Circuit Oscillating - taasi waa ... Mabda'a hawlgalka

circuit Oscillating - qalab u dhalin (abuuro) ee oscillations electromagnetic. From la aasaasay ilaa maantadan la joogo waxaa loo isticmaalaa meelo badan sayniska iyo farsamada laga bilaabo nolol maalmeedka in warshado badan oo soo saara waxyaabaha aad u kala duwan.

Of waxa aanu ka kooban yahay?

circuit oscillation waxaa ka mid ah gariiradda iyo capacitor ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa kale oo laga yaabaa resistor jooga (element iska caabin variable). inductor An (ama solenoid, sida mararka qaar waxaa loo yaqaan) waa ul on taas oo windings waxaa ku dhaawacay dhowr lakab, taas oo guud ahaan waa silig naxaas ah. Waa element this abuurtaa oscillations wareegi oscillatory ah. bar A, oo ku yaalla bartamaha, inta badan loo yaqaan ceejiya, ama muhiimka ah, iyo gariiradda waxaa mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan solenoid ah.

gariiradda circuit oscillating abuuraa oscillations lacag keliya haddii Kaydinta. Marka aad ka dhaafayso hadda ka dhex, waxaa ururayaa lacag taas oo markaas siiya circuit marka danab lagu dhibciyo.

fiilooyin gariiradda guud ahaan waxay leeyihiin iska caabin aad u yar yahay, taas oo had iyo jeer ay weli joogto ah. circuit circuit oscillation waxay inta badan dhacdaa isbedelka danab iyo amperage. Isbeddelkani waxa uu ku xiran sharciyada xisaabeed gaar ah:

• U = U ₀ * sababtoo ah (w * (TT _0), halkaas oo
  U - danab waqti t ah,
  U ₀ - danab waqti t _0,
  w - noqnoqoshada oscillations electromagnetic.

qayb kale oo muhiim ah Bannaanka waa capacitor koronto. element Tani waxay ka kooban tahay laba birood kuwaas oo kala by dielectric ah. dhumucda daaha ka dhexeeya electrodes waa in ka yar ay size. design Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa inay ku ururto on-insulator lacag koronto, taas oo aad markaas u diri kartaa si wareeg ah.

batari capacitor ka duwan waa in ay jirto qaab beddelidda ma walxaha by hadda korontada, iyo waxaa jira raasamaal ah si toos ah mas'uul duurka koronto. Sayidka, via capacitor wuxuu noqon karaa mid weyn oo ku filan in ay isku uruursadaan amarka, oo waxaa la siin karaa oo dhan hal mar. Xaaladdan oo kale, hadda ee Bannaanka waxa si wayn u kordhay.

Sidoo kale, circuit oscillation ku wuxuu ka kooban yahay mid ka mid element more: resistor ah. element waxa uu leeyahay iska caabin ah oo loo xakameeyo hadda oo danab ku Bannaanka. Haddii danab joogto ah si loo kordhiyo iska caabin ah resistor ah, hadda ka yaraan doonaa by sharciga Ohm ee:

• I = U / R, halkaas oo
  I - hadda,
  U - danab,
  R - iska caabin ah.

inductor

Bal aynu eegno dhow at dhan faahfaahinta inductor iyo si fiican u fahmi doonaan in ay u shaqeeyaan in Bannaanka resonant. Sida aan ku sheegay, iska caabin ah ee element tani waxay noqonaysaa inay eber. Sidaas darteed, markii xiran circuit DC a dhici lahaa -circuiting gaaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii gariiradda xiran circuit AC ah, waxa ay si sax ah u shaqeeyo. Tani waxay keenaysaa in garawsannay in element uu leeyahay iska caabin ah si talantaalli ah ee hadda.

Laakiin maxay tahay sababta this dhacdo iyo sida iska caabin ah waxay dhacdaa marka la talantaalli hadda? Si aad ka jawaabto su'aashan waxaan u baahanahay inaan u leexdo xagga ifafaale ah ee is-inductance. Iyada oo marinka ee hadda gariiradda waxa ku jira waxaa jira ciidamo electromotive (EMF), taas oo caqabad ku ah in ay isbedel hadda. magnitude ayaa xoog this ku xiran tahay laba arrimood: hadda gariiradda iyo derivative si ixtiraam leh in waqti. Xisaab ahaan, ku tiirsanaanta this waxaa lagu qeexay by isla'egta:

• E = -L * I '(t), halkaas oo
  E - EMF,
  L - qiimaha inductance of gariiradda, (waayo, gariiradda kasta waa ka duwan yahay oo ay ku xiran tahay tirada windings ee gariiradda ah oo dhumucdiisuna waxay)
  Aan (t) - derivative wakhtiga (heerka isbedelka ee hadda) hadda.

Power DC muddo innaba ma beddelmin, si ay iska caabin ah markii loo feydo kac.

Laakiin at AC cabbir kasta oo ay joogto ah la beddelo sharciga ah sinusoidal ama cosine, keenaya ciidamada electromotive, taasoo ka hortagaysa in isbedeladan. caabin noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo yaqaan induction iyo xisaabiyaa by formula ah:

• X _L = w _{L *,} halkaas oo
  w - noqnoqoshada circuit oscillation,
  L - inductance of gariiradda.

Sida xooga leh ee hadda ka jirta solenoid u linearly u siyaadiyaa iyo hoos sida ay sharciyada kala duwan. Taas macnaheedu waa in haddii aad joojiso socodka hadda ka jirta gariiradda, waxay sii wadi doonaan in muddo ah si ay amarka u wareegi siin. Oo haddii this jir- go'do socodka hadda, waxaa lagu toogtay doono ka xaqiiqda ah in ay amarka u isku dayi doonaa inuu ka baxo oo loo qaybin gariiradda. Tani waa - tahay dhibaato khatar ah ee wax soo saarka warshadaha. saamayn Tani (inkastoo aan gebi ahaanba la xiriira circuit oscillation ah) oo laga dheehan karo, tusaale ahaan, marka ay ka saareen fur ka godka. Xaaladdan oo kale sababi ololka in on scale oo kale lama dhaawici kara qof. Waxaa sabab u ah xaqiiqada ah in duurka ku magnetic aanu isla markiiba baaba'aan ma, laakiin si tartiib ah ayuuna wixiisii, jiraan hadda in kirishbooyada kale. In heer warshadeed xoogga hadda waa marar badan ka weyn yahay sidii caadiga ahayd 220 volts, si kala go 'ee silsilad-soo-saarka waxay keeni kartaa dhimbiiluhu ciidanka sida in ka dhigi doonaa wax badan oo dhibaato labada dhirta iyo ninkii a.

Gariiradda - saldhig u ah ay ka soo wareegtaa hareeraheeda oscillation yahay. Inductor solenoids ka mid sequentially ku daray. Next, aan eegno dhow at dhan faahfaahinta qaabka element in.

Waa maxay inductance ah?

gariiradda Inductance circuit oscillating - waa dhimaya shakhsi in uu yahay tiro ahaan siman yihiin in ay ciidanka electromotive (in volts), taas oo dhacda in circuit marka duwanaansho hadda of 1 A 1 labaad. Haddii solenoid ku xiran circuit DC ah, ay inductance qeexayaa tamarta duurka a magnetic, kaas oo abuuray by hadda this by formula ah:

• W = (L * I ²⁾ / 2, halkaas oo
  W - tamarta field magnetic.

Wehliyaha inductance xidhan tahay qodobo badan: joomateri ee solenoid ah, sifooyinka magnetic of asaasiga ah iyo tirada gariiradda of silig. Muuqaal kale oo ka mid ah tilmaamahan waa in ay tahay mar walba wanaagsan, sababtoo ah doorsoomayaasha on kaas oo ay ku xiran tahay, ma noqon karto xun.

inductance ayaa sidoo kale waxaa lagu qeexi karaa sida hanti ah ee kaari leh tamarta ah dukaanka hadda duurka a magnetic. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in Henry (magacaabay ka dib markii saynisyahan Maraykanka Dzhozefa Genri).

Intaas waxaa sii dheer circuit oscillation solenoid ka kooban yahay capacitor ah, taas oo halkan laga wada hadli doono.

capacitor Electric

Capacitance waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa ku circuit oscillator capacitance korontada capacitor. Its muuqaalka ayaa lagu kor ku qoran. Haddaba ha na ay baari physics geedi dhaca waxa ku jira.

Tan iyo markii ay tumeen capacitor ka samaysan yihiin kaari ah, ka dibna waxa ay ka duuli karaan hadda korontada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, oo u dhexeeya laba birood waa caqabad. Insulator (waxay noqon kartaa hawada, qori ama wax kale oo iska caabin sare Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in lacag aan darafkiisan iyo silig kale ka dhaqaajin karin, waxaa jira u raasamaal ay ku tumeen capacitor wuxuu kordhiyaa awood u magnetic iyo korontada. beeraha ku wareegsan. Sidaas darteed, at joojinta la'aan ka soo baxa korontada oo dhan wxbarashada on taarikada ah, wuxuu bilaabaa in la kala qaado si wareeg ah.

capacitor kastaa waxay leedahay danab lagu qiimeeyo, aan fiicnayn ee ay howlgalka. Haddii aad muddo dheer si ay u baaraan element ee danab ka sarreeya magacaaban ah, noolyihiin waxa aad u yaraynaya. capacitor The Bannaanka oscillatory waxaa si joogto ah u saameeyeen hadda oo sidaas daraaddeed markii xushay waa in aad si taxaddar leh.

Waxa intaa dheer in capacitors caadiga ah, kuwaasi oo ay ka wada hadleen, waxaa kale oo jira koronto capacitors lakabka double. Tani waa element ka sii adag, waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa iskutallaabtiisa u dhexeeya batari iyo capacitor ah. Sida caadiga ah, dielectric ee capacitors lakabka double korontada yihiin walxaha organic, taas oo ah inta u dhaxaysa elektrolytka ah. Si wada jir ah ay u abuuraan ah lakabka double korontada, kaas oo u ogolaanaya inay ku ururto design this at tamarta jeer ka badan capacitor a caadiga ah.

Waa maxay awoodda capacitor ah?

Capacitance of capacitor waa saamiga la'aan capacitor si danab a at kaas oo uu ku yaal. Xisaabi qiimaha tani waxay noqon kartaa mid aad u fudud oo gargaar ka habeeyey qaab xisaabeed:

• C = (e ₀ * S) / d, halkaas oo
  e ₀ - joogta dielectric mid ah waxyaabaha la dielectric (qiimaha tabular)
  S - aagga of taarikada capacitor ah,
  d - masaafada u dhexeysa taarikada ah.

tiirsanaanta ee capacitance ee capacitor ku saabsan masaafada u dhexeysa electrodes waxaa lagu sharaxay by ifafaale ee induction electrostatic ka yar tahay masaafada u dhexeysa taarikada ah, ayaa in ka badan ay saameyn kasta oo kale (coulomb), ugu weyn ee electrodes lacag iyo stress ka yar. Oo markii qiimaha danab awoodda kordhay ee, tan iyo markii ay sidoo kale lagu tilmaami karaa by formula soo socda:

• C = q / U, halkaas oo
  q - amarka in coulombs.

Waa in ay ka hadlaan qaybaha cabbirka ee tirada this. Capacitance waxaa lagu cabiraa farads. 1 farad - qiimaha ku filan oo waaweyn, sidaas capacitors jira (ma supercapacitors) ayaa capacitance a qiyaasay in picofarads (mid farad trillionth).

resistor

hadda ee Bannaanka resonant sidoo kale ku xiran tahay iska caabin ah Bannaanka. Oo waa ka gooni labada xubno lagu tilmaamay oo ka samaysan wareeg ah oscillating (coil, capacitor), waxaa jira saddex meelood oo meel - resistor ah. Wuxuu mas'uul ka yahay la abuuro jiita. Resistor ka duwan yahay waxyaalaha kale ee in uu leeyahay iska caabin sare, taas oo la kala duwanaayeen karo in lagu daydo qaar ka mid ah. Bannaanka resonant u qabata shaqada gacanta xoogga duurka magnetic ah. Waxaa suurto gal ah in ay ku xidhmaan dhowr resistors ee taxanahan ama isku midka ah, oon ku sii kordhaya iska caabin ah Bannaanka.

caabiga ee element this sidoo kale ku xiran tahay heerkulka, si taxadar waa in laga in ay ka shaqeeyaan Bannaanka, tan iyo markii ay la kululeeyo lagu guda jiro marinka ee hadda.

iska caabin ah ayaa la qiyaasay in ohms, iyo miraheeda waxaa loo xisaabin karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaaciddadan:

• R = (p * l) / S, halkaas oo
  p - resistor resistivity wax (qiyaasay in (Ohm * mm ²⁾ / m);
  l - cimri resistors (ee mitir);
  S - aagga qeybaha (in milimitir laba jibbaaran).

Sida loo xerin a-beegyada uu loop?

Haddaba waxaan ku soo dhowaaday, si ay physics hawlgalka Bannaanka oscillatory ah. Muddo amarka on taarikada capacitor u beddelayo sida uu sheegay labaad-si isla'eg kala duwan ee.

Haddii aad xallineynsid isla'eg this, waxa uu tusinayaa qaar ka mid ah qaaciidooyinka xiiso sharaxaya geedi socodka in ay dhacaan wareeg ah. Tusaale ahaan, inta jeer a xilliile lagu sheegi karaa in marka la eego capacitance iyo inductance.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, caanaha ugu fudud in u ogolaanaya in ay xisaabi ugu dahsoon badan - Thomson isla'egta (magacaabay ka dib markii jirka Ingiriiska William Thomson, kuwaas oo wuxuu iyadii u keenay in 1853):

• T = 2 * f * (L * C) ^1/2.
  T - dhexeeya oscillations electromagnetic,
  L iyo C - sida, inductance ee gariiradda circuit oscillating iyo element circuit capacitance ah,
  n - pi tirada.

factor tayo leh

Waxaa jira tiro kale oo muhiim sifeeyay dusha ah ee shaqada - factor tayada. Si aad u fahamto waxa ay tahay, waa in aad eegtaa habka this sida resonance ah. Tani waxay ifafaale, kaas oo Ilodanimada inayan noqdo awoodda ugu badan ee qiimaha joogto ah, taas oo ah taageero lulid ah. Resonance sharxi karaa tusaale fudud: haddii aad bilowdo in ay riixaan lulid si garaaca ay inta jeer, waxay la degdegsiimada doonaa, oo "Ilodanimada" kordhin doonaa. Laakiin haddii aadan ku hardiyi garaaca ah, waxay hoos u dhigi doono. At resonance, inta badan baaba'aan tamar badan. In si ay u awoodaan si ay u xisaabiso qiimaha khasaaro, waxaan Been abuurtay dhimaya sida factor tayada. Waa Wehliyaha ah loo siman yahay si ratio ee tamarta, oo ku yaalla nidaamka, in khasaaraha ka dhaca inta lagu jiro mid ka mid ah wareegga ah ee Bannaanka.

factor tayada circuit waxaa loo xisaabiyaa sida ay caanaha,

• S = (w ₀ * W) / P, halkaas oo
  w ₀ - resonance inta jeer angular of oscillations;
  W - tamarta lagu kaydiyaa nidaamka birqaya;
  P - dhereg badan awood.

Halbeegga Tani - dimensionless tan iyo dhab ahaan waxay muujinaysaa ratio tamarta: Kaydinta for qaatay.

Waa maxay circuit ku haboon oscillating

Waayo, si fiican loo fahmo geedi socodka ee nidaamka of physics la iman wax-u circuit ku haboon oscillating. Tani waa model xisaabeed oo wakiil ka ah wareegga sida nidaam leh eber iska caabin ah. In waxa jira oscillations harmonic undamped. model Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa in ay hesho beegyada xisaabinta circuit formula qiyaas. Mid ka mid ah oo xuduudaheedu waa kuwan - tamarta guud:

• W = (L * I ²⁾ / 2.

fududeynta noocan oo kale ah aad bay u dardar-xisaabinta iyo u oggolaadaan in ay qiimeeyaan sifooyinka circuit leh sifooyinka horena.

Sidee u shaqeeyaan?

All oscillating wareegga hawlgalka circuit waxa loo qaybin karaa laba qaybood. Hadda waxaan arki doonaa sida saxda ah geedi socodka ka dhacaya qayb kasta.

• The ugu horeysay saxan wajiga capacitor, oo lagu eedeeyay wanaagsan, wuxuu bilaabaa inuu guto, haya'ad hadda ee Bannaanka. Halkaa marka ay marayso, hadda ka tagaa ka wanaagsan a lacag negative, halka dhex marayay gariiradda. Sidaas awgeed, vibrations electromagnetic dhacaan Bannaanka. maraayay hadda marayo gariiradda, ku dhaqaaqdo in ay saxan labaad ayna u wanaagsan eedeeyo (halka koronto ugu horeeyay, taas oo hadda waxaa la socday, si xun u eedeeyay).
• Wejigii labaad qaadataa meel nidaamka si toos ah ka soo hor jeedda. hadda waa soo gudubtaa ka waslad khafiif ah oo wanaagsan (oo in Bilowgii waxaa jiray negative) si xun, marayay mar kale iyada oo loo marayo gariiradda. Iyo kharashka oo dhan ku dhicin meel.

Wareegga lagu celceliyo ilaa inta capacitor la soo eedeeyay. In an circuit resonant fiican nidaamka this waa la koobi karayn, oo xooggii Kan ugu khasaaraha dhabta ah waa lama huraan ay sabab u tahay waxyaabo kala duwan: kulaylku in dhacaa sabab u tahay jiritaanka iska caabin ah ee circuit (kulaylka Joule) ah, oo la mid ah.

Embodiments design circuit

Waxa intaa dheer in wareeggeedii fudud "ayuu gariiradda-capacitor" iyo "gariiradda-resistor-capacitor", waxaa jira fursado kale, iyadoo la isticmaalayo sida circuit oscillation salaysan. Tani, tusaale ahaan, circuit ah isku midka ah taas oo ah waxa lagu gartaa in in uu jiro wareeg element ah (maxaa yeelay, sida keli ah jirto, waxay noqon lahayd circuit taxane ah oo ka mid ah kaas oo looga hadlay in maqaalka).

Waxa kale oo jira noocyo kale oo ah dhismaha, oo ay ku jiraan qaybaha korontada kala duwan. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa suurtagal ah in ay ku xidhmaan transistor network oo furi doonaa oo la xiro circuit la soo noqnoqoshada ah loo siman yahay si ay u soo noqnoqoshada oscillation Bannaanka ah. Sayidka, nidaamka rakibi doonaa oscillations undamped.

Xaggee loo isticmaalo circuit oscillation ah?

The ugu caansan noo isticmaalka qaybaha Bannaanka - waxaa electromagnets. Waxay, ee jeedo, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in nidaam xiriir, matoorrada, dareemayaal, iyo meelo badan oo kale oo ka yar caadiga ah. codsi kale - oscillator. Dhab ahaantii, waa isticmaalka wareeg waa mid aad u yaqaanaan noo, in foomkan, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in microwave in la abuuro hirarka ee isgaadhsiinta mobile iyo wireless in ay u gudbiyaan macluumaad ka badan meel fog. Waxaas oo dhan waxaa sabab u ah xaqiiqada ah in oscillations ee hirarka electromagnetic la encoded kartaa sidan oo kale in ay suurtogal noqon in ay u gudbiyaan macluumaad ka badan masaafo dheer ah.

Inductor laftiisa waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida element ah transformer ah, laba gariiradda tirada kala duwan ee windings iyada oo duurka ku electromagnetic gudbin karaan waxay u talin. Laakiin sida solenoids sifooyinka kala duwan, iyo tirooyin hadda ee labada wareeggeedii, taas oo ku xidhan yihiin laba inductance ku kala duwan yihiin. Sidaas darteed, mid soo celiyo kartaa danab inay hadda, odhan 220 volts in hadda la danab a of 12 volts.

gunaanad

Aannu Caddaynay Annagoo mabda'a Bannaanka oscillating oo qayb kasta si gooni gooni ah. Waxaanu ka baranay in Bannaanka oscillating - qalab loogu talagalay in lagu dhalin hirarka electromagnetic. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani tahay oo kaliya waxyaabaha aasaasiga ah ee ay farsamo adag oo ka mid ah, u muuqda xubno fudud. Baro wax badan oo ku saabsan diiniga ah circuit iyo qaybaha ay noqon kartaa laga bilaabo suugaanta khaas ah.