Morgan aragti koromosoomyada: Qeexidda, qodobada asaasiga ah iyo muuqaalada

Maxay carruurtu u eg waalidkood? Maxaad qoysaska qaarkood faafin cudurada qaarkood sida indho midabka, polydactyly, hypermobility wadajir ah, cystic fibrosis? Maxaad u tiro ka mid ah cudurada oo saameeya dumarka iyo dadka kale oo kaliya - rag oo kaliya? Maanta waxaan wada ognahay in jawaabaha su'aalahan waa in la doondoonay in hiddo, ie koromosoomyada ah in ilmuhu helo ka waalid kasta. Iyo aqoonta this, sayniska casriga ah waxaa waajib ku ah in Thomas Hunt Morgan - genetics American. Waxa uu ku tilmaamay habka of wareejinta macluumaad hidde iyo isku dubarideen aragti asxaabta koromosoomyada dhaxalka (inta badan loo yaqaan aragtida koromosoom ee Morgan), oo noqday madaxa rukunka ah genetics casriga ah.

History of daahfurka

Waxa ay noqon doontaa khalad in la yiraahdo Thomas Morgan ahaa kii ugu horeeyay si ay u noqdaan xiiso arrinta kala iibsiga macluumaad hidde. The cilmi kuwa marka hore isku dayday in ay fahmaan doorka koromosoom oo ku jira dhaxalka la oran karo waa shuqul Chistyakov, Beneden, Rabl ee 70-80-mada ay qarnigii XIX ah.

Waxaa jiray microscopes jirin si awood leh si ay u awoodaan si ay u arkaan qaab-dhismeedka koromosoomyada ah. Oo ereyga "koromosoom" Markaas, sidoo kale, ma ahaa. Waxaa la soo bandhigay by Jarmalka saynisyahan Heinrich Valdeyr ee 1888.

nin cilmiga nafleyda barta Jarmal Theodor Boveri iyada oo sababtu tahay tijaabo uu cadeeyay in ay tahay lagama maarmaan u ah horumarinta caadiga ah ee jidhka ee caadiga ah, waayo, tirada noocyada ay ka koromosoomyada, iyo xad-dhaaf ah ama la'aanta keenaysaa in curyaanimo daran. Waqti ka, oo uu aragtida waxaa loo xaliyay xaqiijiyay. Waxaan dhihi karnaa in aragtida koromosoomyada ka T. Morgan helay iyada bilaabo dhibic mahad cilmi Boveri.

Start cilmi

Avv jira aqoon aragtida ah ee hiddo, si ay u kaabaan iyo horumarinta iyaga u suurtagashay in Thomas Morgan. Sida shayga of tijaabo ayuu doortay Daqsi midhaha, iyo ma by shil. Waxa ay ahayd wax ugu fiican ee waxbarashada ee gudbinta macluumaad hidde - afar koromosoom oo keliya, bacriminta, muddo gaaban ee nolosha. Morgan bilaabay samaynaya cilmi-baarista, iyadoo la isticmaalayo Duqsiyada khadadka nadiif ah. Waxa uu dhawaan ogaaday in unugyada jeermiga of set keliya oo koromosoomyada ah, in uu yahay 2 halkii 4. Waxaa Morgan ku qeexan sida X tii dhaddigna koromosoom galmada, lab - sida Y. ah

dhaxal Sex-lala

Morgan ayaa aragti koromosoom ayaa muujisay in ay jiraan calaamado kama dambaysta ah ee galmada ku xiran. Fly, oo cilmiga ka fuliyeen tijaabo, taas oo uu sida caadiga ah waxa uu leeyahay a red-il, laakiin iyadoo ay sabab u Isbedelo of hiddo this dadka ay ahaayeen shakhsiyaad cad-weershe ah, oo ka mid ah iyaga waxay ahaayeen dad badan oo lab ka badan. hiddo, kaas oo masuul ka ah midabka indhaha Daqsi waa kooban on koromosoom X u, on the-Y koromosoom ma aha. Taasi waa, by dhadig gudbaya, mid koromosoom X taas oo uu leeyahay hidda qaadheen, iyo jaaniska ferruginous lab ah jiritaanka sifo ee Faracoodii la xiran doonaa dhulka. Habka ugu fudud si ay u muujiyaan on jaantuska:

• P: XX 'X'Y x;
• F _1: XX ', xy, X'X' X'Y.

X - koromosoom jinsiga ee haweenka ama hiddo aan indhaha lab cad; X 'caddaanka hiddo koromosoom indhaha.

Rayi natiijada isgoyska:

• XX '- side cas-weershe ah hiddo dumar ee la soo dhaafay isha. Sababo la xiriira joogitaanka ee X-koromosoom labaad hiddo qaadheen "overlaps" caafimaad qaba, iyo teedu ma feature phenotype.
• X'Y - cad-weershe ah oo lab ah, kuwaas oo ka koromosoom X hooyada aqbalaan hiddo mutant. By isagoo kaliya hal X-koromosoom sifo mutant waxba si loo joojiyo, iyo waxa ay u muuqataa in phenotype.
• X'X '- cad-weershe koromosoom dumar ah dhaxlo hiddo qaadheen ka aabbihiis iyo hooyadiis. dumar ah kaliya haddii labada X-koromosoomyada qaado caddaanka hiddo indhaha, waxaa ka dhex muuqan doonaa phenotype ah.

Fikradda koromosoomyada ah hiddo Thomas Morgan sharaxay hab ay dhaxalka of cuduro badan oo hidaha. Maxaa yeelay, hiddo-koromosoom X sii badan intii ku koromosoom Y, waxaa la fahamsan yahay in ay ka mas'uul ah Calaamadaha ugu shaqeeyo waa. koromosoom The X laga hooyada lagu kala qaado sida wiilal iyo gabdho, oo ay la socdaan hiddo masuulka ka ah guryaha ee jirka, calaamadaha dibadda ee cudurka. Oo ay la socdaan X lala-jiro dhaxal ah lala Y-. Laakiin Y-koromosoom tahay oo keliya ragga, maxaa yeelay, haddii ay dhacdo isbedel ayaa wax, waxaa la isugu gudbin karaa oo kaliya in ay Faracoodii lab.

Fikradda koromosoomyada ah hiddo Morgan ka caawiyay in ay fahmaan qaababka la isugu gudbiyo cudurrada hidde, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhibaatooyinka la xiriira daawayntooda, lama ogola ilaa haatan.

crossover

Inta lagu jiro baadhitaanka, arday ka mid ah Thomas Morgan Alfred Sturtevant helay arrin ku isgoyska-badan. Sida tijaabooyinka xiga, isku cusub ee hidda dhacaan sababta oo ah gudbaya badan. Waxa uu ahaa oo ku xadgudba dhaxal nidaamka lala a.

Sayidka T. aragti koromosoom Morgan helay boos kale oo muhiim ah - oo u dhexeeya koromosoomyada homologous dhacdaa isgoyska-badan, iyo inta jeer waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa masaafada u dhexeysa hiddo-ka.

asaaska

Si nidaaminta natiijada tijaabo ah saynisyahan ah, soo bandhigi doona booska aasaasiga ah ee aragtida koromosoomyada ee Morgan ah:

1. Calaamadaha ku xiran tahay hiddo u shaqeeyo bixitaankii koromosoomyada ah.
2. The hiddo mid koromosoom waxaa gudbin xajin farcankaaga. xoogga Amda waa weyn, yar masaafada u dhexeysa hiddo-ka.
3. The koromosoomyada homologous arkay arrin of isgoyska-badan.
4. Oge inta jeer ee gudbin ka koromosoom gaar ah, waxaan xisaabi kartaa masaafada u dhexeysa hiddo-ka.

booska labaad ee aragtida koromosoomyada ee Morgan iyo Morgan ee loo yaqaan xeerka.

aqoonsi

Natiijada cilmi-baarista ayaa lagu gartay xaliyay. Morgan ayaa aragti koromosoom ahaa horumar degdeg ah a ah ee bayoolajiga ah ee qarnigii labaatanaad. In 1933, waayo, helitaanka doorka koromosoom oo ku jira hiddo Nobel Prize lagu abaalmariyey in cilmiga ah.

A dhowr sano ka dib, Thomas Morgan helay Bilad Copley ee guusha u fiican berrinkii genetics.

Haddaba Morgan ayaa aragti koromosoomyada ah hiddo waxaa bartay dugsiyada. Waxay Nagi articles iyo buugaag badan.

Tusaalooyin ku hawlan la dhaxal dabaqa

Morgan ayaa aragti koromosoom ayaa muujisay in guryaha ee jirka waxaa go'aamiya hiddo-dhigayo waxa ku jira. Natiijooyinka asaasiga ah in uu helay Thomas Morgan, siiyey su'aasha ah ee suuqa kala iibsiga ee cudurada sida hemophilia, Lowe syndrome, indho la'aan, cudur Bruttona jawaabta.

Waxa la ogaaday in hiddo-oo dhan of cuduradan waxaa ku yaal koromosoom X iyo haweenka, cudurrada dhacaan wax badan ka yar si joogto ah, sida koromosoom caafimaad tirtirto karaa koromosoom la hiddo cudurka. Haweenka aanay ka warqabin waxa ka mid ah, waxay noqon kartaa sidayaal of cuduro hidde, kuwaas oo markaas u muuqday in carruurta.

In ragga, X-lala cudurka, ama calaamadaha phenotypic muuqdaan, maxaa yeelay, ma jiro wax koromosoom X caafimaad.

Fikradda koromosoomyada of T. hiddo Morgan codsatay in falanqayn taariikhda qoyska cudurada hidaha.