la ruxruxo waa ul kaliya oo harmonically Hawiyaha iyo saaray biyo jabiyay dusha is dajiyaan dusha biyaha. Haddaba waxaa jira xiriir ka dhexeeya kaamil ah dhaqdhaqaaqa labada raacaan. Waxay hoos ilaa aan dhaqaajin karin iyo hoos u hufan ee wajiga, markii mid ka mid ah kor u kaco, oo kale, laakiin farqiga u dhexeeya wajiga jagooyinka labada sabbaysiinaynaa waa joogto ah waqti. Harmonically isha dhibic oscillating saarta gabi ahaanba la ruxruxo isku xidhan.

Marka tilmaamay xiriir guud ee hirarka iftiinka, kala saaro laba nooc ay - da'ayeen iyo temporal.

Wadashaqaynta jeedaa awoodda iftiinka in la soo saaro hannaanka faragelin ah. Haddii laba hirarka iftiinka ayaa la isu keenay, oo iyagu ma ay abuuraan meelaha kordhay iyo dhalaalka hoos u, waxaa loo yaqaannaa midaysan. Haddii ay soo saaraan hannaankii faragelinta "fiican" (in dareenka dhamaystiran goobaha faragelinta burbur), waxay si buuxda isku xidhan. Haddii laba hirarka abuuro "ka yar kaamil ah" sawirka, waxaa loo arkaa in ay qayb ahaan isku xidhan yihiin.

Michelson interferometer

Isku xidhnaan - ugub ah in si fiican ugu sharaxay by tijaabo ah.

In Michelson interferometer iftiinka uga il S (taas oo laga yaabaa in mid ka mid ah: qorraxda, xiddigaha, ama laser ah) waxaa si toos ah u gal ah semitransparent muraayad M _0, taas oo ka dhigan 50% iftiinka dhinaca muraayad M ₁ iyo gudbiya 50% dhinaca muraayad M _2. dogobka ishaada ku muuqata ka mid ah muraayadaha back to M _0, iyo qaybo siman iftiinka ka M ₁ muuqataa iyo M _{2 lagu} daro oo la saadaaliyey gal B. shaashad qalabka waxaa loo qaybiyay kartaa by beddelo meel fog ka soo muraayad M ₁ ilaa splitter dogobka.

Michelson interferometer muhiimad laysku daraa dogobka la version waqti dib loo dhigo ee isaga u gaar ah. Light in maraa on jidka loo muraayad M ₁ leedahay si ay u tagaan meel fog ku 2d ka badan dogob oo dhaqdhaqaaqa muraayad M _2.

waqti dherer ah iyo isku xidhnaan The

Maxaa lagu arkay shaashadda? Marka d = 0 loo arki karaa dhowr ah oo faraq u faragelinta aad u cad. Marka d aad u korodho, guutadii noqdo yar fahmayaan, meelaha madow noqdaan dhalaal, iyo iftiinka - gaabiyo. Ugu dambeyntii, waayo, d aad u weyn, oo aad iyo aad u qiimo muhiim ah qaar ka mid ah D, iftiinka iyo mugdiga siddo si buuxda u baaba'aan, kaliya isku dari kara a.

Sida iska cad, berrinka iftiinka aan faragalin ku samayn kara version waqti dib u bakhtiyey markii dib u dhac markii ugu waa weyn oo ku filan. Distance 2D - waa dhererka isku xidhnaan ah: saamaynta faragelinta waa dareemi kaliya marka farqiga u jidka ku yar tahay fogaanta this. Qiimaha Tani waxaa loo roggi karaa inta lagu guda jiro t _c ay horyaalka heerka by xawaaraha iftiinka c: t _c = 2D / c.

Michelson tijaabo cabiraya xiriir guud ee temporal of ruxruxo iftiin, awooddiisa ah inuu faragelin version a dib u bakhtiyey. A si fiican u xasilin laser t _c = 10 ^-4 s, l _c = 30 km, iftiinka sifeeyo kulaylka t _c = 10 ^-8, l _c = 3 m.

Wadashaqaynta iyo waqti

wadashaqaynta kumeelgaadh ah - qiyaas ah oo xiriir ka dhexeeya wejiyada hirarka iftiinka at dhibcood kala duwan oo ay la socdaan jihada faafinta.

Ilo u qaadan shanqarta Milanello ah λ iyo λ ± Δλ, taas oo mar ka mid ah meel faragelin doonto meel fog l a _c = λ ² / (2πΔλ). Halkee l _c - dhererka isku xidhnaan.

Wejiga ay faafinayeen diinta la ruxruxo jihada x ah waxaa lagu qeexaa sida = f kx - ωt. Haddii aan ka fiirsan hirarka Jaantuska in meel waqti t at a fogaanta l _c, farqiga wajiga u dhexeeya labada fallaadhaha ruxruxo k ₁ iyo k _2, kuwaas oo ku jiraan xaalad at x = 0 waa loo siman yahay si Δφ = l _c (k ₁ - k _2). Marka Δφ = 1, ama Δφ ~ 60 °, nuurka ma aha isku xidhan. Fara-iyo diffraction ayaa leh saamayn weyn ku farqiga.

leeyahay,

• 1 = l _c (k ₁ - k _{2) = l c (2π / λ} - 2π / (λ + Δλ));
• _{l c (λ + Δλ - λ} ) / (λ (λ + Δλ)) ~ l c Δλ / λ ² = 1 / 2π;
• l _c = λ ² / (2πΔλ).

ruxruxo iyada oo meesha bannaan ee la xawaare a c maraa.

waqti isku xidhnaan The t _c = l _c / s. Tan iyo λf = c, ka dibna Δf / f = Δω / ω = Δλ / λ. Waxaan ku qori kartaa

• l _c = λ ² / (2πΔλ) = λf / ( 2πΔf) = c / Δω;
• t _c = 1 / Δω.

Haddii la yaqaan Milanello ama inta jeer ee faafinta ee isha iftiinka, waxaa suurtagal ah in loo xisaabiyo l _c iyo t _c. Waa wax aan macquul si ay u dhawraan sida hannaankii faragelinta helay qeybi Ilodanimada inayan, sida faragalin film dhuuban, haddii farqiga Jidka indhaha uga weyn yahay l _c.

Ilo isku xidhnaan kumeelgaadh ah ayaa sheegay in Black.

Wadashaqaynta iyo meel

wadashaqaynta da'ayeen - qiyaas ah oo xiriir ka dhexeeya wejiyada hirarka iftiinka ee kala duwan transverse in jihada of faafinta.

Marka L meel fog ka kaamerada (toosan) isha monochromatic kuwaas oo dhinacyada amarka δ toosan ee, labada naadi ku taalla meel fog ka weyn yahay d _c = 0,16λL / δ, mar dambe ma soo saaraan qaab faragelin garan karo. πd _c ^2/4 waa meesha of il isku xidhnaan ah.

t Haddii mar arko isha δ width, ee ikhtiyaarkooda dadab L meel fog ka shaashadda, screen ka arki kartaa labo dhibcood (P1 iyo P2), kala fogaan d a. duurka oo korontada ah ee P1 iyo P2 ka dhigan superposition oo ka mid ah beeraha korontada mawjadihii timaada oo dhan dhibcood ee isha, shucaaca taas oo aan ku xiran in midba midka kale. Si hirarka electromagnetic baxaysa P1 iyo P2, la abuuro nidaam faragelin garan karo ee P1 superposition iyo P2 waa in wajiga.

xaalada wadashaqaynta

hirarka Light radiated by labada daraf ee isha, barta qaar ka mid ah waqtiga t si toos ah u leeyihiin kala duwan yihiin wajiga qaarkood ee xarunta u dhaxaysa laba barood. dogobka ishaada soo socda ka laayeen hadhay δ in P2 dhibic noqotay on d (sinθ) / 2 shishe ka badan dogob cinwaanka xarunta. dhabbihii ee dogob soo socda ka laayeen midig ee δ in la tilmaamo P2, maraa jid / 2 ka yar d (sinθ). Farqiga in masaafada u safray laba iyo tobanba saf ayaa la d · sinθ oo ka dhigan kala duwan yihiin wajiga Δf '= 2πd · sinθ / λ. Waayo, meel fog ka soo P1 in P2 weheliyaan hore la ruxruxo, waxaan ka heli Δφ = 2Δφ '= 4πd · sinθ / λ. hirarka timaada by labada daraf ee isha, waa in wajiga la P1 waqti t iyo waa out of wajiga ee gobolka 4πdsinθ / λ in P2. Tan iyo sinθ ~ δ / (2L), ka dibna Δφ = 2πdδ / (Lλ). Marka Δφ = Δφ ~ 1 ama 60 °, iftiinkuna waa looma qaddarinayo isku xidhan.

Δφ = 1 -> d = Lλ / (2πδ) = 0,16 Lλ / δ.

wadashaqaynta The ollogga ah ayaa sheegay in homogeneity wajiga wavefront.

laambad Incandescent waa tusaale ka mid ah isha light midaysan.

iftiinka taxan waxaa laga heli karaa il shucaaca ka baaqsiga, haddii aynu iska tuur ugu shucaac ah. The shaandhaynta horeysay da'ayeen waxaa loo sameeyaa si loo kordhiyo isku xidhnaan ka da'ayeen, iyo shaandhaynta markaas spectral waayo, isku xidhnaan temporal weyn.

taxane Fourier

ruxruxo Sinusoidal diyaarad gabi ahaanba isku xidhan in meel iyo waqti, oo dhererkeeduna wuxuu waqtiga iyo goobta xiriir guud ee aan dhamaadka lahayn. All hirarka dhabta ah waa la karsado la ruxruxo waarta ah oo waqti uguna, isagoo dhamaadka dadab iyo in ay jihada of faafinta. Xisaab ahaan, waxay ku tilmaameen shaqo wareegsan. Si aad u hesho mawjadaha la joogo in la karsado la ruxruxo iyo go'aaminta dhererka isku xidhnaan Δω u baahan tahay si ay u falanqeeyaan hawlaha aan wareegsan ah.

Sida laga soo xigtay falanqaynta Fourier, an la ruxruxo wareegsan aan sabab lahayn waxa loo arki karaa superposition ah hirarka Culumida Soomaaliyeed. Avv Fourier ka dhigan tahay in superposition of hannaanka ah hirarka sinusoidal u ogolaanaya in ay hesho waveform wareegsan loo aabo yeelin.

statistics Isgaarsiinta

aragti isku xidhnaan la oran karo waa sida xidhiidhka ka mid physics iyo cilmiga kale, maadaama ay tahay natiijada ku biirto ka mid ah aragtida ah electromagnetic iyo tirakoobka, iyo sidoo kale Farsamoyaqaan tirakoobka waa urur ka mid ah Farsamoyaqaan tirakoobka. aragtida waxaa loo adeegsado si loo sifooyinka iyo saamaynta isbedbedelka random on dhaqanka ee beeraha iftiinka.

Sida caadiga ah ma suurtowdo in si toos ah loo cabbiro isbedbedelka duurka ruxruxo. "Taxne kore iyo hoose" Individual iftiin muuqda oo aan la ogaan karaa si toos ah, ama xitaa alaabtii casri ah, oo ay inta jeer waa qiyaastii October ¹⁵ oscillations per labaad. Qiyaastii aad ku qiyaastaan karaa oo keliya celceliska ah.

Codsiga of xiriir guud

Connection of physics iyo cilmiga kale oo tusaale u ah wadashaqaynta la ogan karo in tiro ka mid ah codsiyada. Qayb beeraha isku xidhan yihiin yar ay u saameeyeen qas ka atmosfeerta, taas oo iyaga ka dhigaa inay u faa'iido badan ee isgaarsiinta laser. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in daraasadda of falcelinta isuga laser-laaluusheen, hoos u ah saamaynta faragelinta taasoo keentay in "la simi" tallaabada of dogobka on bartilmaameedka thermonuclear. Wadashaqaynta waxaa loo isticmaalaa in si gaar ah si loo ogaado xajmiga iyo qoondaynta nidaamyada binary star.

Wadashaqaynta ee hirarka iftiinka kaalin muhiim ah in daraasad ah ee galmada iyo beero classical. In 2005, Roy J. Glauber noqday mid ka mid ah ku guuleystay abaalmarinta Nobel Prize in Physics oo uu ka qayb qaateen in aragtida ah galmada ee wadashaqaynta indhaha.