Law of spikelets (amar "7-8"). abaar Artificial in USSR ah, dhibbanayaasha Holodomor ah

Caddaynaya cadaawadda iyo nidaam Soviet ku daatay, Mufasiriinta ayaa loo isticmaalaa sida wax xuja ah in ay sharciga "ee saddexda spikelets". Sida laga soo xigtay qaar ka mid ah qorayaasha, xeerka this si toos ah waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu dumiyo isku duba riday. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in shaqada of cilmi iyo aragti ka duwan xaaladda.

weedho Features

In ka sano ee cadaadinta: Stalin wuxu u dhaqmeen si xeerka ciqaabta RSFSR. Waxa uu abuurayaa rigoore kala duwan oo dambiyo kala duwan. Mas'uuliyadda xatooyo Dhanka kale ahayd arrin yar, xataa baad u odhan kartaa in calaamad ah. Tusaale ahaan, Tuug Oo hantida aan isticmaalka hab farsamo oo aan gelin in lala heshiiyo dadka kale markii ugu horeysay hubaa hawl ama xabsi ilaa 3 bilood. Haddii falka waxaa ka go'an si joogta ah ama xad-gudub waa hantida la taaban karo, taas oo lagama maarmaan u ah dhibbanaha, cadaabka codsatay in ay xabsi muddo ilaa lix bilood. Waayo, xatooyo soo noqnoqda ama u baahan in isticmaalka hab farsamo iyo sidoo kale heshiiska ka hor loo moodayay xabsi ilaa hal sano ah. Ciqaabta la mid ah ugu hanjabay xatooyo ku xiran go'an oo aan sheegay in xaaladaha on wharves, saldhigyada tareenka, hotels, Maraakiibta iyo tareenada. Wixii ka xaday bakhaar dadweynaha ama xukuumadda, bakhaar kale oo la isticmaalayo hab farsamo ama gelin in lala heshiiyo dadka kale ee la magacaabay ama si joogta ah hawl ilaa hal sano ama xabsi ah ilaa 2 litir. xukun la mid ah loogu talagalay maadooyinka aan ficil ku cad shuruudaha, haddii ay u leeyihiin in ay helaan waxyaabaha gaar ah ama si ay u ilaaliyaan, iyo inta lagu jiro daadadka, dab ama masiibo kale. Waayo, xatooyo, gaar ahaan badan oo dadweynaha bakhaarada / gobolka iyo goobaha kaydinta, iyo sidoo kale la ogolaado gaar ah iyaga oo ku, iyadoo la isticmaalayo hab farsamo ama gelin in lala dambiilayaasha kale ee ay ahayd in 5 sano oo xabsi ah. Sida aad arki karto, cadaabka ahaa jilicsan ku filan, xataa marka ay jiraan xaalado khatar ah. Dabcan, cunaqabatayn kuwan ma aysan joogsan ifbaxay. Dhibaatada waxaa sii xumeeyay xaqiiqda ah in nooc cusub oo ah hanti uu ahaa natiijo collectivization - dadweynaha. Dhab ahaantii, waxa ku hadhay oo aan ilaalinta wax kasta oo sharci ah.

amar 7-8

In dalka waxaa jiray dhibaato ah xatooyo. I. V. Stalin warqad uu u diray Kaganovich dooday baahida loo qabo ansixinta xeerka cusub. Gaar ahaan, uu u qoray in ee muddooyinkii dhowaa u noqday tuugo aad u soo noqnoqda ee alaabta on tareen / tareenka. Dhaawaca waxaa lagu qiyaasaa tobanaan malaayiin rubles. The kiis oo xatooyo kolkhoz iyo hantida iskaashi. Xatooyo, sida ka muuqata warqad, abaabulan badan feeray iyo xubno kale kuwaas oo doonay inay dabciyo nidaamka dawliga ah. Sida laga soo xigtay Xeerka Dambiyada, maadooyinka ka mid ah ayaa loo tixgeliyaa sida tuugo caadi ah, helay 2-3 sano xabsiga "rasmiga ah". In dhaqanka 6-8 bilood ka dib. waxay si badbaado leh amnestied. I. V. Stalin tilmaamay baahida loo qabo in la adkeeyo mas'uuliyadda. Waxa uu sheegay in dherjinta dheeraad ah oo keeni karta in cawaaqib aad u xun. Natiijadan ayaa waxa ay ahayd go'aan ka mid ah CEC iyo SNK on August 7, 1932 The ciqaabta xatooyada si weyn u adkeeyay. Sida laga soo xigtay xeerka caadi, waayo, tuugada ah ee kolkhoz iyo hantida iskaashi la siiyaa ilaa 10 sano oo xabsi ah ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen xaaladaha khafiifinta. Haddii dambe ka maqneed, qoray ciqaabta dilka. Waayo, xatooyada noocan oo kale ah loo moodayay in la toogtay oo la wareegid. Baahida loo qabo in la daabaco falka caadi keena xasilooni ee gobolka. Dad badan, hunguri lacag, isku dayay si walba ka faa'iidaystaan xaalada ka dhigi guulaha badan.

fiqiga

Waa in la ogaadaa in sharciga "oo ku saabsan saddex spikelets" (siday ugu yeedhay dadka oo ahaa) waxay bilaabeen inay in la isticmaalo arrin fanatically maamulka. Tan iyo markii la ansixiyo si ay u January 1, 1933 ayaa lagu xukumay:

1. Si dhimasho - 3.5%.
2. 10 sano - 60.3%.
3. Ciqaab daran oo ka yar helay 36.2%.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in la sheegay in aan dhan ku xukuntay in la dilo la dilay ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. 1932 waxay ahayd ilaa xad waqti tijaabo ah isticmaalka xeerka cusub ah. maamulka guud waxaa la buriyay ee 2686 lagu xukumay magaalada. Tiro badan oo ah go'aamo lahaa maxkamadaha toosan gaadiidka (812), iyo maxkamadaha ciidanku (208). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Sare RSFSR ee Soviet waxaa dib loo eegay ku dhowaad nus ka mid ah weedho ah. CEC Presidium soo saaray jiheeyey dheeraad ah. Sida Krylenko ku qoro, Dadka commissar of Justice, tirada guud ee dadka toogasho ma dhaafto 1000.

xaaladaha

Waxaa jira su'aal arrin macquul ah: sababta Maxkamadda Sare waxay bilaabeen inay dib u eegaan go'aannada maxkamadaha hoose? Tani waxay dhacday, maxaa yeelay, dambaysta ah, sharciga "saddex spikelets" codsanaya, mararka qaarkood maqlay in dhibic ka mid ah qaabdarro. Tusaale ahaan, cadaab daran ayaa loo xilsaaray saddex yaroow ayaa lagu gartaa xeer sida feedh ah, oo soo gudbiyey iyagii by shahaadooyin - sida yaroow dhexe. Waxay la xukumay isagoo doonnida ku lahaa beer qaaday, oo aad u tagtaan kalluumaysiga. xukun aad u daran ayaa lagu soo rogay sida qoyska oo dhan. Dadka cambaareeyay waxa ay kalluumaysta webiga awdeen dhow beerta wadareed. go'aan kale oo aan macquul ahayn la sameeyey ee la xiriira ninkii dhallinyarada ahaa. Waxa uu "kale kubiiray la gabdhaha ee barn ah, oon ku keenaya doofaarka walaaca iska lahaa beerta." Tan iyo hantida wadareed ahaa laguma Xurmaysan, garsoorka wuxuu ku xukuntay ninkii dhallinyarada ahaa 10 sano oo xabsi ah "oo uu dhibaato." Sida tilmaamay in uu buugga Wyszynski - Xeer ilaaliyaha caanka ah ee wakhtiga - oo dhan ka mid ah xaaladaha ka mid ah ayaa loo arkaa by xaakinnadu sida xadgudub ah oo Xoolo dadweynaha, laakiin dhab ahaantii kuwa aan ahaayeen. Isla mar ahaantaana, qoraaga ku darayaa in xal sida si joogto ah la joojiyay, iyo xaakinnadii isu waxaa laga saaray ay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida uu u sheegay Wyszynski, waxan oo dhan ayaa runtii lagu gartaa heer ku filan oo aan innaba waxgarasho, jahooyinka kooban oo dadka ay awoodaan in ay xukummadayda oo kale.

tusaale u ah xal

Tallyman mid ka mid ah beeraha ee la dayacay ee loo adeegsado beeraha, kaas oo muujiyay in qayb ahaan ay u tagay in hawada u furan, waxaa loo qoondeeyey 10 xabsi. Xaaladdan oo kale, maxkamadda ayaa loo aasaasay in aad heshay qalabku wax matare qayb ahaan ama gebi. Volovschik mid ka mid ah beeraha si dibida baxay inta lagu guda jiro nadiifinta. Mid ka mid ah xoolaha ayaa sibxaday oo uu lugta ka jabay. By si guddida Dibi loo gowracay. Maxkamadda Dadka xukumay volovschika 10 sano oo xabsi ah. Mid ka mid ah wasiirada ayaa sidoo kale sharciga "saddex spikelets" hoos yimid. Fuuli munaaradda inuu ka saar barafka, wuxuu helay hadhuudh ah oo ku saabsan 2 bacaha. Wasiirka Tani waxay si deg deg ah ku wargeliyay golaha tuulada. Si ay u tijaabiso dadkii loo diray helay joonyaddiisii saddexaad oo hadhuudh. Wasiirka A ayaa lagu xukumay 10 sano. Head of maqsinnona waxba ka ayaa lagu xukumay toban sano waxa uu sida la sheegay miisaan qaldan dadka. Hantidhawraha ururka lagu tilmaamay mid ka mid ah repositories ah 375 kg oo hadhuudh xad-dhaaf ah. In dacwadaha ka hor Maxkamadda Dadka ma fiirsan Hadalka madaxa xaqiijinta of godadka haray. Eedaysanuhu ku dooday in sababta oo ah sharaxaad qaldan ee statements in bakhaar ah oo kala duwan waa in ay ahaadaan la'aanta ee ahaa hadhuudh in tiro la mid ah. Ka dib markii xukunka la xaqiijiyay by madaxa bayaanka. Mid ka mid ah beeralayda ayaa lagu xukumay 2 sano oo xarig ah waxa uu helay in timirta ahaa oo cantoobo muggeed oo hadhuudh iyo cunay sababtoo ah waxaan doonayay in ay haystaan iyo in loo qaatay, shaqayn karin. xaqiiqooyinka intaas oo dhammu waxay u adeegi karaa caddayn si waxshinimo ah oo ka mid ah ka dibna taliskii. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, weedho sharci-darrada ah iyo macno yihiin muuqo dhow isla markiiba la joojiyay ka dib markii la ansaxiyo.

xeerarka dawladda

Weedho "for dhegaha" waa muujin ka timid go'amada iyo dembi. Dawladdu waxay dalbaday in shaqaalaha garsoorka hana u oggolaan in isticmaalka fal caadi marka ay horseedi doono in uu dilayo. Gaar ahaan, sharciga "oo ku saabsan saddex spikelets" aan loo isticmaali karo in la jabsaday in cabbir aad u yar ama xaalad dhaqaale oo aad u adag eed. shaqaalaha garsoorka Local ahaayeen kuwo aad u xirfad lahayn. Wada jir ah ula qiiro xad-dhaaf ah u horseeday in weyn "Xadgudba." Si kastaba ha ahaatee, heerka gobolka jiray halgan firfircoon iyaga ka gees ah. Gaar ahaan, dadka awoodda loo baahan yahay si aad u dalbato in dambiyada Art yar. 162 ee xeerka ciqaabta ee RSFSR ah, bixinta Cadaab more dabacsan. maamulka sare tilmaamay baahida loo qabo in hoos u xaq u leedahay inaad u qalanto falka. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxa uu sheegay in ku saabsan non-isticmaalka qodobada sharci darro ah si ay u fududayso cunaqabatayn booska nolosha daran.

abaar ee USSR ee 1932-1933

Xaaladda dalka uu ahaa mid aad u adag. Dhibaatada haysata xusay in RSFSR ah, sii buurayn ee Byelorussian, ee North Caucasus, gobolka Volga ah, ee Urals Koonfurta, Galbeedka Siberia, North Kazakhstan. In USSR ee ilaha rasmiga tilmaamay magaca "abaar." In Ukraine, sanadkii 2006 Rada Verkhovna ah, isaga ugu garteen sida fal xasuuq. Hagaha Republic hore ee dowladda Soviet lagu eedeeyay xasuuq caqa dadweynaha. Wararka ayaa tilmaamay in this "abaar macmal" ayaa keentay weyn multi-million dhibanayaasha. Later, ka dib markii ay burburtay, xaaladda waxaa si balaadhan looga daboolay by warbaahinta iyo waraaqaha rasmiga ah ee kala duwan. Holodomor waxaa loo arkaa by saraakiil badan oo ka tirsan mid ka mid ah daliilka siyaasadda dagaal xoogga Soviet. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sidii lagu kor ku sheegay, dhibaatada haysata ka dhacay Jamhuuriyadda kale, oo ay ku jiraan RSFSR ah.

kaydka hadhuudhka

Sida laga soo xigtay cilmi sameeyay dhakhtarka ee cilmiga taariikhiga Kondrashin, abaar ee USSR ee 1932-1933 waxa uu ahaa natiijo collectivization ma universal. Gobollada qaarkood, tusaale ahaan, ee gobolka Volga ah, xaaladda waxaa sabab u ahaa soo iibsiga hadhuudh lagu qasbay. view Tan waxaa warameen qaar ka mid ah markhaati ka ahay Kuwii Joogay. Abaarta ka kacay xaqiiqada ah in beeralayda hadhuudh ururiyay lahaa in ay qaataan. Baadiyaha si xoog leh soo gaartay collectivization iyo qixin. In Guddiga gobolka Volga ku saabsan iibsiga hadhuudh hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Xoghayaha xisbiga shuuciga ah Postysheva soo saaray go'aan ku saabsan bixitaanka of kaydka ka beeralayda shakhsi, beeraleyda iyo beeralayda hadhuudh kasbadeen. Under xanuun ah madaxda ciqaab fal dambiyeed, madaxdii maamul lagu qasbay in ay dawladda ku wareejin dhow dalagga oo dhan. All goobtan loogama qaadi of kaydka cuntada ee sababay abaar. Tallaabooyinka la mid ah la geeyay Kaganovich iyo Molotov. go'aanadooda ku saabsan dhulka ee North Caucasus iyo Ukraine. Sidaas darteed, dalka bilaabay dhimashada a mass dadka. Isla mar ahaantaana waa in la sheegay in qorshaha hadhuudh iibsiga for 1932 iyo lacagta hadhuudhka dhab goostay ahaayeen si weyn uga yar in sanadihii hore iyo kuwa ku xiga. hadhuudh Total ka tuulo oo ku yaalla channels oo dhan ka go'day (suuqyada, gadashada, preform) hoos u dhacay 20%. mugga laga dhoofiyo 5.2 million tons dhacay 1931 si ay 1,73 ee sanadkii 1932-sano ee soo socda, ayuu sii dhimay - in 1.68 million tons. Waayo, gobollada ugu muhiimsan ee hadhuudhka soo saara (Waqooyiga. Caucasus iyo Ukraine) kootada on tirada billets si joogta ah hoos u dhacay. Tusaale ahaan, in Ukraine ee lagu tiriyaa quarter badar daranyihiin, halka 1930 ay ahayd 35% mugga. Sida laga soo xigtay Zhuravlev, abaar waxaa dhaliyey dayrta af ku soo dajinno Biyaha iyadoo ay sabab u collectivization.

Natiijooyinka codsiga of regulation

Gudoomiyaha ku xigeenka note of OGPU iyo Prokofiev Head of Department of Economic Mironov OGPU si Stalin sheegay in kiis oo xatooyo, shaaca laba toddobaad, fiiro gaar ah waxaa la soo sawiray in dambiyada ugu waaweyn ee ka dhacay Rostov-on-Don. Xatooyo faafiyey nidaamka, xasho deegaanka. Tuuganimada ahaayeen daqiijin jireen at warshadda, laba dubayaasha, 33 dukaamo, taas oo ay fuliyaan iibinta ee alaabta dadka. Sidaas darteed of baadna baaritaanada waxaa la helay in ka badan 6 kun oo mina oo kibis ah, 1 000 - Sugar, 500 -.. Bran, iwm fowdo noocan oo kale ah ka dhacay ay sabab u la'aanta ah ee warbixintan cad oo ay gacanta ku, iyo sidoo kale sabab u tahay shaqaalaha eexda dembiyada. kormeerka shaqada, kaas oo la lifaaqan network ganacsiga, ay ujeedo xaq. Xaaladaha oo dhan, kormeerayaasha dhaqmeen sida la socotay in dambiga, in ay ku riday saxiixyada ay Falimihiisana khayaal ah oo kibis ah nedovozu, yaraanshaha qori-off, iwm Natiijada baadhitaanka ayaa la xiray 54 qof, shan ka mid ah oo -. Member of CPSU ah (b). Hay'adda Soyuztransa Taganrog ee 62 dadka ayaa lagu reebay. iyaga ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen dekedda ka tirsan, irid-dhawryadii, darawallada, kuwaas oo intooda badan ay yihiin kulaks hore, baayacmushtariyaasha, by canaasiirta dambiilayaasha ah. Iyadoo qayb ka ah urur ay xaday alaabo laga soo dekedda gaadiid. Buugaag toos xaday farta xaqiiqada ah in ka qaybgalayaasha dambiyada ahaayeen cad ma yaroow.

gunaanad

Sidaas darteed of tuugada ah ee fal caadi on gaadiidka w / d iyo xatooyo hanti beer gobolka, hantida iskaashatooyin iyo iskaashatooyinku waxay bilaabeen inay hoos u. Bishii Janaayo 1936 bilaabay dhaqan-weyn ee dadka la xukumay. Waxaa la ansixiyay qaraar on 16 January on xaaladaha kala baadhaan. Sidaas darteed, qaar ka mid ah dembiilayaasha hawlaha aan ku jira xubno ka mid ah dembi, ayaa la sii daayay xabsiga.