Jirka Soviet Igor Kurchatov: Biography, xaqiiqooyinka xiiso leh, sawiro

Kurchatov Igor Vasilevich ahaa aabbihii warshadaha nukliyeerka Soviet. Waxa uu u ciyaaray door muhiim ah ee abuurista iyo horumarinta tamarta nukliyeerka nabad iyo dhamaadka 1940-hogaaminayo horumarinta bam ugu horeysay ee Soviet qaaradda.

article ayaa si kooban u tilmaamaya jidka nolosha in uu ahaa jirka Soviet Igor Kurchatov ah. Biography ee carruurta si gaar ah oo xiiso leh.

jirka dadka dhallinyarada ah

January 12, 1903 tuulada of Simsk Plant (hadda SIM) ee Urals ku dhashay Igor Kurchatov. Dhalashadiisa - Ruush. Aabbihiis, Vasily (1869-1941), waqtiyo kala duwan soo shaqeeyay forester ku xigeenka iyo sahmiyaha dalka. Hooyo, Mariya Vasilevna Ostroumova (1875-1942), waxay ahayd gabadhii wadaad degaanka. Igor wuxuu ahaa kan labaad ee saddex carruur ah: walaashiis Antonina uu ahaa ugu weynaa, oo uu walaalkiis Boris - yar ah.

In 1909, ka dib markii qoyska u dhaqaaqay Simbirsk Simbirsk bilaabay waxbarashada gymnasium ah, halkaas oo Igor ka dugsiga hoose qalin. Saddex sano ka dib, ka dib markii uu u dhaqaaqo Crimean ah sababta oo ah gobolka ee caafimaadka ee walaalihii, Kurchatov lagu wareejiyay gymnasium Simferopol ah. Marka ugu horeysa, wiilka uu si wanaagsan u qabanayaan ee shiidaa edbiyo oo dhan, laakiin ka dib markii wiil dhalinyaro ah oo aan akhriyey buug on physics iyo injineernimada, physics doortay shaqo uu noolaa. In 1920, halka ka shaqeeya inta lagu jiro maalinta iyo waxbarashada dugsiga habeenkii, Igor ka gymnasium Simferopol la bilad dahab ah oo ka qalin jabiyay. In isla sanadkaas waxa uu galay Jaamacadda Tauride ah.

xorriyadda tallaabo

Igor Kurchatov (photo waxay muujinaysaa dambe ee maqaalka) waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah ugu wanaagsan ee waaxda physics iyo xisaabta. Horumarka daraasadda, isaga iyo arday kale madax looga dhigay shaybaadhka jaamacada physics iyo siiyey dillaaliin in ay sameeyaan tijaabo. From kuwaas oo tijaabo hore Kurchatov bartay muhiimadda ay leedahay in la fahmo macnaha diimahaas si ay u taageeraan aragtida cilmiyaysan, taas oo aad u faa'iido badan in uu sii wadashada waxbarashada. In 1923, Igor ka qalin jaamacad la degree ah in physics, gudbo afar sanno ah muddo saddex sano ah.

Guuritaanka in Petrograd

Imaanshaha ugu dhakhsaha badan ee Petrograd, wuxuu galay Institute Polytechnic ah si ay u noqdaan dhise badda. Sida in Simferopol, Kurchatov lahaa in ay ka shaqeeyaan si ay isu taageeraan oo ay bartaan. Waxa uu qirtay inuu Magnitometeorologicheskuyu Observatory in Pavlovsk, taasoo u ogolaatay isaga si ay u helaan nolol iyo waxa uu jecel yahay. Tan iyo shaqo ee fiirinta waxay bilaabeen in ay qaataan waqti badan, Kurchatov ka dambeeya in waxbarashadooda iyo in simistarka labaad waxaan ku tuureen Institute. Tan iyo markaas, ayuu wuxuu goostay inuu diirada saaro physics.

Ka dib markii shaqada, cilmi baare ka tirsan machadka Polytechnic ee Baku ku 1924-1925 GG. Igor Kurchatov waxaa lagu qeexay in machadka Jirka-Technical in Leningrad, safka hore ee daraasadda of physics iyo technology of time in USSR taagan. Isla mar ahaantaana, uu 1927 guursaday Marina Dmitrievna Sinelnikova iyo shaqeeyay sida macallin ka ah waaxda physics farsamo ee Polytechnic Leningrad iyo machadka koriska ah. Halkanna wuxuu qaatay sano uu ugu fiican oo ka dhigay qaar ka mid ah daahfurtay ugu muhiimsan ee uu.

Igor Kurchatov: Biography kooban oo cilmiga

In dabayaaqadii 1920 ee - 1930 hore Kurchatov noqday xiiso xaqiiqada ah in ka dibna waxaa loo bixiyey ferroelektrichestva - waxbarasho oo ka mid ah guryaha iyo sifooyinka qalabka kala duwan ee hoos tallaabo ah ee hadda korontada. Cilmi-baarisyadaasi waxay keentay in horumarinta semiconductors iyo jiideen physics nuclear uu dareenka. Ka dib markii ay tijaabo hore ee shucaac beryllium, shirarka iyo waraaqo la horyaal ee sayniska this Frederikom Zholio ee 1933 Kurchatov bilaabay shaqo ku dhal badan si loo yareeyo awoodda la eb ee. Wada jir ah ula cilmi kale, oo ay ku jiraan Boris walaalkiis, wuxuu ka dhigaa horumar degdeg ah a daraasadda nuclei isomeric, isotopes bromine radioactive in hantaan darro isku mid ah iyo Halabuurka laakiin astaamaha kala duwan. shaqada Tani waxay keentay horumarka fahamka qaab dhismeedka qaaradda ka mid ah bulshada a Soviet sayniska.

Isla mar ahaantaana (1934-1935) Kurchatov wada jir ah ula saynisyahano ka Institute of radium (ururka sayniska iyo waxbarashada aasaasay sidii dayashada ah ee hay'adaha la mid ah ku salaysan horyaal daraasadda ee shucaaca Mariey Kyuri ee France iyo Poland ee USSR) sameeyey neutron cilmi, walxaha subatomic dhexdhexaad ah. ku saabsan taas oo wax yar waxaa loo yaqaan waqtiga. Neutrons la tamartaa sare loo isticmaalo duqeymo xuduntii qaaradda shucaaca, sida uranium, in aan kala tagno eb iyo inta lagu guda jiro dareen-nuclear, in la sii daayo tiro badan oo ah tamar.

hub Wonder

In 1930, cilmi sida Joliot, Enrico Fermi, Robert Oppenheimer iyo kuwa kale oo u yimid in ay fahmaan in cadaanyo nuclear daaweynta saxda ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si ay u sameeyaan bam oo xoog leh qarxa arag. Kurchatov sida mid ka mid ah warshadaha nukliyeerka Soviet ugu horeeysa waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay hoggaamiye oo ka mid ah cilmi-baarista iyo tijaabo ee ku yaala goobahan xorriyeysey. Sababo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan la'aan khayraadka iyo jawi siyaasadeed cadaadis taliskii Stalin ee wakhtigaas, Midowga Soofiyeeti ee Ree ka dambeeya dunida inteeda kale ee tartanka ay ugu jiraan ka adkaan la eb ee.

saaxiibka feejignaadaan

News ku saabsan furitaanka 1938 ee fission nuclear farmashiye Jarmal Otto Ganom iyo Fritz Strassmann si deg deg ah ku faafi beesha caalamka ee physicists. In wararka Midowga Soviet sababa walaaca iyo walaac ku saabsan codsiyada macquulka ah ee laga helay this.

In ka 1930 daahay, jirka dadka ku Soviet Igor Kurchatov, sawirka waxaa la dhigayaa in maqaalka, koox ka mid ah cilmi-ee Leningrad sameeyey horumar degdeg ah a ah ee falcelinta nuclear ee isotopes radioactive ee thorium iyo uranium. In 1940, laba ka mid ah saaxiibadii fission of isotope uranium filaan ah helay iyo hoos hoggaanka, ku qoray maqaal gaaban oo ku saabsan in edition Maraykanka ee "Review Jirka", taas oo mar ahaa ee joornaalada sayniska keentay daabacaan maqaallo ku saabsan horumarka cilmi nuclear.

dhowr toddobaad ee sugitaanka ka dib, Igor Kurchatov bilaabay jawaab baadhaan publications hadda si ay u bartaan warkii tijaabo ku fission ah xuduntii. Sidaas darteed, wuxuu helay in joornaalada tacliinta American mar dambe u daabacaan xogta sida ka dhexe ee 1940, Kurchatov sheegay in hoggaanka Soviet in dowladda Mareykanka ay jawaab u halis sii kordhaysa ee dagaalkii labaad ee dunida ay la dhidibka Germany-Italy-Japan, malaha dadaal si ay u dhisaan qarax ah qaaradda. Tani waxay keentay in ay badasho ee cilmi-baarista ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Leningrad shaybaarka Kurchatov noqday xarunta of dadaalladaas.

Demagnetization ee Badda Madow Fleet

Abaabulka ciidamada Jarmal galay territory ee USSR ee July 1941 hoos u dhigtay tirada of khayraadka la heli karo in dhammaan qeybaha kala duwan ee Midowga Soofiyeeti, oo ay ku jiraan in bulshada sayniska. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah cilmi-baarayaasha iyo physicists Kurchatov waxaa loo doortay in ay la hawlaha military ee hadda ka qaban, oo wuxuu u tegey si ay u tababaraan badmaax ee Sevastopol demagnetize maraakiibta si ay ula miino magnetic ka qabtaan.

By 1942 dadaalka sirdoonka Soviet oo dalka Mareykanka ah ayaa la xaqiijiyay by xaqiiqada ah in "Project Manhattan" uu horumar samaynayo horumarinta hubka nukliyeerka. At codsiga saynisyahano iyo siyaasiyiinta Igor Kurchatov ahaa u yeedhay ka Sevastopol oo loo magacaabay naqshadeeye oo madax ka ah xarunta horumarinta reaction nuclear gacanta. Xaruntan ka dib noqon doono qalbiga Institute Soofiyeeti ee Atoomikada.

qulqulaya Rosenberg

Machadka ayaa dhisay koox ka mid ah cyclotron Kurchatov iyo qalabka kale ee lagama maarmaanka u ah maareynta warshadan nuclear. Ka dib markii baaritaanka lagu guulaystay iyo isticmaalka Maraykanka dhamaadka dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, ee bambooyin qaaradda Midowga Soofiyeeti in ay xoojiyaan dadaalkooda si looga hortago halista nukliyeerka Maraykanka. December 27, 1946 Kurchatov iyo kooxdiisa dhisay nuclear ugu horeeyay ee nuclear ee Europe. Waxaa suurto gal ah si aad u hesho isotope ah plutonium loo baahan yahay in la sameeyo hubka nukliyeerka. September 29, 1949, ay sameeyeen baaritaan guul qaraxa qaaradda, Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa si rasmi ah galay da'da nuclear. Bishii November 1952, waxaa lagu fuliyay qaraxa oo ka mid ah American qarax hydrogen, taas oo ahayd marar badan ka awood, iyo August 12, 1953 waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay by guulaha sida Midowga Soofiyeeti.

Ka dib markii la abuurayo hubka nuclear Kurchatov keentay dhaqdhaqaaqa ee bulshada Soviet cilmiyeed ku saabsan isticmaalka nabad la eb ee. Waxa uu ka caawiyay qorsheeyo iyo in la dhiso dhirta nukliyeerka. In 1951 Kurchatov abaabulan mid ka mid ah shirar ugu horeysay on awoodda nuclear ee Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo ka dib qayb ka mid ah kooxda, taas oo ah June 27 noqday, 1954 bilaabay warshad ugu horeeyay ee nuclear awoodda Midowga Soofiyeeti.

Kurchatov Igor Vasilevich: Facts Interesting

jirka Nuclear waxaa la qiimeeyaa tirada ee wareegyada talada haya ee xukuumadda Soofiyeeti. Intaa waxaa dheer in ay xubno ka yihiin presidium oo ka mid ah Academy of Sciences ee USSR ah, taasu waxay noqotay saddex jeer Hero of Socialist Labour, wuxuu ahaa ku xigeenka ka mid ah Golaha Sare iyo siyaasi ixtiraamo. Tayadiisa hogaamiye ahaan ku dhowaad waa isku mid sida tayada sayniska iyo ogalaatay inuu si guul leh u horseedi ururada sii kordheysa waaweyn.

Kurchatov waa la otsenon saaxiibadii ee bulshada sayniska caalamka. Frederic Joliot-Curie, Nobel Prize ee shaqada badiyey arrintan muddo dheer kaydsateen warqadihiisa isaga. Dhamaadkii 1950 Kurchatov ka qeyb galay shirar caalami ah oo ku saabsan tamarta nukliyeerka oo, wada jir ah ula saynisyahano kale ku baaqay in la mamnuuco dunida oo dhan ku saabsan hubka nukliyeerka. Waxa uu sidoo kale ku dooday in la mamnuuco on imtixaanka atmosfeerta. In 1963, Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Maraykanka saxiixay heshiis mamnuucaya tijaabinta hubka nuclear in jawiga, meel bannaan oo dibadda ah iyo biyo.

isticmaalka madaniga ah ee tamarta nukliyeerka, cilmi-baaris iyo in la horumariyo hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Kurchatov, waxaa ka mid ah awoodda (qaybta hore oo la bilaabay 1954), qalada bi'iyo ka shaqeeya nuclear-"Lenin". Sidoo kale cilmi-baadhis lagu faray isuga saynisyahan, hawlanaa hab horumarinta si loo xakameeyo plasma ee heerkulka aad u sarreeya oo loo baahan yahay in la bilaabo oo la joogteeyo habka Avv ee nuclear-isuga.

Practices halkii teori

Ka dib markii laba stroke ee 1956 iyo 1957. Kurchatov shaqada ka fariistay firfircoon, oo ay sii waddo in ay galaan physics nuclear, iyo sidoo kale design iyo dhismaha tiro ka mid ah dhirta nukliyeerka Soviet. February 7, 1960 Moscow, sida la sheegay u dhintay wadne, Igor Kurchatov.

Biography ah cilmiga la aan ku xaddidnayn mashruuca, taas oo uu naftiisa oo dhan ka dhigeen. Shuqulkiisa teori muhiimad badan, oo kaliya labaad iyo guud ahaan Ree ka dambeeya shuqullada ah Horseedka ah physics nuclear ee qarnigii hore XX. codsiga ah ee aragtida ku dhaqanka oo keliya, ayaa shaaca ka qaaday muhiimada ay leedahay hawlaheeda.

dilkaasi

jirka Soviet Igor Kurchatov nool oo ka shaqeysta jawiga dulmi iyo is dulfuulan of teknoolajiyada taliskii Iosifa Stalina. Waxa uu u suurtagashay in ay soo ururiyaan koox saynisyahano dhimman ee xaaladaha adag iyo dalbanayaan iyo, weliba, in ay dhiiri xirfadlayaasha, kuwaas oo si ay u abuuraan hal abuur leh, bulsho wax soo saar leh. Waxa uu ku guuleystay inuu joogo ee haybiyaan fiican oo waa in la soo gabagabeyn inta lagu guda jiro denbigana Stalin dhowr hoggaanka sayniska iyo siyaasadeed ee dalka iyo waqti isku mid ah u hormarsataan dalabaadkooda.

macalinka Sakharov ee

Kurchatov ahaa oo dhan xisaab ah cilmibaadhe oo quduuska ahaa oo rumaysnaa in xaqiiqda ah in meesha ugu wanaagsan ee horumarka iyo imtixaanka ee aragtiyaha jirka waa shaybaarka. Thanks to this cilmiga la taaban karo maskax waxyoonay fac dhan oo physicists Soviet mabaadi'da iyo fikradaha ay ku doonayaan inay ku dhex mareen Weelka ee habka hal abuur. Wuxuu ahaa macallinka saynisyahano badan oo waaweyn, oo ay ku jiraan jirka nuclear Andreya Saharova.

Igor Kurchatov ka caawiyay dalkiisa in ay galaan xilligii farsamada ee qeybtii ugu danbeysay ee qarnigii labaatanaad, sameeyay line a double tamarta qaaradda ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Haddii uu diirada saarayo kaliya abuuro hubka, nabad isticmaalka tamarta nukliyeerka (nuclear awood) malaha ma ugu dhakhsaha badan u muuqday lahaa.