Church of dhigaalka ee khamiiska (Moscow Kremlin): description, taariikhda iyo xiiso leh xaqiiqooyinka

Church of dhigaalka ee khamiiska ee Moscow muuqday in muddada taariikhda Ruush, marka Orthodox Masiixiyada kala guurka si is, madax banaan horumarinta Byzantium. Ku dhow dhamaadka jeer u argaggaxay, oo dalka soo bilaabay wareeg cusub oo ay taariikhda.

Halyeeyga

Church of dhigaalka ee khamiiska (Moscow Kremlin) waxaa quduus ka dhigay by si ay of Ruush Orthodox Church ugu horeysay, Metropolitan Jonah 1451 ee xasuusta of mucjiso ka dhacay. Sanadkan guutooyinkiisii ilkeed ee Mazowsze taagnaa meel u dhow agagaarkeedii Moscow waxaa horey u burburiyeen dab, oo derbiyadii Kremlin ka aloosnayd ciidamada cadowga. Dadka deegaanka ayaa kor u qaaday jagooyinka daafaca, diriray ee dagaalka ku dhow, hoos fallaadhihii cadowga. Inkasta oo ay jiraan ahaa dagaal, Metropolitan Jonah sameeyey israac ku wareegsan derbiyada magaalada, ka yeelno tukanayay badbaadinta Moscow ka soo duulay.

Sida ay legend, intii lagu jiray salaadda ku Jonah kulmay qofku Chudov keniisad Anthony oo isaga codsaday in ay u duceeyaan magaalada, iyo dadkii degganaa odeyga waxa ku jawaabay in mucjisooyin badbaadiyey Moscow oo waxay noqon doontaa in dagaalka this mid ka mid ah lagu dilay oo kaliya - Antony qudhiisa. Isagoo sheegay in, Ninkii duqa isla markiiba dheceen wareemay by fallaadh. By fiidkii, soo duulay ku gurteen ka darbiyada, iyo dadka deegaanka oo Metropolitan baryay habeenkii oo dhan, isku diyaarinaya dagaalka qiyaano. Markii waagu beryo, waxaa soo baxay in guutooyinkiisii Tatar oo lagu ordaayo in cararay dagaalka, taasoo ka dhigeysa la bililiqada oo dhan.

Maxay ahayd sababta dayuurada - waa la garanayn, saynisyahano aaminsan yihiin in Mazovia helay macluumaad kasta wixii uu go'aansaday in dagaalka uu yahay mid aan waxtar lahayn, iyo laga yaabee cabsi aan buuxin ayaa waxaa ka adkaan ciidankii oo dhan, iyo, ka tagis ciyaan ugaadhsigooda, waxay ka bannaan dagaalka ka baxeen. Dhab ahaantii Taas ayaa horay uga dhacday derbiyada Kremlin ciidan ee Batu Khan. Metropolitan Jonah u maleeyeen in mucjiso Ilaah magaalada iyo dalka korinay burbur iyo dil.

Hammada kiniisadda dhagax

Sida laga soo xigtay qaar ka mid ah waraaqaha, yard Metropolitan ku Kremlin ee Cathedral Square la dhisay wakhti dheer. Sannaddii of duulaankii ee kaniisadda Mazovia mar hore la dhisay, laakiin aan quduus ka dhigay. Ka dib markii samatabbixinta mucjiso ah Jonah go'aansaday inuu macbud quduus sharaf of fasaxa, kaas oo la badbaadiyey. Tani waa sida Church oo ka mid ah dhigaalka khamiiska (Moscow Kremlin). dhismaha ugu horeeya ee la sameeyay oo qoryo iyo dhulka hoostiisa sare, halkaas oo, sida caadadii qadiimiga ah, wuxuu dhawray Metropolitan khasnaddii iyo qiimaha leh oo kale oo istaagay.

Temple ilaa 1479 istaagay oo ku dhintay dab weyn. Waxaan go'aansanay inaan soo nooleeyo Asheeraah horeba waa in dhalashada labaad dhagaxa, kaas oo lagu casuumay sayidyadooda ka Pskov, kaas oo la Shafay iyo dhaqan ee dhismaha dhagax. Gang hogaaminayo Ivan Krivtsov iyo Myshkin. Dhaqanku dhismaha guryo dhagax wakhtigaas in Russia ayaa sii xumaatay ka dib markii qarniyo oo saldanad ah Mongols ah - oo keliya helay sayid Pskov.

Waxay jiray ee la baray inay macbudka ma aha oo kaliya ka mid ah dhigaalka khamiiska dhiso ee Square Cathedral ee Kremlin Moscow ka, laakiin sidoo kale si ay u dhisaan dhawr cathedrals miisaanka aad u balaaran. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah, male ah, oo waxay u dhiibeen, laakiin waxa uu ku dhuftay saqafka. In taariikhda waxaa la sheegay in "waxaa uu ahaa doqon weyn," taas oo dhalisay burbur, hadda ma cadda. Sababa khubarada sheegay in sababta ay u sameeyeen waxay ahayd in xal ay tayadiisu hoosayso waxaa laga codsadaa in dhismaha, sida qiimaynta ahaa mid sax ah, taariikhda waa iska aamusay.

Pskov raad

Sidaas ayaa waxaa dhacday in uu keeno Cathedral male ah dhisay by Tsar Ivan III naqshadeeyaha ugu Talyaani Aristotle Fioravanti, iyo horumar dheeraad ah galidoonaan ah naqshadda weli dhicin inuu aamini Myshkin iyo Krivtsov.

shuqulladoodu kordhay Cathedral ee Annunciation iyo Church oo ka mid ah dhigaalka khamiiska (Moscow Kremlin), kaas oo noqday kiniisadda gurigaaga of Ruush Patriarchs ah. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in sayid Pskov, sida sharcigu uu waqti, xertii dhise Talyaani noqday oo ka dhan ah aqoonta amaahatay, ballaarinta ay boorsooyinka u gaar ah. Sida dhab ahaan u dhacay - waa aan la aqoon, waxaa jira oo kaliya talo, sababta dhiibeen tagay taqsiir la'aan, iyo dhismaha dheeraad ah loo sii dhiibtay, laakiin sheekada ayaa soo saartay.

Temple of dhigaalka khamiiska ee Kremlin Moscow la daahiriyeyna waxay bishii August 1486. House-kaniisadda ahayd meel lagu tukado ee aynu ka soo farcannay hoos u fasalada carshiga wacdina by Wadaad Nikon. Oo waagaas waxaa la odhan jiray "guriga Vladychnaya" gudubka gudaha waxaa la xiran maxkamadda raggu, helay "isuduwidda" sayidkaygiiyow kiniisadda baxay si uu dadka dhex Cirkana dhismo oo ka mid ah kaniisadda Kremlin Rizopolozhensky.

rinjiyeynta macbudka

Against asalka ah dhismayaashii haray ee kaniisadda Cathedral Kremlin Square maanta u muuqataa yar oo khafiifa, laakiin bilowgii Asalraacnimadu ee Russia, ayuu u Dhawdahay ahaa kaniisadda ugu wayn ee waddanka oo dhan. design gudaha waxaa ka go'an in ay dabaal iyo ammaanida oo ka mid ah Hooyo Ilaah.

The frescoes ee heerka sare ayaa muujinaya nolosha Virgin, hoose laba heerarka ka go'an in ay Akathist Virgin ah. Rinjiyeynta sameeyaa boqornimada icon-Ranjiilayaasha - Osipov iyo Borisov, iyo macbudka ugu weyn ee image ah "Our Lady of gelinayn ee khamiiska" ahaa rinji by rinjiile caanka icon Nazaire Istomin (qarnigii XVII).

Si aad ah Church oo ka mid ah dhigaalka khamiiska (Moscow Kremlin) qarnigii XVII dhankiisa koonfureed waa cibaadaysiga xiga ka go'an Pechersk Icon of Theotokos ah, kaas oo xajiya liiska icon ee mucjisada ah, sameeyey Lavra Kiev-Pechersk. icon ayaa waxaa loo arkaa gargaaraha dhacay dilal Ruush iyo la socday aynu ka soo farcannay of kaniisadda ee Kiev, marka hore in Vladimir iyo ka dib in Moscow.

kaniisadda guriga Tsar ee

In times naxaysaan dayrka raggu hoos u gubtaan sida badan marka dab dhaco. Nikon yimid dhismaha oo baaxad weyn oo barxaddii Boris Godunov, bandhigay isaga oo ag Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, kaas oo ku qalabaysan kaniisad cusub ee guriga. Sidaas dhigaalka kaniisad khamiiska ee Kremlin ku dhaqaaqay qoyska boqortooyada. Iyadoo qolalka ay ku xiran madax gallery ah, iyo liiska Pechersk Icon of Mother ka dib markii dhismaha Palace Terem u muuqday hore ee daaqadaha qolalka Queen. Liiska lumay ka dib markii kacaanka, oo ay la socdaan goobta cibaadaysiga, markii ay fuliyeen shaqada dib u soo celinta ballaaran.

History of dhigaalka of Church khamiiska ee Kremlin Moscow waxaa ka buuxa dhacdooyin badan ma ay soo martay mid ka mid ah dab, ugu xumaa ee ka dhacay 1737, markii ay waxyeello, xitaa Bell Tsar ah. In 1917, Kremlin ee la ceyriyay ka madaafiicda, iyo kiniisadda waxaa si xun u burburay. Soo celiyo oo waxaa dhisay jeer sida ugu badan halkaas waa la wada baabbi'iyey, laakiin inta badan dareenka uu diiradda saarey muuqaalka dibadda, rinjiyeynta gudaha joogta ah rinjiga, codsatay cusub.

naqshadaha

Maanta, macbudka waxa uu ku yaalaa on dhigaalka ee khamiiska Cathedral Square ee Kremlin ma yahay mid aad u wanaagsan, waayo isagii ku meel dhinac la weji duwan Rugta, Terem Palace iyo Cathedral of male ah. Against soo jeeda oo ka mid ah kaniisadda dhismayaasha waa ku dhowaad aan la arki karin, oo weli da'diisa ka badan dhismayaasha kale grand.

Church loola jeedaa dhismayaasha iskutallaabta dhaqanka ee. Waxaa la sameeyey oo ah leben, oo qarnigii XV wuxuu bilaabay inuu bedelo hore ee Parma dhagax cad. Dhamaan afarta dhinacba macbudka yihiin kala qeybinta saddex qaybood, ka hor inta qeybinta noocan oo kale ah ayaa waxaa loo yaqaan xayndaabka. Muuqaalka gaar ah waa in xayndaabka dhexe ee kaniisadda waa ka sii badan intii ay labada dhinac. Kor derbi kasta xayndaabka sida dhamaystirka guushu ku taagan tahay dhaqanka zakomars naqshadaha Ruush (xafiiltamaan). protrusions meesha allabariga dhinaceeda dibadda ayaa sidoo kale kala saddex qaybood semicircular.

Church of dhigaalka ee khamiiska ee Kremlin Moscow ee - kaniisad domed leh qubbad koofiyad-qaabeeya ah, rukumo iftiin durbaanka qubbad. Wadini of durbaanka la qurxiyey sharraxdid gaar ah qoraaga frieze ah, waxaa loola jeedaa waqooyiga dugsiga Pskov ee naqshadaha Ruush. Lebennadii way soo qurxinta - waddada, begunets.

Dahabka iyo faahfaahinta

qaybta bari ee macbudka waa la heli karo kormeerka ka Square Cathedral ee. apse dhexe derbiga meesha allabariga waa ka dareemi ka badan laba dhinaca, ayaa cidhiidhi, ay sabab u tahay macbudyo cross-dhismeedka naqshadda ee. Ku dhawaad wareega macbudka waxa uu ku yaalaa on top of frieze madaxtooyada, taas oo u adeegta sida calaamad of Ruush naqshadaha kaniisad xilliga hore.

Acraafku qaybta hoose qurxiyey semi-tiirar, kuwaaso ka kooban heer sare, ku cel-celinta hannaankii keeled zakomaras. Saddex derbiyada kiniisadda niches gacmeed la arki karo, taas oo walxood ayaa lagu soo bandhigay bilowgii. Haddaba hadhay fresco qarnigii XVII ka mid ah oo kaliya on Aamino waqooyiga, waxaa la ogaadey inta lagu jiro shaqada dib u soo celinta ee 1996, waxa ay gaysteen Iiddii Patronal ah - khamiiska Virgin booska.

galo waxay u Church oo ka mid ah dhigaalka oo ka mid ah khamiiska (Moscow Kremlin) ku yaalaan on dhinacyada oo dhan. On bari iyo koonfurta, in aad isla markiiba ka heli kartaa gudaha. iridda koonfureed waxa lagu qurxiyey portal ay guushu ku-qaabeeya iyo jaranjarada sare iyo xagga bari - waa in gallery ee Palace Terem ah. gashiga ku yaalaan on dhinacyada galbeedka iyo waqooyiga macbudka, bandhigay booqdaha ee Biyac.

gudaha

Gudaha macbudka foomamka meel hal on qolkii mugga iyo tirada xisaabiyaa shirka yar sida kuwi Church House. Code wuxuu ku salaysan yahay afar tiir. derbiyada Space iyo tiirar daboolay farshaxankiisa of content diinta.

Qaybta ugu weyn ee sheekada waa u heelan yihiin inay Maryan oo bikrad ah, style rinjiyeynta la mid ah rinjiyaynta frescoes ee Cathedral male ah. beegay ma aha shil: shaqo ee 1644 lagu qaaday sayid si fiican u yaqaan Pospeev sidor iyo Abramov Manida. posts waxaa lagu sawiray amiirradii Ruush iyo metropolitans.

Sidee tahay qarnigii XVII ah, waxaa u cadaatay in 1956, marka, ka hooseeya accretions dambe la furay iyo nadiifin maadooyinka taariikhiga ah. dib u soo celinta buuxda ee iconostasis hore, oo uma uu dayn ah Church oo ka mid ah dhigaalka ah khamiis ah Kremlin Moscow ee lagu qabtay isla muddadaas. Description of Halabuurka guud ee rinjiyeynta iyo iconostasis muujinaysaa in ay tahay ku saleysan farshaxankiisa xal midabka.

iconostasis

Iconostasis oo lacag ah sameeyey, ornate oo elaborately qurxiyey by sharraxay. walxood geliyo waxaa la rinji faraxsan, midabyo heysatay by buluug, cherry, midabka cad. iconostasis markii ugu horaysay la abuuray ka dib markii Time ee rabshado iyo burburkii ku dhacay dalka. Macaamiisha wuxuu dhalay boqorka kowaad ee guri ammaan Romanov ah - Wadaad Filaret.

Saddexda top of tiro ka mid ah astaanta rinjiyeeyay shaqaalaha istuudiyaha iconographer Nazaire Istomin SAVIN ee 1627. Safka hoose, ku qoray in ninkii isaga qudhiisa, gacmihiisa ka tirsan safashada labo halyeey oo dhexe - "Old Testament Trinity," "Hodegetria Virgin The".

shaqada dib u soo celinta bartamihii 50s-soo jeedinaya in frescoes ku saabsan derbiyada taageeray isku midab. design The muuqaal dabiici ah si weyn u saamayn muddo hore ee diinta kiristaanka, markii Russia ahaa Magaalooyinka ee Byzantium.

Tirada sharafta leh oo heerka ugu sareeya iyo tiirarka muujinayay Rasuullada iyo ugaasyadii Grand ku saabsan, dhinac cayn ah, taas oo u tara, u hoggaansanaayeen Buzadag adag, ayaa muujiyay sida uu ixtiraam geesiyaal frescoes iyo jawiga ku wareegsan siinayaa farxad iyo iftiinka.

casriga

In hore 90-mada ay dhigaalka of Church khamiiska u ahaa mid u furan in ay martida, iyo sidoo kale inta lagu jiro iidda kaniisad patronal halkan lagu qabtay cibaadada iyo maamulka macbadka. From maacuunta ka badbaaday waxyaabaha yar oo keliya. laambadood oo qaraami ah Large rakibay ka hor inta iconostasis ah, in maalmaha jir ayaa lagu magacaabay "shumac khafiif ah" - godkii gudaha. Laambadood oo la siiyey in ay macbudka oo hadiyad ahaan u awowe Joseph ee 1649. Waxaa loo qurxiyey sawirro, baakidh lacag-plated iyo waxay ku salaysan yihiin tirooyinka libaaxyada stylized. Meel kale oo gaar ah ee 1624 waa dheertahey lacag ah, kuleeliyaha qoray sharraxnaan jirtay dahabtumayaashii D. Sverchkov.

macbudka waa u timaadeen inaad aragtaan ku frescoes ee qarnigii XVI iyo booqo bandhiga of farshaxan alwaax Ruush qadiimiga ah, oo ku yaalla oonay ah. Mid ka mid ah reliefs ugu qadiimiga muujinayay in qarnigii St. George XIV kulmay booqdaha si toos ah u galo soo bandhigid ah. In ka maalmood jiray shuqulladaada oo kale geliyo oo waxay u adeegeen walxood iconostasis. Oo xiiso weyn yihiin icon "abtirsadaan Cross ah" ayuu Novgorod iyo "The Virgin ee Calaamada" (Rostov).

In Rizopolozhensky Church, bandhiga waxa lagu kaydiyaa oo farshaxan ah oo ka samaysan alwaax of Metropolitan koowaad ee rus - Jonah, aad buu kiniisadda u wakhtiyadii hore. Muujiyay in hadalkay calanka alwaax ah Solovetsky keniisad image Nikolaya Mozhayskogo seef, hab kaas oo uu u muuqday inay difaacaan magaalada ka duulay Mozhaisk. No wax ka yar xiiso iyo kale curiosities - crucifix ka keniisad Chudov ah, oo laabma, muddo icon ee qarniyo XV-XIX.