Naqshada Bazhenov: xaqiiqooyinka xiiso leh. naqshadaha Moscow ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 18-

Sheekadu waxay ku saabsan naqshadda dhismaha ee magaalada Moscow ma noqon doono complete oo aan sheegin magaca naqshadeeyaha ugu caansan Ruush sida Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov.

Jilicsan Gothic - tani waa qaabka ugu of shuqullada badbaaday of Bazhenov. In sidan, dhismaha ayaa lagu dhisay Tsaritsyno. Inta badan oo ka mid ah dhismayaasha iyo dhismaha waxaa aad u saameeyeen waqti ka waqti, laakiin shaqada dib u soo celinta sameeyay inta lagu guda jiro Soviet iyo post-Soviet jeer, ka caawiyay in ay soo celiso inta badan oo ka mid ah.

Carruurnimada iyo qaangaarka

Meesha saxda ah iyo taariikhda dhalashada lama yaqaan Vasily Bazhenov. Waxa uu ku dhashay March 1, 1737, ama 1738, ku dhintay on August 2, 1799. naqshada Ruush Great ahaa qoys ee rasmiga ah kaniisad yar. Sida laga soo xigtay ilo ka mid ah ayuu waxa uu ku dhashay ee Moscow, oo dhinaca kale ah - in Maloyaroslavets, oo u dhaqaaqay Moscow ee da'da saddex bil kasta. In 1753 Vasily xertii u Dmitry Uhtomtsevu galay. Waxaa isaga ka uu ka helay casharada ugu horeeyay naqshadaha iyo dhismaha. Buuxi dhise mustaqbalka tababarka Bazhenov ayaa soo maray tan iyo xaaladda adag tahay dhaqaale ee qoyska ku qasbay in la siiyo ilaa waxbarashada iyo shaqo tago. In 1755 wuxuu bilaabay barashada at State Moscow Jaamacadda. biographer horeysay Bazhenov ee, ee Metropolitan ee Kiev Eugene Bolkhovitinov, ku qoray in Basil sidoo kale bartay Slavic-Greek Latin-Academy ah. Cilmi-Xiga, xaqiiqda ayaa lagu beeniyay. Malaha, in sidan qof ruuxi ah isku dayaa in kor loo qaado sharafta ka mid ah waxa ay hay'adaha u jideeyey.

muujinta talanti

In 1758 Vasily Bazhenov ka mid ah 16 ardayda top uu ka talo-Ivan Shuvalov uu u soo diray inuu St. Petersburg ee Academy cusub ee la aasaasay of Fine Arts. Baaritaanka ugu horreeya oo arday tayo Vasily Bazhenov xaliyay maray oo kaalinta koowaad ku guuleystay in darajayn ee waxqabadka. Naqshadle sare oo Admiralty Ruush ah Chevakinsky noqday macalin shakhsi aad u rajo, oo aad u awood iyo nin dhallinyaro caaqil.

Saddex sano ka dib Vasily Bazhenov iyo Anton Losenko noqday ardaydii ugu horreysey oo ka mid ah Academy of Arts, award-deeq waxbarasho.

-barasho dheeraad ah oo ka dhacay Paris ee studio ee Charles de Wailly. Ka dibna, naqshadeeyaha ugu Bazhenov ahaa horumariyaha ugu weyn ee neoclassicism Faransiiska ee Russia iyo fikradaha of De Wailly dhigo stylistic xeerkoodu of neoclassical Moscow.

Isagu wuxuu u Russia soo laabtay May 1765 la maamuusayo ah dhuxul la xiriira tayada xirfadeed iyo moral jariiradu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maamulka cusub ee Academy isaga sakhiray in ay baaritaan adag ee shaqada looga baahan yahay oo la siiyo cusub sha mashruuca shaqo. The dhise dhallinyarada Ruush lagu arkay by Catherine II iyo wiilkeeda Paul. kii dhaxalka lahaa carshiga, amar ku bixiyay in design Bazhenov iyo dhismaha guri nagaadi ah ee Stone Island, iyo in 1766 Grigory Orlov isaga baray in dhismaha Arsenal. In shaqo this of Vasily Ivanovich ee St. Petersburg dhamaaday. Naqshada Bazhenov dhaqaaqay Moscow, halkaas oo uu ku noolaa iyo shaqeeyay ilaa dhimashadiisii.

Kremlin Palace

Catherine soo jeediyay fikrad ah ee dayactirka qasriyo duqoobay ee Kremlin Moscow ee. Bazhenov xiiso dhigay in ay ka shaqeeyaan. Horeba 1767 wuxuu keenay in ay tixgelin ugu sareeya ee design ah fantastic ah Big ee Kremlin Palace. Orlov warsan Bulshda ee dhismaha sida dhismaha weyn, laakiin naqshadeeyaha ugu in uu aragtida deegaanka Imperial ku hadhay qirtay iyo dhamaadka xagaaga 1768 dhameystirtay abuurka ah ee mashruuca. Sida laga soo xigtay in uu qorshe u ahaa inuu ka soo leexdo adag Europe ee madaxtooyada ugu weyn, qaybshay in qaab neoclassical. Waxa uu u maleeyeen inuu bedeli Kremlin hore gabi ahaanba. The badelin la qorsheeyay in ay sii kaliya kiniisadaha, taas oo aan noqday arki karo laga bilaabo webiga, maxaa yeelay, mustaqbalka hadhaysay derbiyada madaxtooyada. Under qorshaha, Koonfur oo dhan u jeeda, ie shestisotmetrovuyu derbiga ku jiray munaaraddii Konstantinovskaya bari si galbeed iyo Borovitskaya dheeraad ah oo ay la socdaan derbiga galbeed ee Arsenal iyo ilaa xagga woqooyi, lahaa in ay qaataan madaxtooyada afar sheeko cusub. Uu Bazhenov qorsheeyay si toos ah meel on dhaadhaca uga yaacday ilaa dhexeeya banka iyo derbiga Kremlin ah, kaas oo la moodayay in ay fuliyaan. Naqshadle bixiyo Sargaal dhagax buttresses si looga hortago in ka saraysa ee qaab-dhismeedka webiga. Qorsheeyay in la xoojiyo xeebta qararka iyo Guda tarred.

Sida laga soo xigtay mashruuca aagga cathedral taariikhiga ah waa la ilaaliyay, iyo in qaybta bari ee Kremlin ay ahaayeen in ay jebiyaan cusub. Waxay u bilaabay a jidadka radial cusub, xarunta si woqooyi, waqooyi-galbeed iyo waqooyi-bari u socoto. madaxtooyada ayaa la qorsheeyey soo Tverskaya Street. Mashruucan ayaa waxaa la filayey inay bilowgii casriyeynta oo dhan Moscow. In 1775, dadaalka wadajirka ah ee hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Butros iyo Nikolai Kozhin Legrand qorshaha waxaa si rasmi ah u ansixiyay.

Tsaritsyno

In xagaagii 1775 Bazhenov ayaa sameeyay qabyo ah ugu horeysay ee Tsaritsyno, taas oo taariikhda aan la sii raagayaan. Dhismayaasha Bazhenova ahaayeen set joogto ah dhismayaasha free-taagan qaabka neo-classical Ruush. Ka dib markii ay dhamaystirka iyo ansixinta ka Empress qorshaha la ansixiyey. Mawduuca ku xukuma ahaa in ay guriga boqorka, oo ka kooban laba dhisme, xira conservatory. Mid ka mid ah garabka waxaa loogu talagalay Catherine, iyo tan labaad - wiilkeeda iyo kii dhaxalka lahaa Paul. Sida design qorsheysan ka dusiyeen Ruush dhaqanka midab isku sharraxdid. Catherine diiday oo ku adkeystay on a fudud version - derbiga leben cas sharraxdid cad iyo jilay glazed jaalaha on saqafka.

Bazhenov bilaabay dhismaha dhismaha in safka hore ee dhismayaasha yar, irdaha iyo buundooyinka, qurxiyey dhameysatay wanaagsan xarrago leh ayaa tan iyo markii uu ka lumay. In 1776, waxaa la soo gabgabeyn buundada is tusay madaxtooyada badan dibicyo leh. shuqullada ahaayeen adag sababta oo ah iyaduna ka mid ah rag saaniciin ah xirfad iyo khalkhal maalgelinta.

In 1777 Bazhenov burburiyay gurigii jir alwaax ka mid ah milkiilayaasha hore ee xaafadda oo bilaabay dhismaha qasriga ugu weyn. Waxaa la dhisay ka badan siddeed sannadood. Labada ugu weyn ee lagu daray hal - dhexe carruurta Bawlos. Guddoomiyaha Gobolka James Bruce, kuwaas oo soo booqday Tsarina ee 1784, ayaa la yaabay maqnaanshaha oo madax ahaa, dhismaha rasmiga ah. Laakiin waxa uu si kastaba ha ahaatee soo diray warbixin xamaasad in Catherine.

Joojinta shaqada on mashruuca Tsaritsyn

In June 1785 Catherine si lama filaan ah u soo booqday Tsaritsyno hadhay ku qanacsanayn gaabiska shaqada. Empress Palace qiimeeyo sida haboonayn nool: a qol mugdi ah oo aad u, saqafka hooseeyo, jaranjarada cidhiidhi ah. Sannadkan, xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya Catherine iyo Paul irreversibly sii dartay. Empress ayaa waxaa ku hawlan arrimaha isku xigta. Oo Palace ee ifafaale ah oo mataano noqday siyaasad ahaan aan sax ahayn. Catherine amartay in ay ku burburiyaan dhismaha iyo in la dhiso a madaxtooyada cusub ugu weyn. Bazhenov iyo Kazakov la amray in la horumariyo mashaariic cusub. Naqshada Bazhenov soo bandhigay uu mashruuca ilaa dhammaadka 1785, laakiin waxa ay la soo diiday, oo Vasili saaray. Ekaterina Kazakova doortay mashruuca. madaxtooyada Bazhenov ayaa la burburiyay xagaagii 1786dii. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in Catherine ma qaadan mashruuca Bazhenov ee sababta oo ah calaamad jooggo iyo style ka Gothic. Waa run kuma noqon karto, sida Cossacks ee mashaariicda ay ceshan oo soo noqnoqda calaamadaha Gothic iyo jooggo.

jikada Building

In Tsaritsyno hadhay hal-dhismeedka Bazhenova - dhismaha jikada, ama House Kibistii-ka. Waa dhisme square la geesood fekrado asal ahaan loogu talagalay jikooyinka, bakhaarada, bakhaarro iyo guryaha shaqaalaha. Gashiga ka samaysan yihiin in ay gudaha - si kala duwan dhaqaale iyo addoonkaygii aan dhaqaajin guud ahaan isha martidii iyo ciidammada dubaan. On dhulka oo dhagax ah iyo jiidh leh glaciers cad in ay yihiin weyn in ay sii heerkulka. Aamino oo dhan waxa lagu qurxiyey calaamado kala duwan :. xabbadood oo kibis ah la castors, Hadyada iyo muraayadaha, line jooggo, iwm Waqtigan xaadirka ah, House Kibistii-ka waxaa loo isticmaalaa riwaayadaha iyo xafladaha dhaqanka kale. Mararka qaarkood, waxaa jira diyaafadaha.

dhexdhexaad Palace

Opera House, ama Dvorets Dhexe Ekateriny, la gorgorraduna double madax-on parapets ah guriyo asal ahaan loogu talo galay in la isticmaalo, waayo, soo dhaweyntiisa yar rasmi ah, iyo sidoo kale xaflado iyo qaab xagaaga. Muddo dheer loo dhisi maayo waxa loo adeegsaday si kasta. Waxaa isaga ka waxaa jiray derbiyada kaliya. In 1988 wuxuu ku bilowday sideed sano shaqada dib u soo celinta. codka u fiican ee dhismaha u ogolaanaya in ay xaflado. sidoo kale waxaa jira marti bandhigyo shuqullada tahay.

guriga Pashkov

Vasily Bazhenov - naqshadeeyaha ugu kan Abuuray mid ka mid ah calaamadaha ugu caansan dunida ee ee Moscow ka. Waxaa la dhisay 1785-1786 sano Pashkov House. Qaab dhismeedka garan karo inta badan waxaa laga heli karaa in ka farshaxankiisa, xaradhka, karkan, stamps boostada, sanduuqyada of nacnac, iwm Ka dib markii laga saaray mashruuca "Tsaritsyno" Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov bilaabay qaadashada guddiyo gaar ah ka Muscovites hodanka ah. Sidaas daraaddeed, kur Vagankovsky wuxuu ka dhisay munaarad heer sare ah oo dhagax cad ee captain-Sarreeye Semenov guutada iyo xaaskiisa. dhismaha tolnimo u muuqataa dhinaca haadka Starovagankovsky, iyo Kremlin u soo jeestay dhinaca daafaca. Waxaa la malaysan in sidan naqshadeeyaha ugu muujiyey xanaaq ah Tsaritsyno Empress ah.

Ka dib dhimashadii milkiilayaasha gablan Pashkov House dhaxlay qaraabo fog, kuwaas oo, si farxad leh u guursanayeen oo dhaxleyad ah, gabadhii Gold Macdanta ahaa awoodaan in ay ku jiraan xaq-dhismeedka. Ka dibna, House Pashkov ku iibiseen iyo in khasnadda.

style nooleenta Ruush ah naqshadaha

adherent Ruush dugsiga neoclassical ee naqshadaha, artist graphic, theoretician ee naqshadaha iyo baraha Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov iyo saaxiibtiis iyo ardayda Matvey Kazakov iyo Ivan Starov abuuro luqad naqshadda qaranka Ruushka in kala gooyey by Peter I. Waqtigaas, horumarinta Ruush magaalooyinka dhigay midab ee injineero shisheeye ah - Quarenghi, Rinaldi, Cameron iyo kuwa kale.

Masiirka murugo of dhise tayo leh

muujinta An hore ee tayo ee naqshadeeyaha ugu Bazhenov geeyeen goobo ka mid ah oo hodan ah ee ganacsato amar iyo siyaasiyiinta, ka timi. Kasbay in ganacsiga iyo diblomaasiyadda sababay musiibooyin ee dhexgalaan shakhsiga ah iyo xirfad nolosha Vasily Ivanovich. Laba ka mid ah mashaariicda ugu waaweyn ee dhismaha ayaa ka baxay sababo siyaasadeed ama dhaqaale. Waxa uu ahaa awoodin in ay fuliyaan uu mashruuca dib u dhiska ah ee Kremlin Grand ee Palace. Palace Imperial ee Tsaritsyno, kaas oo ahaa in ay noqoto xudunta u ah oo dhan adag Tsaritsyno Waxaa la wada baabbi'iyey by Catherine II. Mashruuca kale, dhismaha Moscow State University ee, siiyey kor u dhacyada fiiqan leh ka sokay hore, naqshada, Prokofiev Demidov, oo keentay in kacday dhamaystiran Bazhenov. Ka hor geeridiisii, Vasily ugu walwalsan tahay qaddar ee caruurtooda, maxaa yeelay, wuxuu ka cabsaday waxay heleen isu lug ganacsiga dhismaha, kaas oo isagu waa ka fiirsaday sida arrin aan daacad ahayn oo sirreyda ah.

Legacy Bazhenova

Bazhenova dhaxal ahaan ayaa wali si buuxda looma fahmin. Waxaa jira shaki ku saabsan qoray ee loo aaneeyey isaga waxyaabaha qaar ka mid ah. Gaar ahaan, sida in dhismaha Bazhenov dhise Pashkov House? Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in ay tani tahay shaqada oo xertiisa ah, oo uu u diyaarshay inuu sannado badan oo waxbaridda ee Academy of Arts. dhimashada Catherine Paul dabadeed waan soo magacaabay madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Vasily Ivanovich of Academy ah. Study of uu dhaxalka cilmi badan, gaar ahaan, Igor Grabar, Shvidkovskiy DO Thanks iyaga wax badan, laakiin ma aha wax kasta oo uu ahaa cad. In "Notes on the indhaha of Moscow" Karamzin barbardhigay mashaariicda Bazhenova la Plato ee Republic iyo Thomas More ee waxbaa la. Waxaa laga yaabaa in sababta ay tahay in aan la fulin.