Osip Mandelstam Biography la sawiro

Mid ka mid ah saasoo ugu naxdinta diyaarin taliskii Soviet sida Abwaan weyn sida Mandelstam. Uu Biography ayaa sameeyay wax badan sababta oo ah nooca farqiyo of Osipa Emilevicha. Isagu ma istaagi karin runta iyo ma doonayaan in ay awood u hor sujuudaa. Sidaa darteed, si ka duwan kuwa wakhtigaas oo waxaa laga yaabaa in aan ku dhacay isaga, in uu ahaa war iyo Mandelstam. Uu Biography, iyo sidoo kale shuqullada Abwaan weyn, wuxuu na barayaa badan oo ...

Budushee gabayaa waxa uu ku dhashay ee Warsaw on January 3, 1891 Childhood iyo qaan-qaatay in St. Petersburg Osip Mandelstam. Buugiisa, nasiib daro, waxaa aan ku qornayn isaga by. Laakiin xusuusta ahaayeen sal u ah buugga "Buuq ee Time." Waxaa la oran karo waa inta taariikh ahaaneed. Ogsoonow in Mandelstam ee xasuusta carruurnimada iyo qaangaarka waa adag yahay oo joojiyey - wuxuu ka fogaaday inay isu soo bandhigno, ma jeclaan to comment on labada gabayada iyo naftiisa. Osip hore qaan gabayaa, ama halkii, uu araggiisa helay. Qaxar iyo halista la kala saaro caadadiisu farshaxanka.

Waxaan aaminsan nahay in ay lagama maarmaan tahay in la tixgeliyo si faahfaahsan noloshii iyo shaqadii Abwaan, sida Mandelstam. Biography kooban oo la tixgelinayo qofka in si dhib leh ku habboon. Osipa Emilevicha qofku shakhsiyadiisu aad u xiiso badan, oo shuqulkiisuna wuxuu u qalmaa waxbarasho ugu taxadir. Sida time ayaa muujisay, mid ka mid ah ugu weyn Ruush gabayaaga qarnigii 20aad ahaa Mandelstam. Biography kooban oo, soo bandhigo buugaagta, waa si cad u filnayn faham qoto dheer ee uu noloshiisa iyo shaqada.

asalka ah ee Abwaan

Saas ma aha, midab madow taabato yar ee laga heli karo ee qorkiisa Mandelstam ee ku saabsan carruurnimada iyo jawiga ku hareereysan. Sida laga soo xigtay Abwaan, qoyskiisa ahaa "adag oo dhib badan". In eray, hadalkiisana waa la muujiyey xoog gaar ah. Sidaas daraaddeed, ugu yaraan, wuxuu u maleeyey in Mandelstam. Waxa ay ahayd nooc ka mid ah hadal "element" ee qoyska. Waa in la ogaadaa in tartanka Yuhuudda Mandelstam gaboobay. Tan iyo qarnigii 8aad, tan iyo wakhtigii Aragti Yuhuudda, Wuxuu dunida ku siiyey dhakhaatiirta caanka ah, physicists, Ikhyaartu, taariikhyahan ka mid ah suugaanta iyo turjumaanada Bible.

Mandelstam Aemilius Veniaminovich aabbihiis Osip, waa nin ganacsade ah oo is-baray. Waxa uu ahaa gabi ahaanba ka maran dareenka luqadda. Mandelstam, in uu buugga "Buuq The of Time" ayaa sheegay in uu gabi ahaanba ma lahayn luuqada, waxa ay aheyd kaliya ah "bezyazychie" iyo "carrab-kulanka". Mararka qaarkood waxa ay ahayd Osipovna Flora, hooyadii macalinka gabayaa iyo music ah. Mandelstam xusay in qaamuuska waxay ahayd "Tifaftirayaasha" iyo "dadka saboolka ah", jirsado sugeysayna, laakiin waxa uu ahaa leeyihiin min ah oo cad, "af Ruush weyn." Waxa ay ahayd ka hooyadiis dhaxlay Osip, la musicality iyo cabista in cudur wadnaha ah, saxnaanta hadalka, dareen korordhaysa ah afkooda hooyo.

Waxbarashada dugsiga ganacsiga Tenishev

Mandelstam in muddada u dhaxaysa 1900 in 1907 uu bartay dugsiga Tenishev ganacsi. Waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah hay'adaha waxbarashada gaarka ah ee dalka ugu fiican. Mid ka mid ah waqtiga ay barteen Zhirmunsky, Vladimir Nabokov. Jawiga halkan ka adkaaday ahaa caqliga-qofku. In dugsigan kaymo ah hadafyada waajibaadka madaniga iyo xorriyadda siyaasadeed. In 1905-1907 sano ee kacaanka ugu horeysay ee Russian ma kaa gargaari kara laakiin dhicin xagjirnimada siyaasadeed iyo Mandelstam. Biography waxaa ka mid ah oo dhan si dhow la xiriira dhacdooyinka xilligii. masiibo ee dagaalka kula Japan oo markii ugu kacaan u waxyoonay si ay u abuuraan ah tijaabo stihovtornyh ugu horeeyay, taas oo loo arki karaa Ardayga. Mandelstam qaatay dhacaya Metamorphosis universal sida faraxsan, cusboonaysiinta element.

safarada dibedda

shahaadada dugsiga uu helay May 15, 1907 Ka dib markii in Abwaan isku dayay inuu ku soo bilowdo dagaal urur SRS ee Finland, laakiin on ilmanimada hore waxaa halkaas ma aqbalo. Waalidka ka walaacsan yihiin mustaqbalka wiilkiisa, ku degdegay inuu iska dirtaa isaga dembi ka dibadda, halkaas oo Mandelstam safray saddex jeer wax ka barato. markii ugu horeysay ee uu ku noolaa ee Paris ka October 1907 si ay xagaagii 1908. Markaas, Abwaan mustaqbalka u tageen inay Germany, halkaas oo University of Heidelberg bartay Romance Philology (dayrta ee 1909 ishii 1910). On July 21, 1910 ilaa bartamihii-October, uu ku noolaa xaafad Zehlendorf, Berlin. Ilaa shuqullada ugu dambeeyey ee gabayada Mandelstam ee ka dhawaajiyaan echo ee uu yaqaan la Western Europe.

Shirkii Anna Akhmatova iyo Gumilev, acmeism abuurka

Shirkii bixitaanka dhiba Ahmatovoy iyo Nikolai Gumilev lagu qeexaa sida gabayaa Osipa Emilevicha. Gumilyov ee 1911, oo ah duulaan ku NFD ku soo laabtay St. Petersburg. Si dhakhso ah ay u noqday intii saddex badanaa lagu arkaa fiidkii suugaanta. Sannado badan ka dib markii ay dhacdo naxdin leh - toogashada ee ENU ee 1921 - Osip qoray Akhmatova, Nikolayu Gumilevu in kaliya si ay u fahmaan uu gabay, iyo in uu weli ka hadlayaa isaga si, waa wada hadalka. Ku saabsan sida Mandelstam, Akhmatova loola dhaqmo, sida uu weedhan daliil: ". Waxaan - a casriga ah ee Akhmatova" Kaliya Osip Mandelstam (sawir isaga la dhiba Andreevnoy kor ku soo bandhigay) si cad u sheegi karo inta lagu guda jiro nidaam Stalin ee, marka Akhmatova ahaa gabayaa Caayan.

Dhammaan saddex (Mandelstam, Akhmatova iyo Gumilev) acmeism noqday aasaasayaasha iyo wakiilada ugu caansan of this arrimuhu ku cusub suugaanta. Biographers ayaa xusay in u dhexeeya bilowga khilaaf kacay, maxaa yeelay, Mandelstam ahaa fududaan, kalidii Gumilyov iyo Akhmatova cadho.

ururinta hore ee gabayada

In 1913 wuxuu abuuray uu ururinta koowaad ee gabayada by Mandelstam. Biography iyo shuqul waxaa mar hore laga soo calaamadeeyay by dhacdooyin badan oo muhiim ah iyo waayo-aragnimada nolosha, waxay ahayd mar hore in ka badan ku filan. Gabayaaga ayaa soo saaray this collection of qarashkiisa u gaar ah. First, uu doonayo inuu u soo yeedho uu buugga "Shell", laakiin markaas doortay magac kale - "Stone", taas oo ilaa xad ku jiray Ruuxa of acmeism. xubnaha jeclaan lahaa in la ogaado dunida mar kale, si ay u dhan siin geesinimo ah oo ay nadiifiso magaca saboolsan iyo ilxidhka ceeryaamo elegiac, sida Symbolists ah. Rock - wax dabiici adag oo waarta, weligeed ah ee gacmaha Masterka. In Osipa Emilevicha isagu waa blocks dhismaha aasaasiga ah ee dhaqanka ruuxiga ah, ma ahan oo keliya wax ka.

Osip Mandelstam ee 1911 noqday Christian ah, ka dhigay a "wareeg ku dhaqan Yurub." Inkasta oo uu la baabtiisay ee Church Methodist ah (in Vyborg May 14), aayaadka ugu horeysay ee uu ururinta qabtay xamaasad ee theme ee Catholic. Mandelstam qabtay Roman galaya pathos fikrado abaabulka caalamka. Under xukunka Rome, midnimada dunida Christian of West uu ka yimaado chorus oo ka mid ah dadyowga, kala duwan. The "dhagax weyn" isku mid ah cathedral ee uu ka kooban yahay dhagaxyo, oo ay "naxariis darro darnaanta" iyo "midii dabiiciga ah."

Aragtida xagga kacaanka

In muddo ah ka 1911 si ay u 1917 ee University of St. Petersburg, on laanta Romano-Germanic, Mandelstam bartay. Uu Biography waqtigan ay astaan u muuqaalka kore ee ururinta marka hore. Way adag ku jiray oo la xiriira cudurka dillaacay kacaanka ee 1917. Fadeexad iyo failure dhamaaday isku day kasta oo Osipa Emilevicha heli doonaan meel ay ku Russia cusub.

Collection Tristia

Aayadaha muddo ah kacaanka iyo dagaalka Mandelstam koobnaan ururinta cusub Tristia. Tani "Book of murug" waxaa la daabacay markii ugu horeysay ee 1922 iyada oo aan ka qaybgalka qoraaga, ka dibna, in 1923, hoos horyaalka "Buugga labaad," daabacay in Moscow. Waxaa cements theme waqtiga, socodka taariikhda, kaas oo la faray in ay marakay dhacdey. Illaa maalmood ee la soo dhaafay of this topic noqon doona a-goynta cross ee Abwaan. ururinta Tani waxa ay calaamad u Mandelstam tayada geesiga cusub lyrical. Waayo, isaga, ma jiraan wax muddo dheer shakhsi, non-qaybgalka socodka guud ee waqti. codka Lyrical la maqli lahaa oo kaliya sida echo ah guuxeen ee Zaman. Waxa ka dhacaya taariikhda weyn, u arkayeen in ay waayen a iyo dhismaha ah "macbudka" is ka.

Collection of Tristia iyo ka muuqataa isbaddal weyn ee style ee Abwaan. texture qaabeeya waxaa ka badan dhaqaaqin xagga lo, "madow" qiimaha, wareeg semantic stroke luqad aan buuxin.

Warwareeggayga ee Russia

Osip Mandelstam ee 1920 hore. Waxaan ku wareegtay inta badan qaybta koonfureed ee Russia. Waxa uu soo booqday Kyiv, halkaasoo uu kula kulmay naagtiisa mustaqbalka, N. Ya Hazinoy. (Sawirka), markii qaar ka mid ah ayaan ku qaatay Voloshin in Koktebel, ka dibna u tageen inay Feodosia, halkaas oo Wrangel counterintelligence isaga la xiray markii looga shakiyay basaasnimo. Markaas, ka dib markii uu sii daayo, oo wuxuu aaday inuu Batumi Osip Mandelstam. Uu Biography ayaa astaan u qabtay cusub - hadda qayb ka mid ah Ilaalada Xeebta ee Mensheviks ah. Osipa Emilevicha ka T. xabsiga Tabidze iyo N. Mitsishvili gabayaaga Joorijiyaan badbaadiyay. In dhamaadka, aad u jilcaan, uu si Petrograd Osip Mandelstam soo laabtay. Uu Biography sii waxa uu ku noolaa muddo in Golaha Arts, ka dibna dib u koonfureed tegey, oo markaas ku istiwooday ee Moscow.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, by bartamihii 1920-, raad lahayn dheelitirka hore ee rajada iyo ka welwelidda waxgarashada waxa dhacaya. Natiijo waa poetics beddelitaanka Mandelstam. "Mugdiga" hadda waa sii kordheysa cad u culus. In 1925, waxaa jira dilaaca kooban ee hal-abuurka in ayaa lala ku hamiday ah Olgoy Vaksel. Ka dib markii in, Abwaan dhaco aamuseen, waayo sano ilaa 5 sano.

Mandelstam qeybtii 2-aad ee 1920 - waqti ay jiraan dhibaatooyin. Waqtigaas, Abwaan iska aamusay, ma daabici gabayo cusub. mid ka mid ah midkoodna ma shaqeeyaa Mandelstam uusan ka muuqan 5 sano gudahood.

Baaq ku tiraab

In 1929, Mandelstam go'aansaday inuu ka soo leexdo in tiraab. Waxa uu qoray buug "The tiraab afaraad". By mugga, waana mid yar, laakiin waxaa si buuxda loo rusheeyey quudhsasho Mandelstam ee qorayaasha of opportunists, kuwaas oo ay xubno ka ahaayeen Massolit. Muddo dheer ee Abwaan naftiisa kopilas xanuun this. The "afaraad tiraab" saaray dabeecadda Mandelstam - muran, waxyaabaha qarxa, sal. Mid aad u fudud Osip samaynta sida cadaawayaashayda, ma uusan qarsan xukummadiisa iyo qiyaasta. Iyada oo Mandelstam this mar walba, ku dhowaad dhammaan sano post-kacaan, ayaa lagu qasbay inuu nool yihiin xaalado adag. waxa uu ahaa 1930 la eegaayo in dhimashada dhaw. xiiseyneysay Mandelstam tayo saaxiibbadiis ma ahaa mid aad u badan, hase ahaatee waxay weli ahaayeen.

nolosha

Aragtida xagga nolosha siyaabo badan ayaa muujinaya muuqaalka nin sida Osip Mandelstam. Biography, xaqiiqooyinka xiiso leh isaga ku saabsan, gabayaa la xidhiidha ay la xiriirta gaar ah isaga. Osip lama habboon in nolol deggan, si ay nolosha. Waayo, isaga, fikradda guud ee guriga deyr leh, taas oo aad muhiim u ahaa, tusaale ahaan, Bulgakov ma laha. dunida oo dhan guriga isagii, iyo waqti isku mid ah Mandelstam ahaa guri la'aan Adduun.

Wuxuuna xusayaa bilowgii Osip ee 1920, markii uu helay qol ee Golaha Arts in Petrograd (iyo sidoo kale qorayaasha kale oo badan iyo gabayaaga), Ki Chukovsky xusay in ay jiraan wax kasta oo ay ku lahaayeen lahaa in Mandelstam, marka laga reebo sigaarka ahaa. Marka Abwaan dambeyntii helay guri dabaq ah (in 1933), B. Pasternak, kuwaas oo ahaa in booqasho uu ku sheegay in ka tago, hadda waa suurto gal in aan gabayada qoro - guri halkaas. Osip ka this carooday yimid. O. E. Mandelshtam, kuwaas oo Biography sida calaamad by dhacdooyin badan oo intransigence, habaaray aqalka iyo xataa loo bixiyey inuu iyada back to kuwii waxaa la ineey loogu tala galay u hesho: portrayer, noqonin Khaa'in u daacad ah. Waxay ahayd naxdin reer og bixinta in loo baahan yahay iyada.

Shaqeeyaan "Moskovsky Komsomolets"

Ever yaabay waxa sii jidka nolosha Abwaan, sida Mandelstam ah? Biography horreeyey taariikhda habsami soo dhawaaday 1930 in uu nolosha iyo shaqada. Bukharin, sokoeye ee Osipa Emilevicha gelisay dawladda, waxaa loo qabanqaabiyaa ee Warega of 1920-30-mada wargeyska "Moskovsky Komsomolets" corrector. Tani waxay siisay ee Abwaan iyo xaaskiisa ugu yaraan hab ugu yar ee nolol. Laakiin Mandelstam diiday inuu aqbalo "xeerarka ciyaarta" of qorayaasha Soviet shaqeeyay mode. Uu impulsiveness xad-dhaaf ah iyo caadifinimadu aad bay u adag xiriirka Mandelstam facooda. Waxa uu ahaa xarunta of fadeexadii - Abwaan lagu eedeeyay Qishka ee tarjumaadda. In si ay u ka cawaaqibka fadeexadii ilaaliyo Osipa Emilevicha ee 1930, Bukharin abaabulay booqasho Abwaan ee Armenia, kaas oo soo saaray aragti weyn isaga ku saabsan, laakiin sidoo kale ka muuqataa in uu shaqada. Aayaadka cusub ayaa si cad u maqlay oo rajo la soo dhaafay ka cabsan quusan Ragow. Haddii Mandelstam in tiraab isku dayeen in ay ka duufaanka aaddan baxsadaan, laakiin hadda wuxuu ugu dambeyntii qaatay share.

Wacyi musiibadii uu qaddar

Wacyi musiibadii uu aayahooda, uu doorashada u badan tahay inuu ku xoogaystay Mandelstam siiyey heer sare ah, pathos naxdin leh Shuqulladiisa cusub. Waa been in iska hor imaad ah ee shakhsiyadda free Abwaan, "qarnigii-bahal." Mandelstam ayaa dareensan in dhibbanaha loo naxo, nin yar oo isaga ka soo hor. Waxa uu dareensan yahay in loo siman yahay, waxa uu. In maansadu 1931 "Waayo, tiradooduna waxay ku sanqadh da inay yimaadaan", kaas oo la odhan jiray goobo qoyska "Wolf", Mandelstam oo saadaaliyay ee Hijrooday ee soo socda ee Siberia, iyo dhimashadiisa, iyo dhimashola'aanta gabay. Inta badan Abwaan hore ka badan dadka kale ogaaday.

gabay nasiib darro ku saabsan Stalin

Mandelstam Nadezhda Yakovlevna, naag carmal ah ee Osipa Emilevicha, ka hadhay ninkeeda laba buug oo ka mid ah-qorka, taasoo sheegayaa geesinimo qurbaan Abwaan this. Daacadda Mandelstam inta badan xuduud on isdil ah. Tusaale ahaan, bishii November 1933, ayuu qoray oo ku saabsan Stalin gabay maratay garneel, oo loo akhriyo badan oo saaxiibbaday, oo ay ku jiraan Boris Pasternak. Boris Leonidovich cabsaday by qaddar ee Abwaan oo sheegay in uu gabay - ma xaqiiqda suugaanta ah, ma in kale, sida "fal ismiidaamin," si ay u ansixiyaan in uu ma karo. Pasternak u soo jeediyay in aan wax dheeraad ah ee shaqada this akhriyey. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isagu ma uu sii yaabaa aamusan Mandelstam. Biography, xaqiiqooyinka xiiso leh oo ka kaas oo aynu hadda ku xigtay, ka joogo noqdo si dhab ah naxdin leh.

Xukunka Mandelstam, la yaab, ayaa hoos u dhiibay jilicsan ku filan. Waagaas qof ayaa ku dhintay in ka badan ah "unu" taaban karo wax badan ka yar. xallinta Stalin ee akhri oo keliya: "Go'doomiyo laakiin loo ilaalin lahaa". Mandelstam soo diray maxaabiis ahaan tuulada waqooyi ee Cherdyn. Halkan Osip, ka cabanaya xanuunka dhimirka, xitaa doonayay in ay naftooda dilaan. Friends mar kale ka caawiyay. Horeba badiyay saamayn Bukharin la soo dhaafay u qoray Jaalle Stalin, in Gabayaana waxaa mar walba waa xaq, taariikhda waa in ay dhinac. Ka dib markii in Osipa Emilevicha lagu wareejiyay Voronezh, in xaaladaha ka yar daran.

Dabcan, uu qaddar lagu shaabadeeyey. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 1933, si xun u ciqaabi waxaa loogu tala galay in ay ku baahiyaan gabay ah oo ku saabsan Stalin iyo sidaas u muuqdeen in ay degaan dhibcaha shaqsi ah la Abwaan. Oo sida xaqiiqada ah lahaa ma istaahilo ee Stalin, "aabbahay qaranka". Stalin ogaa sida ay u sugaan. Wuxuu ogaa in waqtiga oo dhan. Xaaladdan oo kale, wuxuu filanayay Argagaxii Waynaa ee 1937, kaas oo Mandelstam ayaa loo dhoofiyay, oo ay la socdaan boqolaal kun oo qof oo kale lama raadin baaba'aan.

Years nolosha ee Voronezh

Voronezh dadka da'da ah Osipa Emilevicha, laakiin dhawaynayey la cadaawad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma joogsan in ay la dagaalamaan quus, si tartiib ah u yimaadeen, Osip Emilevich Mandelshtam. Uu Biography sannadahan calaamadeeyay by dhibaatooyin badan. Oo isna wuxuu lahaa ma aha ee nolol, si uu ula kulmo isaga baxsaday, lama caddayn in uu qaddar. Mandelstam inuu noqdo oo dhan dareemay sida ay kor u qaada la "da-bahal." isaga oo booqasho A ee Hijrooday ee Akhmatova u marag furay in uu qolka sidoo kale "on waajib Muuse u gaar ah." Ahaayeen Aayado la celin karin waxay dalbadeen in la sii daayo. Quusiyay ayaa tilmaamaya in Mandelstam mar u ordeen inay telefoonnada lacagta lagu rido iyo akhriyo baaraha, kaas oo uu markaas ku lifaaqan, shuqulkooda oo cusub. Waxa uu sheegay in aysan jirin mid ay ku akhriyaan dheeraad ah. dareemayaasha Bare ahaayeen gabayaa, in gabayada, wuxuu ku rusheeyey uu xanuun.

Voronezh ka 1935 si ay u 1937, saddex "qorka Voronezh" ayaa lagu abuuray. Muddo dheer this shuqullada wareegga aan la daabacay. Siyaasad ay ma la odhan karaa, laakiin arkaa caqabad ku ah in xataa gabayo "dhex dhexaad" sida ay ahaayeen gabayada, la celin karin oo xarig la'aan. Oo waayo, xoog ma aha khatar ah, sababtoo ah waa, sida ay J. Brodsky, "ayuu ruxaa jidka oo dhan nolosha" oo ma ahan oo keliya nidaamka siyaasadeed.

Ku noqo caasimada

Dareen dhimashada ku dhow xaladii la gabayo badan oo muddo this, sida in shuqullada oo dhan 1930 Mandelstam. Term Voronezh links dhacay bishii May 1937 sanad kale Osip qaatay oo goobta joogay ee Moscow. Waxa uu doonayay inuu u hesho fasaxa ay ku joogaan magaalada Muqdisho. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, joornaal tafatirayaasha ka walacsan diiday ma aha oo kaliya si ay u daabacaan uu gabay, laakiin sidoo kale in ay ka hadlaan isaga. miskiinkii Abwaan. Waxa uu ka caawiyay in waqtigan, asxaabta iyo kuway isbarteen: Boris Pasternak, Shklovsky, V. Kataev, Ilya Ehrenburg, iyagoo aan waqti adag qudhiisa. Anna Akhmatova dambe qoray oo ku saabsan sanadka 1938, waxa ay ahayd markii "apocalyptiga".

Xadhiga, Hijrooday iyo geeri

Waxaa weli qayb ilaa xad ah in ay ka hadlaan gabayaaga sida Osip Mandelstam. Biography kooban oo uu xadhigga cusub, kaas oo ka dhacay May 2, 1938 calaamadeeyay. Wuxuu waxaa lagu xukumay shan sano shaqada adag. Sidaas daraaddeed wuu tegey inay Bariga Fog. Ma uu halkaas uga soo noqon. December 27, 1938 meel u dhow Vladivostok, oo waxay xeradii reer Webiga labaad, Abwaan kor loogu qaaday oo leh dhimasho.

Waxaan rajaynaynaa inaad doonayay in ay sii wadaan yiqiin la Abwaan weyn, sida Mandelstam. Biography, photos, habka hal abuur leh - Waxaas oo dhan waxay fikrad kaa siineysaa in qaar ka mid ah waxaa ka mid ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inay shuqullo Mandelstam ee soo jeestay oo kaliya, aad fahmi karto qofka this, dareemaan xoogga qofku shakhsiyadiisu.