Maxay yihiin guulihii sayniska Ruush ee bilowgii qarnigii 20aad? The daahfurtay sayniska ee qarniga 20aad

Tegaayo boholaha Stone Age, bulshada aadanaha ayaa maray jidka weyn ee horumarka maskaxda iyo xagga ruuxa. Tani waxay ogol yahay dadka in ay fadhiistaan at screens computer la xiriira midba midka kale meel fog wax, si ay u dhexgalaan qarsoon ee dabiiciga ah iyo in pride in meerayaasha kale diro. Waxaa suurto gal ah in sayniska mahad, taas oo la abuuray iyo in la horumariyo by qarniyada badan.

horumarinta Historical

Science ee Russia Peter ka hor Weyn si weyn Ree ka danbeeya Yurub. Tan waxa u sabab ah sifooyinka dhaqan iyo bulsho ee State iyo saamaynta yar ee Byzantium.

Shaqada ugu horeysay xisaabeed ee qadiimiga Russia waxaa la aasaasay sannadkii 1136 wadaad a Kirik. Waxbaa ka dib u muuqday tarjumadood ee buugaagta on macquulka ah iyo cosmography xisaabta.

Science sida hay'ad bulshada kacay ee dalkeenna ka yar Peter I. Waxa ay ahayd xilligii oo boqornimadiisa, in America iyo Siberia diray duulaan ugu horeysay Vasily Tatishchev iyo Vitus Bering.

1724 waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay by furitaanka St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences ah. Work in machadkan casuumay si fiican u yaqaan saynisyahano badan oo Yurub ah. Qiimo u tahay horumarka sayniska Ruush ahaayeen shuqullada iyo hawlaha Academician Mikhail Lomonosov.

1755 waxaa loo arkaa taariikhda aasaaskii jaamacadda Moscow. Taariikhda sayniska Ruush markaas helay wareeg cusub oo horumarineed. Waxbaa jaamacadaha ka dib ayaa la aasaasay Dorpat (1802), ee Vilna (1803), ee Kharkov iyo Kazan (1804), St. Petersburg (1819kii). Horeba qarnigii 19aad. ay ka kooban ku hodanaynta Kiev, Warsaw, Odessa iyo Tomsk hay'adaha noocan ah.

aqoonyahanada cilmiga ah ee Russia ahaayeen:

- Xisaabta (NI Lobachevsky, M. V. Ostrogradsky et al.);
- Physics (A. S. Popov, AG Stoletov);
- kiimiko (D. I. Mendeleev, AM Butlerov, N. N. Zinin et al.);
- dhakhtarrada (S. P. Botkin, NI Pirogov);
- taariikhyahanadu (nm Karamzin, V. O. Klyuchevsky).

bilowgii qarnigii labaatanaad

Xilligan waxa lagu tilmaamay by isbedelka of Russia ee beerolay galaan xaalad ah awood warshadaha. dib u habaynta kuwa, kaas oo la sameeyay dawladda, soo jiidatay caasimada dalka. In Russia, waxaan bilaabay in ay si aada horumarinta dhinacyo kala duwan oo ka mid ah warshadaha, iyo sidoo kale warshadaha tareenka.

Horeba u kaca ee dhaqanka bilaabay dhamaadkii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, naqshadaha, suugaanta, iwm sayniska ee qarnigii 20aad, sidoo kale gaadhay peak weyn. Muddadan, waxaa jiray kacaanka dhab ah sayniska dabiiciga ah, kaas oo lahaa muhiimada weyn ee horumarka bulshada. daahfurtay sayniska Major ee qarnigii 20aad, ka dhigay in muddo this, ayaa keentay in dib u eegis fikradaha jira oo ku saabsan dunida aadanaha.

abuurka ah ee bulshooyinka cilmiyeed iyo farsamo

The daahfurtay sayniska ee qarnigii 20-aad ee pre-kacaan Russia ayaa la sameeyey mahad shaqo ee wareegyada kala duwan. Arintaan waa bulsho yar, taas oo ka mid ah cilmi ma aha oo kaliya, dhakhaatiirta, laakiin sidoo kale amateurs xamaasad leh. Waxaa jira kooxo ka soo darsaday xubnihiisa iyo deeqo gaar ah. Qaar ka mid ah bulshada, dowladda loo qoondeeyey kaalmo dhaqaale oo waaweyn.

Waxa intaa dheer in caafimaadka iyo beeraha, qodniinka- iyo botanical, juquraafi, jirka iyo kiimikada jiray wareegyada sayniska qarsoon. Tusaale ahaan of this uma shaqayn karo sidii Society of Astronautics. xubnaha ahaayeen mustaqbalka ee saynisyahano badan oo qarnigii 20 - Tsiolkovsky, Korolev, iyo kuwa kale.

kooxood oo dhammu waxay ahaayeen xarumaha cilmi-baarista iyo kor cilmiga sayniska dadka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kaalin weyn formation ee dalka ayaa weli waxaa iska lahaa wajiga iyo jaamacadaha, kuwaas oo gudaha iyo dibedda ee bulshada ee kor ku xusan.

Horumarinta ee daawada, genetics iyo biology

Maxay yihiin guulihii sayniska Ruush ee bilowgii qarnigii 20aad ee aagga this? Waxaa ka mid ah shaqada classic of Academician I. P. Pavlova. saynisyahano Ruush Akhrisatay jirka ah ee habka dheef shiidka iyo nidaamka wadnaha iyo. Waayo, shaqo ee 1904, Pavlov waxaa la guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta Nobel Prize. Abaalmarinta la mid ah in 1908, waxaa lagu abaal I. I. Mechnikovu. Her saynisyahan ayaa helay ay shuqulkiisa u sameeyaan on cudurrada faafa iyo immunology. Mechnikov sidoo kale bartay saamaynta hawlaha habdhiska sare ee koorsada ah hababka jir. Iyada oo ku saleysan aqoonta saynisyahano ayaa aragtida ah ee hummaag shuruud.

Furitaanka qarnigii 20-berrinkii biology noqday wadadii awood leh ee horumarka ah ee daawada. bilowgii qarnigii la calaamadeeyay by horumarinta tallaalka raabiyada, daacuun digaag iyo anthrax. Waxaas oo dhan waxay ahayd natiijada bacteriologist cilmi Louis Pasteur Institute ee Paris. Iyada oo ku saleysan shuqullada oo ka mid ah cilmibaadhe oo ka yimi dalal badan, oo ay ku jiraan Russia, hogaaminayo horumarinta tallaabooyinka loogu talagalay ka hortagga iyo ka hortagga cudurrada dillaaca kala duwan.

kaalin weyn horumarinta genetics ayaa saynisyahan IV Michurin. Aasaasihii of science dhirta miro afgembi shaqeeyey gobolka Tambov ah, in magaalada uu guriga of Kozlov. Ujeedada Layligani waxa uu ahaa si loo kobciyo Ruush beero dhaqamada cusub. Inkastoo caqabado waxaa soo food saartay, saynisyahan qaadeen fudayd.

Waxa uu horumariyo hab wax ku ool ah oo lagu sameeyo gunaanad teori soo saaraan noocyo kala duwan oo Beelaha in ay leeyihiin guryaha aan caadi ahayn iyo faa'iido aadanaha.

Hagaajinta qalabka military

Horumarinta ee aagga this ka qayb qaatay colaad wadamada horseedka u ah aduunka oo sii kordhaya fursadaha farsamo. Horeba in sano ee 1911-1915 injineerada Ruush AA Porokhovshchikov, VL Mendeleev iyo AA Vasiliev abuuray nuqulkii koowaad ee gaariga gaashaaman, taasi oo markii dambe la odhan jiray taangiga.

Been iyo daahfurtay in qarnigii 20aad iyo ka tirsan berrinkii duulista. Sidaas daraaddeed, diyaaradda military ugu horeysay ka qeyb qaatay dagaaleed ku qaadeen sannadkii 1911, Warsaw, St. Petersburg iyo Kiev degmada. In dagaalka, farsamadaa waxa loo adeegsan jiray inta lagu guda jiro dagaalladii Balkan ee 1912-1913. In 1914, qofkii ugu horeeyay la ansixiyay ciidamada dalka Ruushka, kaas oo la odhan jiray "Ilya Muromets".

Isagu ma uu tegin duulista iyo ciidamada badda tago. Halkan horyaalka lahaayeen gaashaaman uumi-maraakiibta. Mid ka mid ah marka hore iyaga ka mid ahaa "Petr Veliky".

Mashiinka been abuurtay The

Sayniska iyo farsamada ee qarnigii 20-aad ee Russia waxaa inta badan isu soo hawsha xoojiyo awooddooda milatari ee dalka. In beerta waxaan guulo la taaban karo. Sidaas daraaddeed, in 1916, naqshadeeye hubka Fedorov ayaa la Been abuurtay mashiinka ugu horeysay ee adduunka ee. Waayo, kan waxaa lagama maarmaan ahayd in ay soo gaabin ah muunad qoryaha foosto ee 1913 iyo in ay hirgeliyaan magazine sanduuqa ay, iyo sidoo kale inaanu ah rasaas fudud. Natiijadan ayaa waxa ay ahayd aalad dab in maanta waxaa aasaas u ah hubka lugta ciidanka kasta oo dunida ah.

Horumarinta ee chemistry iyo physics

daahfurtay badan oo cilmi ah ee qarnigii 20aad ee goobtan lagu sameeyey Western Europe. Thanks iyaga, aadanaha la matoorada uumi bilaabay in ay qaataan on matoorada sari gudaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habab cusub oo wax ugu weyn ee sida xawliga ah u-soo-saarka ee farsamooyinka sida (saliid) ayaa la soo jeediyey saynisyahano kuwaas oo Ruush.

dhalashada ee makiinado ay awood badan ku kaliftay cilmi in fikradda ah Abuuridda of diyaaradaha. The isku day ugu horeysay in ay jebiyaan duurka of aeronautics lagu sameeyey qarnigii 19aad. haddana waxaa la arkay Saiarrada iftiinka iyo biibiile.

Maxay yihiin guulihii sayniska Ruush ee bilowgii qarnigii 20aad ee aagga this? In dalka aan lagu abuuray laba iyo diyaaradaha afar-engine ku dhuftay saffarro ay size cajiib ah. In ka badan abuurkooda shaqeeyay injineerada sida I. Sikorsky iyo V. G. Lutskoy.

Furitaanka qarnigii 20-berrinkii duulista waxaa ma soo afjaro. The saynisyahan fiican Ruush B. N. Yurev ee 1911 abuurtay unit aasaasiga ah loo isticmaalo in shirkii reer helicopters oo casri ah. Qalabka waxa lagu ogol yahay farsamada si ay u abuuraan qaab xasilooni sare. helicopters Kuwani si nabad ah la qalo karo by duuliye caadiga ah. Horumarinta ee sayniska ee qarnigii 20-berrinkii helicopter la dhigay dhab Yuriev.

Isla muddadaas, waxaa u dhashay asalka ah astronautics casriga ah. daahfurtay Major qarnigii 20aad ee goobahan oo la sameeyey by macallinka Kaluga gymnasium ke nugget ah Tsiolkovsky. In 1903 wuxuu daabacay shuqullada cajiib ah, taas oo daliil u suurtagalnimada ee duulimaadka bannaan.

Maxay yihiin guulihii sayniska Ruush ee bilowgii qarnigii 20aad oo duurka ku of physics? Tani sharciyada guud daahfurka ruxruxo soo jireenka ah geedi socodka (electromagnetic, loomana baahno, iwm). Waxay la aasaasay jirka qudbad P. N. Lebedevym.

daahfurtay ugu weyn ee sayniska ee qarniga 20aad waxaa laga sameeyey V. I. Vernadskim. saynisyahan Tani noqday adduunka ka caan ah ka dib markii daabacaadda shuqulladiisa encyclopedic, oo waxay ahaayeen aasaas u ah horumarka oo ka mid ah isbeddellada cusub ee raajada, geochemistry iyo Kiimikada noole. shaqada Vernadsky ee ku noosphere iyo biosphere waa asal ahaan of ecology casriga ah.

baarashuud boorsada been abuurtay The

In 1910, GE Kotelnikov booqday iid All-Russia ka go'an in ay aeronautics. Waxa uu noqday mid ka mid ah markhaati ka dhimashada naxdinta lahaa duuliyaha L. Matsievich. Kotelnikov ma ahaa naqshadeeye a, iyo actor. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhimashada duuliyihii si isaga naxay in sanad kadib uu la baarashuud ku Lisitaanka-1, aasaas ahaan waa ka duwan naqshado hore.

Wadini iyada oo loo adeegsanayo badbaadada iyo balloonists hore loo isticmaalay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee RC-1 ka haysta. Intaa waxaa dheer, baarashuud waxa uu noqday koobnaan unit jawaab deg-deg ah, si joogto ah iyagoo wuxuu gacantiisii hoos dhigay. Wadhfiyo qubbad iyo Lisitaanka-1 la dhigay ee Cri.cn alwaax ugu horeysay, taasi oo markii dambe lagu badalay aluminium. Qeybta hoose ee guga sanduuqa diyaarin Kotelnikov. At parachutist ee xilligan midig jiidaya giraanta. Halkaa marka ay marayso, guga furmay cover sanduuqa oo lagu tuuray meel ka baxsan Xamar. Currently been abuurtay this yihiin parachutists adduunka oo dhan.

muuqaalka kore ee TV-ga

sayniska Ruush qarnigii 20aad dunida ayaa soo bandhigay been abuurtay in muddo noqday furitaanka. In 1907, Professor Institute of Technology, oo ku yaalla St. Petersburg, B. L. Rozingom gudbiyay codsiga patent ah a "habka for gudbinta korontada ee images kala duwan oo ay soo dhaweynta by yahay ee tube ray cathode ah."

In xilliga dayrta ee 1910 saynisyahan ka dhigay warbixin dadweynaha kulanka of Ruush Technical Society ah, taas oo uu ku hadlay oo ku saabsan arrimaha jidka television taagan. Rosing xaqiijiyay in isticmaalka qalabka sida waa in la isticmaalaa dogob electron. Waxa ugu yaab leh waa in this gabagabo lagu gaaray in muddada marka korantada sida warshadaha ee wali ku jiray bilaw. On television uu abuuray nidaam Rosing helay patent horeysay Ruush, iyo ka dib - Jarmalka, Ingiriiska iyo Mareykanka.

Daahfurtay in juqraafiga

Maxay yihiin guulihii sayniska Ruush ee bilowgii qarnigii 20aad daraasadda of si dunida? Waqtigaas wuxuu u safray Oceania iyo Waqooyiga Afrika, Bariga iyo Bartamaha Aasiya. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waxaa ay astaan u furan caalami ah. Waxaa xusid mudan leh in saynis juquraafi qarnigii 20aad, waxa ay ku salaysan tahay guulaha laga heli by baarayaasha Ruush.

Aasaasidda USSR

Science ee Russia ka yar taliskii Soviet dunida siiyey daahfurtay badan iyo guulaha dhinacyo kala duwan ee jimicsiga aadanaha. Xitaa ay liiska geeddi utahay muujinaysaa horumar degdeg ah in la sameeyo by saynisyahano.

The guulihii sayniska Soviet ayaa door weyn ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha qaranka ciyaaray. Xaaladdan oo kale, oo ku salaysan iyaga on yihiin abuuray dambeeyay wakhtigaas warshadaha, cagaf iyo duulista labadaba, baabuurta iyo biraha. Natiijada cilmi-baaris ah waxay u suurtogelisay in la horumariyo wax soo saarka ee caag synthetic, shidaalka baabuurta, iwm

Guulaha laga heli bayoolajiga, ku kulmi karaan caqabadaha cuntada iyo warshadaha iftiinka, iyo beeraha. Intaa waxaa dheer, cilmiga badan ayaa horseeday horumarka daryeelka caafimaadka iyo waaxda caafimaadka.

In barnaamijyada cilmi u weyn ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa la geeyay. Fureysaa machadyada cilmi cusub. Sidaas daraaddeed, in 1934, Vavilov aasaasay Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences, isla muddadaas la bilaabay Institute of Organic Chemistry. 1937 - sano ee aasaaska ah ee Institute of Geophysics. Shaqadiisii waa la sii by physiologist Pavlov iyo breeder Michurin. Sidaas darteed daraasaadka la sameeyay by saynisyahano ayaa daahfurtay in sameeyey badan ee kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in sannadaha cadaadis iman kara caqliga oo burbur culus gobolka waxaa lagu sameeyey.

mudada Subxigu

nooleenta ee sayniska Soviet ahaa ee 1950, hawlaha cilmi Academy of Sciences keentay in sannadahan. Academy of Sciences ayaa lagu soo celiyey, oo dhan Jamhuuriyadda ee dalka. Tani waxay ka dhigtay in ay suurto gal ah in ay qaataan shatiyada iyo jimicsi gacanta kharashka ee dhaqaalaha loo qoondeeyey by gobolka si gudbikaraa this.

Horeba ee bartamihii konton konton-, dano sii kordhaya ee sahaminta bannaan. In deegaanka this, tiro sii kordhaysa oo saynisyahano. Waxaa jira buugaagta gaar ah iyo Caqlina jaamacadaha. Intaas oo dhan waxaa si ula kac ah loogu sameeyo waxbarashada saynisyahano dhallinyarada.

1957 keenay dareen dhab ah ee dunida ka mid ah sayniska. Waxay ahayd sannaddii furitaanka of satellite Earth macmal ugu horeysay. Country xad dhawaan ku dhaawacmay dagaal daran, ma ahan oo keliya dib u ay iman kara sayniska, laakiin sidoo kale waxa uu noqday hoggaamiye galo, horumarinta cilmiga. Dhacdadani waxa furay marxalad cusub oo ah aadanaha iyo waqti isku mid ah uu ahaa bilowgii "tartanka bannaan" Maraykanka, kaas oo ma doonayaan in ay lumiyaan kalsoonida caalamka.

In 1959, satellite Soviet dhuftay dayaxa. Tani cusub ee la casriyeeyay sharafta Russia ee bulshada caalamka. Horeba ee demoqaraadiyad hore, Midowga Soofiyeeti noqday labaad ka dib markii awood Maraykanka ee dunida. America gaadheen dalka keliya awoodooda dhaqaale.

April 12, 1961, waxaa jiray dhacdo kale oo cajiib ah, taas oo markii hore ku tilmaamay in uu shuqullada sheekooyin. On maanta, ninkii ugu horeeyay ee taariikhda la bilaabay meel ku noqdeen Earth.

In 80 sano dalkeena waxaan bilownay horumarinta iyo wax soo saarka ee kombiyuutarada elektaroonik ah oo casri ah - kombiyuutarada. Farsamada Tani waxay ahayd is haysta oo aadan mashquulin dhismaha oo dhan iyo qolalka. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen sano marka Midowga Soofiyeeti qaatay on baaxadda cilmiyaysan oo ka mid ah khayraadka baaxad weyn, waa qayb ka mid ah toban meelood loo miisaaniyadda gobolka. Tani ma awoodi kari waayay, dalka ku lahayn dunida.

Ka mid ah tirada ugu badan ee cilmiga sayniska fuliyay Russia, waxaa jira dad badan oo ah kuwa ay leeyihiin oo ay sii wadaan inay weli leeyihiin saamayn weyn ku saabsan horumarka sayniska iyo farsamada ee bulshada caalamka. Waxaan ka hadleynaa daahfurtay in badan duurka ku ah cilmiga kiimikada, noolaha, jireed iyo injineernimada. Waxaa ka mid ah helitaanka ifafaale ee resonance paramagnetic E. K. Zavoyskim. Doorka muhiim ah ka ciyaaray by saynisyahano Ruush iyo wax looga qabto arrimaha tamarta nukliyeerka.