Mabda'a garoomada laser: muuqaalada shucaaca laser

Mabda'a koowaad ee ficil of laser ah, kaas oo ku salaysan yahay physics sharciga shucaaca Planck ee, in aragtida, Einstein ee 1917 xaq. Waxa uu ku tilmaamay nuugo, lama filaan ah oo shidan yihiin shucaaca electromagnetic isticmaalaya horgalaha jaaniska (horgalaha Einstein).

trailblazers

Teodor Meyman ahaa kii ugu horeeyay si ay u muujiyaan mabda'a ah ficil of laser guduud ah, oo ku salaysan shubto ee indhaha la isticmaalayo ilayska flash guduud a dardaro, abuuraa shucaaca isku xidhan la Milanello ka mid ah 694 nm.

In 1960, saynisyahano Iran Yaawaan iyo Bennett abuuray laser gaaska marka hore la isticmaalo isku mid ah gaasaska Isaga iyo Ne in cabirku yahay 1:10.

In 1962, R. N. Hall ka dhigaysa marka hore a laser diode of arsenide gallium (Gaas) ka dhigay, emitting ee Milanello ka mid ah 850 nm. Later isla sannadkaa, Nick Golonyak horumariyo matoorka galmada Semiconductor marka hore iftiinka arki karo.

The qalab iyo mabda'a laser

nidaamka laser kasta oo ka mid ah dhexdhexaad firfircoon optically kaalinta dhexeeya labo ka mid ah muraayadaha isku midka ah iyo heer sare ah oo muujineysa, mid ka mid ah taas oo ah translucent, iyo il awoodeed maxaa yeelay, waxay ku listo ah. Sida dhexdhexaad ah oo faa'iidada noqon kara adag, dareere ama gaaska, kaas oo awood u leeyihiin in ay xoojin Ilodanimada inayan ee la ruxruxo, iftiinka iyo korontada ama indhaha shucaac shubto marayay dhex gudaha. walaxda la dhigayaa dhexeeya labo ka mid ah muraayadaha si nuurka ka muuqataa iyaga mar kasta u dhex marin iyo, isagoo gaaray koror weyn, guskiisa muraayad qeybtii.

deegaanka dabaq

Tixgeli mabda'a of tallaabo laser la dhexdhexaad firfircoon kuwaas oo atamka leeyihiin kaliya labo heerka tamarta: E E faraxsanahay ₂ iyo _{1 saldhig.} Haddii atamka ka via farsamo bam kasta (indhaha, dheecaan korontada hadda ama transmittance duqeymo electron) waa ku faraxsan yahay in gobolka E a _2, in a nanoseconds yar ay ku soo laabto booska aasaasiga ah, radiating photons tamarta hν = E ₂ - E _1. Sida laga soo xigtay aragti Einstein ee, warshadu hawada la soo saaray laba siyaabood oo kala duwan: mid waxaa laaluusheen by photon a, ama waxaa iska dhacdaa. In kiiska hore, warshadu hawada u shidan dhacdaa iyo labaad - lama filaan ah. At hoganaya kaamerada, jaaniska ah hawada dhiiro aad uga yar tahay ee lama filaanka ah (1:10 ^33), si ay ugu ilo iftiin caadiga ah ka baaqsiga, iyo lasing waa suurto gal in shuruudaha kale oo aan ahayn hoganaya kaamerada.

Xataa iyada oo nidaamka aad u xoog badan heerka dadka-shubto kaliya waxaa lagu sameyn karaa siman. Sidaa darteed, si ay u gaaraan inversion dadweynaha ama hab kale shubto indhaha u baahan tahay nidaamka saddex ama afar heer ah.

nidaamka heer multi

Waa maxay mabda'a laser heerka saddex-ka? cindiga iftiinka xooggan ee soo noqnoqoshada ν ₀₂ shubmo kor u tiro badan oo ah atamka ka heer hooseeya tamar E ₀ iyo E ₂ of sareba. guurka Radiationless la atamka E ah ₂ ilaa E ₁ abuurayaa inversion ah dadka u dhexeeya E ₁ iyo E _0, kaas oo si dhab ah ayaa suuragal ah keliya marka atamka waa waqti dheer in a state E metastable _1, iyo kala guurka ah ka E ₁ ilaa E ₂ degdeg ah dhacdaa. Mabda'a hawlgalka ee laser heerka saddex-a waa in xaaladahan, si ay u dhaxaysa E ₀ iyo _{1 E,} inversion dadweynaha waxaa lagu gaarayaa iyo waa maqalka tamarta photon E ₁ -E ₀ warshadu hawada u shidan yihiin. Ballaaran heerka E ₂ kordhin karaan kala duwan Milanello nuugista si fiican lisidda ah, taasoo keentay in koritaanka warshadu hawada ku shidan yihiin.

Saddex-heer nidaamka u baahan yahay awood bam aad u sarreeya tan iyo heerka hoose, ay ku lug qarniga, waa saldhigga a. Xaaladdan oo kale, si ay u inversion dadweynaha dhacay in E gobolka ₁ in la gareeyeen in ka badan kala bar tirada guud ee atamka. Xaaladdan oo kale, tamarta wuu baabba'ay. awooda bamka ayaa waxaa si weyn hoos loogu dhigi karaa haddii heerka lasing hoose ma aha ee saldhiga ah, taas oo u baahan ugu yaraan nidaamka afar heer ah.

Iyada oo ku xidhan nooca walaxda firfircoon, laser ah waxaa loo kala saaraa saddex qaybood oo aasaasi ah, kuwaas oo adag, dareere ah iyo gaaska. Tan iyo 1958, markii qarnigan ugu horeysay lagu arkay crystal guduud ah, saynisyahano iyo cilmi bartay tiro balaadhan oo ah qalabka qayb kasta.

laser adag-state

Hawlgalka ayaa ku salaysan yahay isticmaalka dhexdhexaad ah oo firfircoon oo la aasaasay by daray ah qalabada biraha crystal guurka daaqaddii (Ti ^+3, CR ^+3, V ^+2, Co ^+2, Ni ^+2, Fe ^+2, iyo wixii la mid ah D..) , udhigo dhulka dhif ah (CE ^+3, Pr ^+3, nd ^+3, pm ^+3, SM ^+2, Eu ^{+ 2, + 3,} qAAxADA ^+3, haysashada ^+3, Ho ^+3, Ceer ^+3, Yb ⁺³ , et al.), iyo actinides sida u ^+3. heerka tamarta ee udhigo mas'uulka kaliya ee qarniga. guryaha jirka ah waxyaabaha salka, sida conductivity kaamerada iyo ballaarinta kaamerada waa muhiim in hawlgalka hufan ee laser ah. daaqaddii Location of atamka agagaarka ra'iyi ah doped badala heerka tamarta ay. dhererka kala duwan ee qarnigan la ruxruxo ee dhexdhexaad firfircoon yihiin gaari by daroogada qalabka kala duwan ee ra'iyi isku.

laser Holmium

Tusaale ka mid ah laser adag-state waa matoor galmada, Gudaheedana waxaa la eb holmium badalay wax saldhig of daaqaddii baraf ah. Ho: YAG waa mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ugu fiican lasing. Mabda'a hawlgalka ee laser holmium waa in Garnet aluminium yttrium doped la udhigo holmium, optically gareeyeen by laambad flash iyo shanqarta ee Milanello a of 2097 nm ee kala duwan ee infrared si fiican u nuugo by nudaha ku. Isticmaal laser this hawlgallada on meesha dharkiisa, daaweynta ilkaha, si vaporize unugyada kansarka, kelyaha oo laga soosaaray.

A matoor galmada Semiconductor

laser si fiican Quantum jira aan qaali ahayn, u ogolaan wax soo saarka mass iyo waa si fudud scalable. Mabda'a hawlgala ee laser Semiconductor ah oo ku salaysan isticmaalka Isgoyska pn-diode, oo soo saarta iftiinka Milanello gaar ah by recombination ee side ee eexda wanaagsan, sida uu Kokes. LED degna iyo dioska- laser dhaadheer - compulsively. Si uu ku rumoobo inversion dadweynaha xaalada, hadda qalliinka waa dhaaftay xadkii loogu. dhexdhexaad ah ayaa si firfircoon uga diode Semiconductor uu leeyahay aragti ah oo goobta la xidhiidha of layers laba dhinac-cabbir ah.

Mabda'a hawlgalka ee noocan ah laser waa in si ay u ilaaliyaan oscillations ma muraayad dibadda ayaa loo baahan yahay. Awoodda u milicsato, abuuray sabab u index Refractive layers iyo milicsiga gudaha ee dhexdhexaad ah ee firfircoon, waa ku filan ujeedada this. meelaha dhamaadka dhegi dioska- bixiya dusha ka tarjumaysa isku midka ah.

xarunta ayaa sameeyay wax Semiconductor ah nooca la mid ah waxaa lagu magacaabaa homojunction ah, sida la aasaasay by xira laba kala duwan - heterojunction.

Semiconductors of p iyo n nooca la cufnaanta sare ah sidayaal u sameeyaan a p-n-isgoyska leh aad u dhuuban (≈1 mm) lakabka ah dhammaaday.

laser gaaska

Mabda'a hawlgalka iyo isticmaalka noocan ah laser ka dhigayaa suurto gal ah in la abuuro qalab of shiidaa awood kasta (ka milliwatts in megawatts) iyo wavelengths (ka ultraviolet in infrared) iyo shaqeyn karaan in hababka pulsed oo joogto ah. Iyada oo ku saleysan nooca warbaahinta firfircoon, waxaa jira saddex nooc oo laser gaaska, kuwaas oo qaaradda, Madbacada qaranka iyo kelli.

laser Most gaaska gareeyeen by dheecaan korontada. The electrons in tube dheecaan waxaa la dedejiyey beerta korontada dhexeeya electrodes ah. Waxay isku la atamka, udhigo ama u taagoo of dhexdhexaad firfircoon oo u abaari kala guurka si heer sare tamarta si ay u gaaraan gobolka ka mid ah inversion dadka iyo hawada shidan yihiin.

laser kelli

Mabda'a garoomada laser ku salaysan tahay xaqiiqada ah in, ka duwan atamka go'doon iyo udhigo in laser qaaradda iyo ra'iyi taagoo hantidaan guutooyin tamarta kala duwan ee heerarka tamarta Discrete. Intaa waxaa dheer, heer kasta tamarta electron uu leeyahay tiro badan oo ah heerarka vibrational, iyo kuwa markeeda - dhowr wareeg ah.

tamarta u dhexeeya heerarka electron tamarta waa in gobollada UV iyo la arki karo oo ah qaybaha kala ah, halka ka dhex dhasha heerarka vibrational-wareeg ah - in ka fog iyo ku dhowba gobollada infrared. Sidaas darteed, inta badan laser kelli ka shaqeeya ah gobollada fog ama meel u dhow-infrared.

laser excimer

Excimers yihiin Britain sida ArF, KrF, XeCl, kuwaas oo loo kala qaybiyey gobolka dhulka deggan iyo heerka ugu horeysay. Mabda'a hawlgalka ee laser soo socda. Caadi ahaan, tirada ee gobolka dhulka ee u taagoo ku yar yahay, sidaa darteed shubto si toos gobol dhulka suurtogal ma aha. taagoo The sameeyay gobolka ugu horreeyey ee electronic faraxsanahay by xarunta a isagoo ah halides tamar sare leh gaasas inert. inversion dadka waxaa si fudud gaaray tan iyo markii tirada u taagoo heerka aasaasiga ah waa mid aad u yar yahay, iyadoo ku faraxsan la barbar dhigo. Mabda'a garoomada laser, ee gaaban, waa in ay u gudbaan gobolka electronic faraxsanahay ah ku xidhay in dissociative gobolka dhulka ah. Tirada dadka ee gobolka dhulka had iyo jeer waa heer hooseeyo, sababtoo ah markan Britain ee beri galay atamka.

qalab iyo laser mabda 'wuxuu ka kooban yahay in tube dheecaan waxaa ka buuxsamay isku dar ah ee halide (F ₂₎ iyo gaaska dhif ah (Ar). electrons way in beri oo ionize taagoo halide iyo abuuro udhigo xun. udhigo Positive Ar ⁺ iyo negative F ^- fal oo ay soo saaraan u taagoo ArF ee gobolka ugu horreeyey ee ku faraxsan la xidhiidha kala guurka xiga si la eelin gobolka salka iyo jiilka shucaac isku xidhan. laser Excimer, mabda'a ah ficil iyo isticmaalka taas oo aan hadda ka fikiraya, in la isticmaali karo in lagu shubto ee dhexdhexaad firfircoon ee dheeha.

laser dareere

Marka la barbar dhigo adkaha, dareeraha yihiin oo dhqaalaha leeyihiin cufnaanta sare atamka firfircoon, marka la barbardhigo gaasaska. Waxaa intaas dheer in this, iyagu ma ay adag tahay in la soo saaro, u ogolaan dhereg badan kulayl sahlan oo si fudud loo beddeli karo. Mabda'a garoomada of laser ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida dhexdhexaadka ah faa'iido ah oo dheeh organic, sida DCM (4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-p- dimethylaminostyryl-4H-pyran), rhodamine, styryl, LDS, coumarin, stilbene, iyo wixii la mid ah. D ., kala diri ee dareeraha ku habboon. xal A ee u taagoo dheeha ku faraxsan yahay by shucaaca kuwaas oo Milanello ayaa Wehliyaha nuugista wanaagsan. Mabda'a garoomada laser, ee gaaban, waa in ay curiyaan ee Milanello dheer, loo yaqaan fluorescence. Farqiga u dhexeeya tamarta nuugo iyo photons timaada isticmaalo guurka tamarta nonradiative oo maraysa nidaamka.

Caddeynayaa fluorescence band laser dareere leeyahay feature gaar ah - daafigaw Milanello. Mabda'a hawlgalka iyo isticmaalka noocan ah sida laser ah tunable iyo il nuurka isku xidhan, waxaa sii muhiim ah in spectroscopy, holography, iyo codsiyada Biomedical.

Recently, laser ayaa la isticmaalaa si loo dheeha kala isotope. Xaaladdan oo kale, laser ah eegista Dhectuuro mid ka mid ah, taasoo keentay in bilaabi reaction kiimikada.