Khardal: photo, beerashada, isticmaalka, sharaxaad, microscopy

Mid ka mid ah dhir udgoon kulul la arkaa inu yahay khardal. Diyaari abuurka diyaarid xirto waxaa kuwo ku adag, oo ku filan la qalajiyey biyo kordhin miisaanka khalka barar yar yahay fiirsashada (tufaax ama khamri) iyo dhir udgoon oo kala duwan, sida qorfe, basbaas, Baay caleen, tarragon, celery, basasha iyo toonta.

Khardal ah, oo waxaa loo isticmaalaa oo dhir udgoon karinta, waa saddex nooc:

• White. cunnada dhaqanka ee England waxa loo yaqaan English.
• Black. abuurka ay waxaa loo isticmaalaa si ay u diyaariyaan khardal ah Dijon caan ah. Waxaa jira in ka badan 20 siyaabo of karinta xawaash this.
• Khardal, ee Europe waxa ay ka badan caadi ahaan waxaa loo yaqaan Ruush ah (iyada oo ku saabsan iyo ka wada xaajoon doona in our article).

description

Khardal waa warshad ah herbaceous sanadlaha ah, oo gaarey height ah 40-100 cm, ul, xidid xad daciif ah. On branching kacsaday jirridaha diyaarin caleemaha stem, hoos u kor, halka record waxaa aad uma kala qaybsan, gaabiyey iyo petiole. The caleemaha hoose yihiin beddelka, petiolate, sida caadiga ah lirovidnoperisto-lobed, oo cagaaran, iyo in ee aad u sareeya - oo dhan, sessile, laakiin ma amplexicaul iyo cado oo buluug.

Inflorescence sarepstkoy khardal - burush schetkovidnaya in si deg deg ah uu noqonayaa mid dheer in muddo ubax ah. The afar perianth sameeyay sepals u dhaxeyso, Corolla dahabka-jaalle ah iyo Tent, si deg deg ah ku hayay in ciddida. In khardal sarepstkoy - 6 stamens, labo ka mid ah kuwaas oo dibadda iyo ka gaaban, a qanjidhada malab yar salka; dheer laba ka hor, waxaa jira isku waslad weyn oo bir ah. pistil ka kooban yahay ugxan-saabka iyo ceebeynta capitate.

Fruits of iniin khardal ah ee toosan, oo khafiif ah, dherer ah xilkii guddoomiyenimo kuusan laga bilaabo 7 ilaa 12 mm. Dhexroor ee abuur ah - oo ku saabsan 1 mm, midabka waxay noqon kartaa mid madow oo buluug iyo brown ama midab jaalle midab midkood. Ubax khardal waa in May, iyo ku fulan midhaha - June.

Halkee laga helaa?

Khardal absently koraa Central Asia, waqooyiga China, Mongolia iyo Koonfurta Siberia. Warshad waxaa laga heli karaa labada aaga steppe ka, iyo dhulka waddooyinka bannaan dhow. Kala saaro khardal hooyo iyo la'isa siiyo halkii ay adag tahay. Warshad Ruush ayaa helay fursad uu keenay in abuur geed linen Volga Hoose iyo masago, laakiin dadka maxalliga ah ay u suurtagashay in ay qiimeeyaan sifooyinka dhirta oleaginous, oo waxay bilaabeen inay ku hawlan ay beerashada. Si aad u taariikhda, meelaha beeridda dhex oilseeds kaalinta saddexaad si sax ah waa iniin khardal sareptskaya (isticmaal, tayada iyo Halabuurka kiimikada waxa lagu sharaxay si faahfaahsan ee qodobkan). Aan ka fogayn tuulada ugu horeysay Sarefta khardal dhagax wax saliid xataa furay 1810.

Khardal: Microscopy

In abuur ah, oo ka kooban oo ka mid ah maqaarka iyo embriyaha durba waa ma unugyada bedelka nafaqada ama endosperm. A cross qaybta loo arki karaa dhawr cotyledons kabo faras iyo qaab wareegsan xididka.

Khardal (microscopy waxaa la xaqiijiyay) ayaa ka kooban yahay afar lakab. unugyada Biyuhu Large kuwaas oo ka kooban xab si ay u sameeyaan lakabka ah dibadda ah, ama epidermis. Tan waxa la unugyada aad u weyn oo khafiif ah-saareen alwaaxdii saqafka haysay, barar la macerating iyo ku dhawaad dhacaysa in farcanka qalalan.

Unugyada saddexaad, lakabka sclerenchyma waa qaab aad u dabeecad u. On cross-qaybta iyagii arkay in hirarka, waxaa ku xiran height aan qummanaynu, ay isku sii kordhaya, ka dibna hoos. Tan waxa u sabab ah abuur iyo dusha Guutale.

unugyada elongated Tangential kuwaas oo ka kooban Midabka brown, foomka daaha afraad - maqaarka raacay endosperm. Laakiin unugyada embriyaha waxaa wakiil unugyada dhuuban-deyr ka kooban badar iyo saliid aleurone dufan.

Halabuurka kiimikada

abuurka khardal ka kooban saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah iyo Allyl iniin khardal, bisulfate potassium iyo glycoside sinigrin milmaan si sonkorta hoos enzyme saamayn mirozina ah. Laga soo bilaabo miraha si cajiib leh waxaa laga yaabaa in loo diyaar garoobo khardal saliid lagama maarmaan by muxaadaro isticmaalaya uumi. Halabuurka The ee alaabta helay joogo wax ka badan 40% oo saliid Allyl iniin khardal oo ilaa 50% krotonilgorchichnogo iyo tsianallil, raad disulfide carbon iyo tayadda dimethyl. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa la xusay in ay joogaan oo saliid ah iniin khardal slabovysyhayuschego dufan saliid ethereal ka kooban erucic, xeyr, linoleic, legkotsenovoy, linolenic, myristic acid iyo behenic acid, iyo brotiin xab. Caleemaha geedka waxaa ku jira carotene, ascorbic acid, cusbo calcium iyo bir.

Khardal: kordhaya

Warshad ku koraa si fiican ciidda dabacsan, bacrin ah oo si fiican-miiro, marka lagu daro, waa in ay helaan iftiinka qoraxda. khardal faafin (description, microscopy, Halabuurka kiimikada sare lagaa siin) abuurka lagu beeray dhulka u furan waa suurad wacan guga. Sida caadiga ah, waayo beerista dhirta aagag la xushay la cimiladu diiran.

Beeridda abuurka khardal caleen waxaa lagu fuliyaa sida ugu dhaqsaha badan. Ubax dhirta waa in June iyo July, iyo sidoo kale wakiillo kale oo qoyska Kaabashka. At rosette hore beero ee caleemaha ka hor solstice muuqan, dheer maalmood ah, marka lagu daro, geedo la ilaalin doonaa ka lamid aad tagfi crucifer.

Waayo, iniin khardal kordhaya optionally qoondeeyo sariirood oo kala duwan, waxa uu korayo si fiican oo u dhexeeya saf ah. Seeds lagu beeray, si qoto dheer ah wax ka badan 1 cm. Sida ugu dhakhsaha badan caleemaha marka hore, geedo u baahan tahay inaad dhuuban si masaafada u dhexeeya iyaga ay ahayd 5 ilaa 8 cm. Dabadeed waxay u baahan bacarimiso bacrimin nitrogen iyo waraabiyo. Ka dib markii 20 maalmood height khardal gaaro 10-15 cm, iyo diyaar u ah isticmaalka noqon.

qaraabada dhow ee dhirta dhaqanka waa kaabash, watercress, bagalka, rutabaga, dabocase, kufsi, jiilaalka iyo kufsi oilseed guga. Tani waa in la tixgeliyaa marka la qorshaynayo beero abuurka. Ma ku haboon yahay meelaha khardal halkaas oo horay koray abuur saliid geed linen la yidhaahdo, masago, gabbaldayaha ama dabocase sii kordhaya.

Sidee si ay u ururiyaan iyo u yeelo oo alaabta ceeriin?

Khardal, ama halkii abuur ay diyaar u goosashada markii u bislaaday in qaybaha hoose iyo kuwa dhexe ee lagu qeybiyo warshadda, sidaas bilaabay dhimanayaan ee caleemaha hoose.

cawska First si ay u qalalaan oo si tartiib ah ku tumato oo nadiif ah abuur ah. Ka dib waxaa loo sii faafin lakab khafiif ah on saxaarad iyo ugu dambayntii la qalajiyey in meel hawo wanaagsan. Si aad wax cayriin fiican ayaa la uumibixiyey, waxa ku dhajisan karo ama aan yarayn.

The seeds khardal qalajiyey baddalo bacaha dhar. Ku kaydi alaabta ceeriin waxaa lagu talinayaa in jirey meel hawo iyo qalalan, si looga fogaado in mustiness.

Shelf nolosha abuurka khardal - 2 sano, sidaa darteed isku day inaad ku isticmaasho inta lagu jiro waqtigan. Haddii wax xumu ayaa weli ka tagay, waa in la tuuraa. abuurka daahsan aan la talinayo in la isticmaalo.

Khardal sida bacrimin

Sida mass warshad cusub, la gundhig ee ciidda si ay u kordhiyaan walxaha organic waxaa loo isticmaali karaa khardal. digada cagaaran:

• awoodaan inay dalka ka haramaha nadiifiso, gaar ahaan in carradu kaymo.
• Thanks to sifooyinka phytosanitary smart ka hortagaa slugs, wireworm iyo digir aboor, ka hortagtaa muuqaalka kore ee engeeg goor dambe iyo qolof on baradho.
• Si degdeg ah u kordhiyaa dabdhaliyayaasha, taasoo keentay in ciidda replenishes nafaqooyinka.
• Waxaa hagaajinaysaa qaab-dhismeedka ciidda. Xididdada iniin khardal, gaarey dherer ah 1.5-3 mitir, ciidda iyo sidoo kale-miiro iyo dabciyo bixiya iska caabin ah qoyaanka fiican iyo vozduhoemkost.
• Dib nitrogen ee ciidda iyo kuweeda nafaqooyin kale ee organics ee aan iyaga loo oggolaado tagaan lakabka ah qoto dheer.
• Under saameynta ay warshad barafka digada cagaaran waxaa loo beddelay walaaqaya, taas oo, ee jeedo, ee dayrta iyo jiilaalka oo dhulkay ka soo qaboobeen ilaaliyo.

noocyo khardal

In diiwaanka of guulaha taranta ee Ruushka diiwaan 9 noocyo of iniin khardal le'eg, loo isticmaalo:

• Baraha - hore bislaada, oo leh rosette semi-ku faafo, oo gaarey height ah 25-28 cm ka shanta hablood in jarida orod Ereyada ah min 25 ilaa 30 maalmood ..
• volnushki khardal. maturity Technical yimaado muddo bil ah. Early bislaada kala duwan leh rosette a yar oo fidsan, oo waaweyn, Wadda dhexroor gaaro 25-32 cm. Khardal volnushki si degdeg ah sii kordhaya mass cagaaran.
• Arigato.
• Ladushka. maturity Technical yimaado 58-60 maalmood ka dib.
• Mustang --fasalka dhexe, height warshad uu gaaro 25-27 cm.
• Sadko.
• Pretty. Ururi cagaaran bilaabi karaa 18-20 maalmood ka dib bixitaanka.
• Prima.
• Xooggan.

Isticmaalka jikada

Khardal helay isticmaalo karinta. From waxaa soo baxday Koosaar weyn, jaha gabanaysa suxuunta badan. budada iniin khardal loo isticmaalo diyaarinta majones, suugada kala duwan iyo Duubista. The seeds burburiyo siin dhadhan gaar ah sausages iyo alaabooyinka kale ee.

cuntooyinka qasacadeysan, kula saydhaa leh budada iniin khardal le'eg, waxay qaadataa waqti dheer. Qaado iniin khardal le'eg sida caadiga ah waxay u adeegeen oo dheeraad ku ah kalluunka iyo hilibka, iyo sidoo kale sigaarka.

saliid iniin khardal dufan sabab u dhadhan wanaagsan waxaa loo isticmaalaa ma aha oo kaliya in la karinayo, laakiin sidoo kale wax soo saarka ee la dubo, iyo wax soo saarka qasacadaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay maqaayad dalal badan, tani waa condiment wanaagsan saladh, suxuunta bean, hilibka iyo maraqa.

budada iniin khardal waa qayb ka mid ah wax soo saarka gudaha ee suugada, "Kuban", "Hiwaayadda" iyo "South". khardal Young cagaaran marka ku daray in ay saladh iyaga oo aan loo kobciyo oo keliya vitamin C, laakiin hagaajinaysaa gabanaysa.

Meelaha kale ee isticmaalka

Khardal ayaa codsiga laga helay ma aha oo kaliya in wax lagu karsado guriga, laakiin sidoo kale in daawada. Grindings dhirta abuur saliidda waxaa loo isticmaalaa hargab, cudurka bronki bararka, dareemayaasha durugsan, pleurisy, rheumatoid arthritis, radiculitis iyo myositis.

Khardal cake saliidda waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida qalab dihin oo phytin helo, kaas oo la tilmaamay lagu daaweyn jiray neurasthenia, scrofula, hypotension iyo diathesis vascular. natiijo wanaagsan ayaa la helay markii impotence daroogada iyo rabitaanka cuntada oo luma.