Maraykanka ayaa United ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, taariikhda, sifooyinka iyo xaqiiqooyinka oo xiiso leh

Iyadoo dhamaadka dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, Maraykanka on par leh Midowga Soofiyeeti uu ahaa mid ka mid ah labada Kooxahan dunida. Maraykanka ka caawiyay kor Europe baxay burburkiisii hore, waxaan la kulmay kaca dhaqaale iyo dadka. Dalku wuxuu bilaabay socodka ah ee baabi'inta faquuqid iyo takoorid jinsiyadda. Isla mar ahaantaana bulshada American jeestay olole dacaayad anti-communist taageerayaasha Senator McCarthy. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo baaritaanka gudaha iyo dibadda ah oo dhan, ee dalka ayaa si ay u ilaaliyaan oo xoojin xaalka sida a Dowladaha dimuqraaddiga ah ee waaweyn ee dunida reer galbeedka.

awood cusub

Marka in 1939 in Europe bilaabay dagaal lagu hoobtay, dowladda Mareykanka ayaa isku dayay in ay ka fogaadaan colaadaha oo baaxad weyn oo ay marti. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dheer iska hor imaad ah, ee ka yar ayaa weli suurtagal ah si ay u ilaaliyaan siyaasad isolationist. Ugu dambeyntii, ee 1941, waxaa jiray weerarkii Pearl Harbor. weerar Japanese Khaa'imiinta keentay Washington in ay dib u qorshayaasheeda. Sidaas pre-qeexo doorka Mareykanka ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida. bulshada American waxaa la midoobin ee "saliibiyiinta" qarnigii XX, ujeedada taas oo ahayd guushii ay ka gaareen ee naasiga iyo xulafadooda.

Reich Saddexaad ayaa waxaa adkaaday, ka tago Europe burbur. Muhiim muhiimad dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed ee World Hore (gaar ahaan UK iyo France) baa gariirtay. Maraykanka ayaa ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida qabsadeen Misbaax ku bannaanaan. By dhan muujinaya yara imaanshada soo gaartay jahli sano ee la soo dhaafay, dalka ayaa noqoto qalmeen loo arkaa dal awood ah.

"Qorshaha Marshall"

In 1948 wuxuu bilaabay inuu Sharciga la soo jeediyay by Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka "Barnaamijka Raysashada Yurub" State George Marshall, sidoo kale loo yaqaan "Qorshaha Marshall." Ujeeddadiisu waxay ahayd gargaar dhaqaale halakeeyey Europe. Iyada oo barnaamijkan Mareykanka ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka, ma aha oo kaliya si ay u taageeraan xulafadooda, laakiin sidoo kale xaqiijistay xaalka har ee dunida reer galbeedka.

Lacagta loogu talagalay dib u soo celinta ee warshadaha iyo kaabayaasha kale oo muhiim ah loo qoondeeyey 17 dal. Maraykanka ayaa si dalalka hantiwadaagga ee Bariga Yurub ku bixiyeen gargaar, si kastaba ha ahaatee, cadaadis ka Midowga Soofiyeeti, ay diideen in ay ka qeyb qaataan barnaamijka. Si gaar ah lacagta la siiyo West Germany. lacag American dalkan isugu yimid kula ururinta ah isku midka ah ee magdhaw dambiyada ee la soo dhaafay ee taliskii Nazi.

koritaanka burinaya la USSR

In Midowga Soofiyeeti u "Qorshaha Marshall" nacay, oo rumaysan in xaggiisa Mareykanka ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida cadaadis on Midowga Soofiyeeti. view Tani waxa uu ku baahay ee West ah. Waxaa hogaansamey ay ka mid yihiin Madaxweynihii hore ee ku-xigeenka Maraykanka Genri Uolles, dhaleeceeyay barnaamijka gargaarka in Europe.

Sannad kasta, iska hor imaad sii kordhaysa u dhexeeya USSR iyo Maraykanka iyo aad u badan ba'an noqday. Awoodaha, taagan on dhinac isla dagaalka ka dhanka ah hanjabaad Nazi, oo haatan ay bilaabeen in ay si furan isugu cadhoonina. Ku dhaco khilaaf u dhexeeya communist iyo fikradaha dimuqraadi ah. Western Europe iyo Maraykanka ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida abuuray gaashaanbuur militari, NATO, iyo Bariga Yurub iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti - Heshiiska Warsaw ah.

dhibaatooyinka gudaha

horumarinta gudaha ee Maraykanka ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka waxaa la socday muran. Dagaalka looga soo horjeedo xun Nazi ah dhowr sano bulshada midaysan oo isagoo faraskii inay iska ilaawaan dhibaatooyinka iyaga u gaar ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku dhowaad si degdeg ah ka dib markii ay guul ka mid ah kuwan dhibaatooyin ay mar kale isu dhawaaqay. In meesha ugu horeysa, ayay galeen marka la eego qowmiyadaha tirada yar.

siyaasadda bulshada ee USA ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka bedelay jidkii hore ee nolosha ka mid ah Hindida ah. In 1949, dawladda tagay sharciga hore ee aayo-ka. Boos jiheysteen. Dedejiyey milmaan bulshada ee Native Americans. Inta badan, Hindida u wareejiyey magaalooyinka dhulka cadaadis. Qaar badan oo iyaga ka mid ah ma aysan dooneynin in la siiyo ilaa jidka nolosha awowayaashood, laakiin waxay lahaayeen si ay u dhimayaan mabaadii'da ay sababta oo ah dal si weyn u kala duwan.

kalasaar hortagga

jasiiradda ay weli tahay dhibaato ka mid ah xiriirka labada dhinac ee inta badan caddaan iyo madow laga tirada badan yahay. Kalasaar ku adkaystay. In 1948 waxaa loo buriyey Ciidamada Cirka ah. In dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, badan oo Afrikaan ah Americans u adeegi jireen ee duulista iyo guulahaas la yaab leh oo caan ah. Hadda waxay la siin yaabaa waajib ku ah in ay hooyo ee shuruudaha la mid ah la caddaan.

1954 siiyo guul kale oo muhiim ah bulshada Maraykanka. Maadaama uu-yaynana kolna dheer go'aan oo ka mid ah taariikhda Sare US Maxkamadda ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay by baabiiyo waxbarashada gaar ah ee dugsiyada by tartanka. Markaas Congress si rasmi ah u adkeeyey oo xaaladda madow ee muwaadiniinta. US si tartiib tartiib bilowday Jidka taasoo keentay in baxsi si buuxda faquuqid iyo takoorid. Hawlgalkani waxa lagu soo dhamaystay 1960-kii.

dhaqaalaha

Dardar-horumarka dhaqaale ee dalka Mareykanka ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida keentay in ganacsigii dhaqaale aan horay loo arag, kaas oo mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan "da'da dahab ah oo shuuciyad". Waxaa sabab u ahaa dhawr arrimood, sida dhibaatada ka jirta Yurub. Muddada 1945-1952 GG. sidoo kale loo arkaa Zaman Keynes (Dzhon Keyns - qoraaga aragtida ah si fiican u yaqaan dhaqaale, sida uu sheegay oo amarrada Maraykanka ku noolaa in sannadahaas).

Iyada oo dadaallada States of nidaamka Bretton Woods u xoogaysatay. hay'adaha Its si loo fududeeyo ganacsiga caalamiga ah iyo oggol yahay si ay u fuliyaan a "Qorshaha Marshall" (waxaa jiray Baanka Adduunka, Hay'adda Lacagta Adduunka iyo D. sidaas on.). kaca dhaqaale ee dalka Mareykanka keentay in ganacsigii ilmaha - Qarax dadweynaha ah, natiijada kaas oo si degdeg ah sii kordhaya tirada dadka dalka oo dhan.

Bilowgii dagaalkii qaboobaa

In 1946, halka booqasho gaar ah Waddanka Maraykanka, hore u hore ee Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Ingiriiska Winston Churchill dhiibay hadalka caan ah, taas oo uu ugu yeeray Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo hanjabaad shuuciyad dunida reer galbeedka. taariikhyahanadu Maanta rumaysan dhacdadan waa bilowgii Dagaalkii Qaboobaa. In Mareykanka, halka madaxweynaha ahaa Garri Trumen. Waxa uu, sida Churchill, rumeysan yahay in Midowga Soofiyeeti lagarabaa in dhaqanka adag-line. Intii uu madaxweyne (1946-1953) dambeyntii xaqiijisatay horyaalka dunida u dhexeeya laba nidaam siyaasadeed horjeeda.

Truman ahaa qoraaga "Truman Madhabta", sida ay taas, Dagaalkii Qaboobaa ahaa iska hor imaad u dhexeeya nidaamka keligii dimuqraadi ah American iyo Soviet. lafta ugu horeeya ee dhabta ah ee u tartamaya labada Kooxahan ahaa Germany. Sida laga soo xigtay go'aanka Maraykanka, West Berlin ayaa waxaa ka mid ah "Qorshaha Marshall." Midowga Soofiyeeti jawaab u this, magaalada sameeyey go'doomin. Xiisadda socday ilaa 1949. Sidaas darteed waxaa ka mid ah in Jarmal Bariga GDR waxaa la abuuray.

Markaasuu bilaabay wareeg cusub oo tartanka hubka. Ka dib qaraxyadii Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki jirin isku day dheeraad ah si ay u isticmaalaan in dagaalladii reer madaxyada nukliyeerka - Way joogsadeen ka dib markii ugu horeysay ee. Dagaalkii Labaad Aduunka, US ahaa ku filan si ay u aqoonsan kicinta ee lagu gano cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tartanka hubka ayaa durbaba bilowday. In 1949 Midowga Soofiyeeti tijaabiyey bam nuclear, iyo mar dambe - hydrogen. Maraykanka ayaa laga badiyay monoboli hubka.

McCarthyism

Iyada oo sii daraysa ee xiriirka ee Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Maraykanka ayaa bilaabay olole dacaayad si ay u dhisaan image cusub ee cadowga ah. "Cabsiiyo Red" ayaa beddelay qorshe malaayiin Maraykan ah. The ugu sintaan Haweejkiinna dhexdooda anti-communist, wuxuu ahaa Senator Dzhozef Makkarti. Wuxuu ku eedeeyay siyaasiyiinta sar sare oo badan iyo tirooyin dadweynaha u dabacsanaadaan Midowga Soofiyeeti. hadalkiisaa khayaano McCarthy ayaa waxaa si deg deg ah soo gaaray by warbaahinta.

Maraykanka ayaa ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, ee gaaban, soo maray kacsanaan anti-communist, halkaas oo dhibaneyaashu waxay ahaayeen rag, ilaa xad fog ka soo garabka bidix. McCarthyites oo dhan wuu asturi, ee bulshada American eedeeyay xadgudbayaasha. weerarada ay yihiin taageerayaasha ururrada shaqaalaha iyo wadahadalo kula garabka hantiwadaagga. Truman inkastoo uu ahaa naqdi ah Midowga Soofiyeeti, laakiin ka duwan views more deeqsi McCarthy ayaa. Senator The fadeexad soo dhawaaday Jamhuuriga Dwight Eisenhower 1952 ku guuleystay doorashada soo socota madaxweynaha.

dhibanayaasha McCarthyists bilaabay saynisyahano badan iyo fanaaniin: laxamiistaha Leonard Bernstein, jirka dadka David Bohm, Atariishada Lee Grant, iwm naag basaasiin la dilay communists Julius iyo Ethel Rosenberg ... Ololaha sumcad A si aad u hesho cadawga gudaha, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu dhakhsaha badan ku guuldareystay. Dhamaadkii 1954 McCarthy loo diray inuu is casilo Dulleeya.

dhibaatada Gantaalaha ee Cuba

France, Britain, Maraykanka ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, oo ay la socdaan dalal kale oo reer galbeedka ku abuureen ciidan ah NATO. Si dhakhso ah dalalkaas taageero South Korea in ay halganka ka dhanka ah Communists muujiyay. Arintaan, markeeda, caawiyay Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Shiinaha. War Korean ayaa socday sano 1950-1953. Waxay ahayd iska hor imaad hubaysan ugu horeysay u dhaxaysa laba sarreysey nidaamyada siyaasadeed ee adduunka ee.

In 1959, kacaan ka dhacay dariska United States, Cuba. Si aad u awood jasiiradda si Communists uu hoggaaminayo Fidel Castro yimid. Cuba isticmaalo taageerada dhaqaale ee USSR. Waxaa intaa dheer, hubka nuclear Soviet loo qaaday jasiiradda. Its muuqaalka ku dhow yahay inuu Maraykanka keentay in xiisadda Caribbean - jiro boosaska Champions dagaalkii qaboobaa, marka dunidu jirin marinkii qaraxyo cusub nuclear. Markaas, 1962, Madaxweynaha Maraykanka John F. Kennedy iyo hoggaamiyaha Soofiyeeti Nikita Khrushchev ahaa awoodaan in ay ka doodaan oo aan ku qasbay xaaladda. Fargeeto maray. Waxaa bilaabay siyaasad ah détente tartiib ah.