Nitric acid

acid monobasic Strong, taas oo ah in xaaladaha caadiga ah dareere midab oo huruud inta lagu guda jiro kaydinta laga yaabaa in xaalad adag, lagu gartaa laba beddelka crystalline (monoclinic ama daaqaddii orthorhombic) marka heerkulku hoos ku jaray 41.6 ° C. Tani walax la formula kiimikada - HNO3 - nitric acid waxaa loo yaqaan. Waxay leedahay a mass 63,0 g / bar gaws, halka ay cufnaanta u dhigantaa 1,51 g / cm³. heerkulka reflux acid ahaa 82.6 ° C, waxaa ku weheliyay daatay oo ka mid ah (qayb): 4HNO3 → 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2. xal acid la jajab mass oo ah walaxda aasaasiga ah ee 68%, booguhu waxay at heerkul ah 121 ° C. index The Refractive ah walaxda saafi ah oo u dhiganta 1,397. Acid lagu qasi karaa biyaha ee ratio kasta oo, isagoo elektrolytka xoog leh, ku dhowaad si buuxda u muuq beelayo galay udhigo H + iyo NO3-. foomka adag - trihydrate iyo laktosmonohydrat isagoo formula ah: HNO3 • 3H2O iyo HNO3 • H2O siday u kala horreeyaan.

acid nitric - daxalka firfircoon, walax sun ah, iyo wakiilka oksidheeyeyaal xoog leh. From qarniyadii dhexe oo loo yaqaan magaca ah in, sida "biyo xoog leh» (Fortis Aqua). Alchemists kuwaas oo helay acid ee qarnigii 13aad, siiyey magaca si loo hubiyo in guryaha aan caadi ahayn (mirdhiyay oo dhan marka laga reebo birta dahab), sarraysa million jeer xoogga acid acetic, taas oo wakhtigaas waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ugu firfircoon. Laakiin xataa saddex qarniyo ka dib waxaa la ogaaday in Burburiyaan, xataa dahab noqon kartaa isku dar ah ee acids sida acid nitric iyo Aashito in ratio mugga a of 1: 3, taas oo ah sababta ay u yeedheen "regia aqua". muuqaalka kore ee midab huruud ah inta lagu guda jiro kaydinta waxaa sabab u ah raasamaal ee oxides nitrogen waxa ku jira. acid Available ku urursan yihiin marar badan 68%, iyo marka content ee wax salka ka badan 89% waxaa lagu magacaabaa "Kala Duldhacay".

The guryaha kiimikada ee nitric acid, waxa la kala saaro sulfuric milo ama Aashito in HNO3 oxidant xoog Sidaa darteed marnaba hydrogen sii daayay in dareen diidmo oo la biraha. Sababo la xiriira guryaha murqo ah, waxa kale oo ay sameynayso badan non-birta. Oo labada kiis ee had iyo jeer la aasaasay nitrogen dioxide NO2. In reactions redox, soo kabashada nitrogen ah ay dhacdo in heerar kala duwan: HNO3, NO2, N2O3, NO, N2O, N2, NH3, wixii la goostay by fiirsashada acid iyo waxqabad ee biraha. The taagoo xeryahooda sameeyay ka kooban nitrogen in lagu qayilo gobolka +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, +3, siday u kala horreeyaan. Tusaale ahaan, copper waxaa oxidized leh u xoog acid in amooniyam copper (II): CU + 4HNO3 → 2NO2 + CU (NO3) 2 + 2H2O, iyo fosfooraska - in metaphosphoric acid: P + 5HNO3 → 5NO2 + HPO3 + 2H2O.

Haddii kale ula dhaqmo nonmetals milo nitric acid. Tusaalaha of falcelinta la fosfooraska ah: 3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O → 3H3PO4 + 5NO arkay in nitrogen waa la dhimay gobolka divalent ah. Natiijadu waxay tahay xabagta a nitric iyo fosfooraska, waxaa oxidized si phosphate acid. acid nitric xoog ku shaydi leh Aashito kala dahab; Au + 4HCl + HNO3 → NO + H [AuCl4] + 2H2O iyo platina: 3Pt + 18HCl + 4HNO3 → 4NO + 3H2 [PtCl6] + 8H2O. In celintan, markii hore, Aashito waxaa oxidized la sii daayo chlorine nitric, ka dibna u sameeyaan a chlorides bir adag.

Nitric acid oo la soo saaray ganacsi helay saddex siyaabood oo waaweyn:

1. Asal - ficil cusbada la sulfuric acid: H2SO4 + NaNO3 → HNO3 + NaHSO4. Markii hore, waxa uu ahaa jidka keliya ee, laakiin dhalashada of teknoolajiyada kale, waxaa hadda loo isticmaalaa in shaybaar ay soo saaraan Duldhacay acid.
2. Second - waa hab of ARC. Marka hawo ka badan arc koronto leh heerkul ah 3000 si 3500 ° C, qayb ka mid ah nitrogen hawada sameynayso la oxygen, la xirrira monoxide nitrogen: N2 + O2 → 2NO, taas oo ka dib markii qaboojinta waxaa oxidized si dioxide nitrogen (ma fal at monoxide sare heerkulka la oxygen) : O2 + 2NO → 2NO2. Markaas, ficil ahaan, dioxide oo dhan nitrogen, at xad dhaaf ah ogsijiin, kala diri ee biyaha: 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2 → 4HNO3.
3. Saddexaad - tani waa hab ammonia ah. Ammonia waa oxidized on Hannaan platina si monoxide nitrogen: 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O. The keentay gaasas nitrus waxaa la qaboojiyey, iyo dioxide nitrogen sameeyay, kaas oo la nuugo biyaha. By habkan, acid lahaynu fiirsashada ah 60 ilaa 62%.

Nitric acid waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa warshadaha si loo soo saaro daroogo, formaldehyde, waxyaabaha qarxa, Bacriminta nitric iyo cusbada acid nitric. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa loo isticmaalaa kala diridda ee Biraha (tus, copper, lead, lacag) in uusan fal la acids kale. dahabka ayaa loo isticmaalaa go'aan ka soo baxay dahab daawaha (tani waa habka ugu weyn).