Manganese (element kiimikada): guryaha iyo codsiga, magacaabista ah oo ahaa darajadii ee lagu qayilo, xaqiiqada oo xiiso leh

Mid ka mid ah biraha bir ugu muhiimsan waa manganese. Intaa waxaa dheer, guud ahaan waa element arrin aan caadi ahayn, kaas oo la xidhiidha xaqiiqooyinka xiiso leh. Muhiim u ah noolaha, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in diyaarinta Alloys badan, kiimikada. Manganese - element a kiimikada, a photo kuwaas oo hoose lagu arki karaa. Waxa ay ahayd in uu guryaha iyo sifooyinka looga hadlay this article.

element kiimikada sifo

Haddii aan ka hadlo manganese sida element ah nidaamka wareegsan, waxa ugu horeeya ee waa in ay ahaataa in sifaha booskiisa ku jira.

1. Waxay ku taalaa in muddo afraad weyn, koox toddobaad, ee kooxo-hoosaadyada.
2. Tirada Serial - 25 manganese - element ah, amarka diirkja oo waa loo siman yahay ilaa 25 atamka. Tirada electrons waa neutron isku mid ah - 30.
3. Qiimaha mass ee qaaradda - 54,938.
4. Qoondeeyey element manganese kiimikada - Mn.
5. magaca Laatiin - manganese.

Waxay ku taallaa inta u dhaxaysa ee chromium iyo bir, taas oo uu sharaxayaa ree Bani'iisraaiil ah kuwii sifooyinka jirka iyo kiimikada.

Manganese - element a kiimikada: biraha kala guurka

Haddii aan ka fiirsan qaabeynta ah electron eb siiyey, ay formula yeelan doontaa foomka: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3 3p ⁶ 4s ² 3D ^5. Ay caddaato in element warbixinta xiriirka - waa bir kala guurka ee d-qoys. Shan electrons hadal 3D-sublevel ku saabsan xasiloonida ee la eb ee, kaas oo lagu muujiyey in guryaha kiimiko ay ku.

Sida biraha yaraynta waa manganese, laakiin ugu xeryahooda ay awoodaan in ay muujin iyo ku filan oo xoog leh awoodda oksidheeyeyaal ah. Tan waxa u sabab darajooyinka kala duwan ee lagu qayilo iyo valences, taas oo uu leeyahay element firfircoon. Tani waa muujinta ah ee qoyska this biraha.

Sayidka, manganese - element kiimikada, ka mid ah atamka kale ku yaal, iyo dabeecadihiisa gaarka ah u gaar ah. Ka fikir waxa kuwanu guryaha si faahfaahsan.

Manganese - element ah kiimikada. degree qayilo

Dhab ahaan baan u daliishaday formula elektarooniga eb ah. Sida laga soo xigtay iyada si, element this waa in ay noqdaan wadamada qayilo wanaagsan awoodaan. Waxay kala yihiin:

• 0;
• +2;
• 3;
• 4;
• 6;
• 7.

valence The eb waa IV. The ugu nabdoon waa kuwa xeryahooda, taas oo qiimaha dhaca manganese +2, +4, +6. Heerka ugu sareeya ee lagu qayilo ogolaanaya xeryahooda u dhaqmaan oxidants xoog. Tusaale ahaan: KMnO _4, Mn ₂ O _7.

Xeryahooda la laba wakiilada yaraynta waa hydroxide, manganese (II) wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin amphoteric, iyadoo ku badan ah oo aasaasi ah. degrees Dhexe ee tilmaamayaasha lagu qayilo sameeyaan xarunta amphoteric.

History of daahfurka

Manganese - element kiimikaad oo uu soo furay hal mar, laakiin si tartiib ah oo ay saynisyahano kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xidhiidhada uu, dadka loo isticmaalaa tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore. xabagta manganese (IV) loo adeegsaday barafka galaas. Mid ka mid ah Talyaani ayaa sheegay in dheer ee xarunta this midabeeyo ay midabka guduudan ee wax soo saarka kiimikada ee galaas. Oo ay la socoto this, walax la mid ah waxay ka caawisaa si loo baabi'iyo ciida ee koob midab leh.

Later ee Austria saynisyahan Qaim maamushaa helay piece of manganese macdan ah, ku simaha on pyurolizit heerkulka sare (xabagta manganese (IV)), potash iyo dhuxusha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saamiga this lahaa wax badan oo nijaasta ahaa, si loo baabi'iyo ma uu kari waayeen, sidaas furitaanka ma ay qaadan meel.

Later weli saynisyahan kale ku dhexsameeysmo jirka sida isku dar ah, taas oo qeyb weyn tiriyaa biraha saafi ah. Waxay ahayd Bergman, ka hor helay nickel element ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa arrinta keeno ka hor dhamaadka waxa ay ahayd in aan noqon.

Manganese - element a kiimikada, kaas oo la diyaariyey iyo go'doonsan qaab walax fudud ayaa markii ugu horeysay ku guulaysatay Karlu Sheele ee 1774. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu ku samayn jiray I. Hahn, ayaa dhameystirtay geeddi-socodka barafka waslad bir ah. Laakiin xitaa iyagu ma ay awoodaan in ay si buuxda u takhaluso nijaasta ahaa oo aad u hesho 100% dhalidda.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa wakhti this ahaa daahfurka eb ah. Kuwaas oo isku culumadu isku dayay in la siiyo magac sida Horseedka. Waxay manganezium dheer loo doortay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib markii laga helay ee magnesium bilaabay wareer iyo magaca manganese beddelmay in hadda (H. David, 1908).

Tan iyo manganese - element a kiimikada kuwaas oo guryaha waa mid aad u qiimo leh, waayo, geedi socodka badan qodniinka-, muddo waxaa lagama maarmaan noqday in weli hab si ay u soo saaraan qaab ugu saafi ah. dhibaatada waxaa loo xalin by saynisyahano adduunka oo dhan, laakiin wuxuu ahaa awoodaan in ay la xalin kaliya ee 1919 iyada oo loo marayo shaqo ee R. Agladze - cilmiga Soofiyeeti iyo farmashiyaha. In uu yahay, wuxuu ka helay hab in ay noqon kartaa of sulphates iyo chlorides of manganese by electrolysis si aad u hesho biraha saafi ah content walax 99,98%. Haddaba habkan loo isticmaalo adduunka oo dhan.

Ahaanshaha ee dabiiciga ah

Manganese - element a kiimikada, sawir oo ah walaxda fudud oo hoos loo arki karaa. In dabiiciga ah, waxaa jira wax badan oo isotopes eb, tirada neutrons, taas oo si weyn u kala duwan yihiin. Sidaas darteed, tirada mass kala duwan ee kala duwan ee ka 44 si ay u 69. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isotope kaliya xasiloon element ah isagoo qiimaha a of ⁵⁵ Mn, qaar kalena waxay leeyihiin bar-nolosha negligibly gaaban, ama waxaa jira tiro aad u yar.

Tan iyo manganese - element kiimikada, taas oo heerka uu qayilo kala duwan, iyo xeryahooda ee dabiiciga ah sida foomamka badan. In foomka saafi ah, element la helin oo dhan. The macdanta iyo senti joogto ah deriskiisa - bir ah. Total suurto gal ah in qaar ka mid ah u xil dhagaxyada ugu muhiimsan, oo ay ka mid manganese.

1. Pyrolusite. Xarunta A of formula: MnO ₂ * NH ₂ O.
2. Britain Psilomelane MnO2 * mMnO * nH2O.
3. MnO formula Manganite * OH.
4. Braunite ka yar ka badan kuwa kale. formula ee Mn ₂ O _3.
5. Mn formula Hausmannite * Mn ₂ O _4.
6. Rodonite Mn ₂ (SiO _{3) 2.}
7. ore carbonate manganese.
8. Raspberry rhodochrosite Spar ama - MnCO _3.
9. Iyo guduud - Mn ₃ PO _4.

Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa suurtagal ah si loogu magacaabo macdanta dhowr, kaas oo sidoo kale ka mid element hoostiisa tixgelin. Waxay kala yihiin:

• calcite;
• siderite;
• macdanta dhoobo,
• khalkedoon,
• Opal;
• ciid iyo xarunta waxyabaha.

Waxa intaa dheer in macdanta iyo aasan dhagaxyada, macdanta, manganese - element kiimikada in waxaa ka mid ah sideeda oo ka mid ah:

1. organisms Plant. The drives ugu weyn ee element this waa: Chestnut biyaha, duckweed, diatoms.
2. fangaska iyo miridhku.
3. Qaar ka mid ah bakteeriyada.
4. The xayawaanka soo socda: Qudhaanjadu cas, crustaceans, mollusks.
5. Dadka - baahida loo qabo in maalin kasta oo ku saabsan 3-5 mg.
6. Badaha ka kooban 0.3% biyaha ee element this.
7. content guud ee qolof ah ee 0.1% by miisaanka.

Guud ahaan, waa 14 element ugu badan ee dhammaan dhulkeenna. Ka mid ah birta biraha culus uu ka dib labaad.

guryaha jirka

Eegaysana ee sifooyinka manganese sida walax fudud, waxaa jira dhowr astaamaha aasaasiga ah waxaa loogu talagalay.

1. In walax fudud waa bir ku filan adag (Mohs 'index miisaanka waa 4). Color - silvery cad, hawada daboolay xabagta filim ka ilaaliya on qaybta dhaldhalaalaan.
2. barta barafku ka mid ah 1246 ⁰ C.
3. Karkaraya - 2061 ⁰ C.
4. guryaha tabinta wanaagga, waa paramagnetic.
5. cufnaanta Birta waa 7.44 g / cm ^3.
6. Waxaa jira qaab afar polymorphs (α, β, γ, σ), kala duwan ee qaab-dhismeedka iyo daaqaddii qaabka iyo cufnaanta lagu cabayn ee atamka ka. Sidoo kale duwan heerkulka barafku ay.

In metallurgy isticmaalo saddexda nooc aasaasiga ah ee manganese: β, γ, σ. Alpha dhif ah, maadaama ay tahay mid aad u nugul in hantida.

kiimikaad

Eegaysana ee kimistari, manganese - element kiimikada kuwaas oo ra'iyi lacag aad bay u kala duwan tahay +2 si +7. Waxaa ka baxo ay calaamaddu ay waxqabad. Foomka free of manganese hawada aad u yar u sameynayso biyo, L. ee acids milo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in aad la kordhiyo oo kaliya heerkulka biraha sida hawshu u xuub-kordhiyaa.

Sidaas darteed, waa awood ficil leh:

• nitrogen,
• carbon;
• halogens;
• Silicon;
• fosfooraska,
• baaruud iyo kuwa kale-Biraha non.

Marka kululeeyo bir aan hawada si fudud galaa gobolka uumiga. Iyadoo ku xiran heerka uu qayilo, kaas oo muujinayaa manganese iyo xeryahooda ay noqon kartaa yaraynta wakiilada iyo wakiilada oksidheeyeyaal ah. Qaar ka mid ah muujiyaan guryaha amphoteric. Sidaas daraaddeed, dabeecadda aasaasiga ah oo ka mid ah xeryahooda, taas oo +2. Amphoteric - 4, iyo acid xoog leh oksidheeyeyaal galay qiimaha ugu sareeya ee +7.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in manganese - waa bir kala guurka ah xeryahooda adag waa yar yihiin isaga, waayo. Tan waxa u sabab qaabeynta electron mid xasiloon oo la eb, waayo, 3D-sublayer waxa ku jira 5 electrons.

Hababka diyaarinta

Waxaa jira saddex siyaabood oo ugu muhiimsan, taas oo manganese waxaa loo diyaariyaa in industry (element kiimikada). Sida loo akhriyo horyaalka Laatiin, aynu hore u qoondeeyey - manganum. Haddii aan u turjumi Ruush, waxa ay noqon doontaa "haa, runtii caddaynaya discolors". Sidaas daraaddeed magaceedii waxaa manganese loo baahan yahay in la soo bandhigo guryaha loo yaqaan ka jeer aad u gaboobay.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo ay caanka ah, si aad u hesho foomka daahir ah in loo isticmaalo kaliya ee 1919. Taas waxa loo sameeyaa by hababka soo socda.

1. Electrolysis, dhalidda soo saarka waa 99,98%. Sidaas, manganese in industry kiimikada.
2. Silicothermic ama kabashada isticmaalaya Silicon. Iyadoo habkan waxaa jira dad isuga ee Silicon iyo manganese xabagta ah (IV), taasoo keentay in biraha daahir ah. dhalidda wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 68%, sababta oo ah xarunta manganese waa by-soo saaray Silicon ee silicide. Habkani waxaa loo isticmaalaa in industry ee qodniinka-.
3. Habka Aluminothermic - hawlgalka soo kabashada la isticmaalayo aluminium. Sidoo kale ma siin dhalidda aad u sarreeya, manganese wasakhaysan by nijaasta ahaa.

Warshadaha ee biraha ay muhiim u tahay geedi socodka badan sameeyaa metallurgy. Xitaa waxaa dheer yar oo manganese waa ay awoodaan in ay si xoog leh ay saamayn ku sifooyinka Alloys ah. Waxaa la cadeeyay in ay u kala diray Biraha badan, buuxinta daaqaddii crystal ay.

Exploration iyo wax soo saarka ee element this Russia kaalinta koowaad ee dunida. Sidoo kale, habka this waxaa lagu fuliyaa ee dalalka sida:

• Shiinaha.
• South Africa.
• Kazakhstan.
• Georgia.
• Ukraine.

Isticmaal in industry

Manganese - element a kiimikada, isticmaalka oo muhiim ah ma aha oo kaliya in metallurgy. laakiin sidoo kale meelaha kale. Waxa intaa dheer in biraha qaab saafi ah, waxaa ka mid ah muhiimadda ugu weyn iyo xeryahooda kala duwan ee la eb this. Yeero kuwa ugu muhiimsan.

1. Waxaa jira dhawr nooc oo ah Alloys, taas oo, ay sabab u tahay manganese leeyihiin sifooyin u gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, ka steel Hadfield waa sidaas oo xoog leh oo waarta in loo isticmaalo qaybo dikhaw dhulka qoda, mashiinada processing leh dhagaxayga weyn, gotaan, daqiijin jireen kubada, xubno hubkiisa.
2. dioxide manganese - electroplating oxidative qabanaya element, waxaa loo isticmaalaa marka la samaynayo depolarizer ah.
3. xeryahooda badan oo ka manganese ayaa loo baahan yahay, waayo, syntheses kala duwan ee walxaha organic.
4. -KP (-KP ama) waxaa loo isticmaalaa in daawada sida wakiilka ah awood aalkolada.
5. element waxaa ka mid ah sideeda oo naxaas ah, iyo naxaasta, foomamka ay daawaha gaar ah la copper, taas oo u adeegta soosaarka marawaxadaha diyaaradaha, garbaha, iyo qaybaha kale.

Doorka noolaha

Shuruudaha looga baahan yahay maalin walba for manganese aadanaha waa 3-5 mg. Deficiency of element waxay keenaysaa in Dulmiga habka dareemayaasha jirka, rabshooyin hurdo iyo walaaca, wareer. Its kaalin buuxda ma ay garan, laakiin waxaa iska cad in, ugu horreeya oo dhan, waxa uu leeyahay saameyn ku leh:

• koritaanka;
• dhaqdhaqaaqa qanjidhada galmada;
• shaqo ee hormoonada,
• formation of dhiig.

element Tani waxa ay joogtaa dhirta oo dhan, xayawaanka, nin, cadaynaya doorka ay noolaha muhiim ah.

warbixin xiiso leh oo ku saabsan wax ka

Manganese - element a kiimikada, xaqiiqooyinka xiiso leh oo caddayn kara qof kasta, oo aad u cad sida ay muhiimka u tahay. Halkan waxa ku jira kuwa ugu aasaasiga ah, taas oo laga helay ay calaamaddu ee taariikhda bir.

1. In times of Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee USSR ah, mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha la dhoofiyo ugu horeeyay waxa uu ahaa ore ay ku jiraan xaddi weyn oo manganese.
2. Haddii dioxide ku manganese in fiyuus la hydroxide potassium iyo amooniyam, ka dibna alaabta la kala diri ee biyaha, diinta ka bilaabi yaab leh. First, xalka cagaaran iyo ka dibna si coloration buluug ah ku soo jeedin doonaa ka dib markii la beddelo doonaa - Purple. Ugu dambeyntii, miro guduud iyo si tartiib tartiib ah u dhici doonaa dadajin brown. Haddii isku dar ah inuu gacan qaado, ka dibna mar kale dib loo soo celiyo cagaaran iyo dhammaan mar kale u dhicin. Waa permanganate this potassium iyo magac, kaas oo tarjumayaa "jirjirroolaha macdanta".
3. Haddii dhulka si uu u sameeyo bacriminta ay ku jiraan manganese, ka dibna geedka wuxuu kordhin doonaa wax soo saarka iyo kordhiyaan garaaca ee photosynthesis. hadhuudh sarreen Winter dhisi doono wanaagsan.
4. waslad ugu weyn ee rhodonite manganese macdanta miisaamay 47 tons oo laga helay Urals ah.
5. Waxaa jira daawaha a Woodward yeedhay manganin. Waxay ka kooban yahay xubno sida copper, manganese iyo nickel. Waxaa waa mid gaar ah in uu leeyahay iska caabin weyn oo koronto, kaas oo aanu ku xiran tahay heerkulka laakiin waa sarkhaansan yihiin cadaadiska.

Dabcan, tani ma aha oo dhan waxaa weeye in la yidhaahdo oo ku saabsan bir this. Manganese - element a kiimikada, xaqiiqooyinka xiiso leh oo waa kuwo kala duwan. Gaar ahaan haddii aan ka hadlo guryaha in ay u Niemeeyo Alloys kala duwan.