Xal ammonia - diyaarinta iyo isticmaalka

Nitrogen (nitrogen) ayaa dhowr xidhiidhada u hydrogenous (hydrogen), kuwaas oo ay ugu muhiimsan waa ammonia miisaan. In shaybaarka waxaa la diyaariyey by kulaylinta isku dar ah ee chloride ammonium la hydroxide potassium. Ilaa qarnigii 19aad, deposit Chile oo amooniyam sodium waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay isha kaliya ee xeryahooda Nitrogendoksid. Thanks to cilmi sayniska, farmashiye jira habab dhowr ah oo u qardarin Nitrogendoksid Hawada waxaa la soo jeediyay. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah ahaa habka cyanamide Avv ammonia ah. Habkani wuxuu ku salaysan yahay hanti ah ee nitrogen ku xidhay in Karbamid calcium. Ujeedada this, nitrogen u kulul waxaa dhex maray carbide calcium ah:

N2 + CaC2 = CaCN2 + C

The sidaas heli CaCN2 (calcium cyanide) amooniyam waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida lagu bacrimiyo beeraha. Waxaa la sheegay in daaweyn jiray xarunta la uumi in ay soo saaraan ammonia:

CaCN2 + ZN20 = 2NH3 + CaC03

Ammonia baaraandegi in acid iyo amooniyam a bacriminta nitrogen. In kimistari oo casri ah waa hab kale oo baahsan helo NH3 - uu ereygu of Nitrogendoksid iyo hydrogen,

1/2 N +3/2 H2 = NH3

ammonia sidaas helay waxaa loo yaqaan dardaro. Avv ammonia warshadaha waxaa lagu fuliyaa at joogitaanka Hannaan ah iyo heerkul ah 500 digrii.

Ammonia - gaaska taas oo uu leeyahay ur ah sifo pungent, waa xumbo hawada. NH3 waa in aan la neefsado muddo dheer, sababtoo ah waa sun. gaaska waa mid yara fudud u milma in H2O. Xoog ammonia aqueous ka kooban 25% NH3.

Marka la qaboojiyey (si -79 ° C) xal of ammonia aqueous noqdo crystalline. Daraasad caafimaad oo ay muujiyeen in mass ugu weyn ee NH3 in xal aqueous waa qaab u taagoo biyuhu (NH3 · nH2O) oo keliya qayb yar oo ka ammonia ah kala diri (oo ku saabsan 0.5%) jawaabay biyo:

NH3 + H2O = NH4 + + OH -

reaction cawaaqib xumadoodu waxay of xal ammonia ay sabab u tahay jiritaanka udhigo hydroxide. Dhaqan xal ammonia waa loo qoondeeyey sida NH4OH. alkalinity ee xalka uu keeno joogitaanka kooxda hydroxyl ah, kaas oo la sameeyay iyadoo ay sabab u dissociation of hydroxide ammonium.

xal ammonia waxaa loo arkaa saldhig daciif ah. In laboratories mararka ammonia loo diyaariyey by kulaylinta chloride ammonium. Ammonia waa xarunta kiimikada arrin firfircoon in ay sameynayso la walxaha badan, iyadoo loo muujinayo guryaha oo kaliya yareeyo.

Ammonia gubtay la oxygen ay joogaan olol meelo godgodan oo-jaalle ah, halka la oxidized si Nitrogendoksid a free. Marka joogitaanka Hannaan ah (platina) · qayilo ammonia tagaa on ilaa xabagta Nitrogendoksid ah. reaction waxaa loo isticmaalaa in geedi socodka ka mid ah soo saara nitric acid. Waa in la sheegay in inta badan ammonia wuxuu helay waxaa ku qaatay on saarka ee Bacriminta amooniyam iyo nitric acid.

Inta lagu guda jiro uumi at -33,4 ° dareere C NH3 ka deegaanka nuuga badan oo kulaylka, waxa sababa qaboojinta. hantida Tani waa ay isticmaalka nidaamka qaboojiye waayo baraf macmal ah kaydinta cuntada halaabin. Inta badan ammonia dareere ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in dhismaha dhismeedka dhulka hoostiisa. xal ammonia waxaa loo isticmaalaa in ku dhaqanka shaybaarka, warshadaha kiimikada, alaabta guriga, iyo daawada.

codsiga xal ammonia. Waxaa loo adeegsaday sida loola jeedaa excitation iyo saarista Neefta bukaanka ka suuxid. uruureen waaweyn ee NH3 keeni kartaa qabtay neefsashada. Mararka qaar ayaa xalka ammonia waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida emetics (10 dhibcood per 100 ml oo biyo). Ogsoonow in this diyaarinta dawooyinka laguma dabbaqi karo laga dhayayo in joogitaanka cudurrada maqaarka (cambaarta, dermatitis). Haddii takhaatiirta uumi ammonia sumowga qori copolymer, sitraydh, tartrate (tartaric acid) 1%-fiirsashada. In dhaqanka qalliin iyadoo la isticmaalayo xal ammonia (25 ml / 5 litir oo la kariyey, biyo kulul).