Nobel waayo, suugaanta, liiska. Nobel Prize Suugaanta oo ka mid ah USSR iyo Russia

Nobel Prize ayaa waxaa la aasaasay by industrialist, hindisa iyo injineer kiimikada ka soo Sweden, Alfred Nobel, oo loo magacaabay in uu sharaf. Waxaa loo arkaa ugu haybadda wayn dunida. Laureates hesho biladda dahabka ah, taas oo muujinaysa shahaadada AB Nobel iyo jeeg ay lacag aad u badan. dambaysta wuxuu ka kooban yahay size faa'iido, oo aqbala Foundation Nobel. In 1895, Alfred Nobel doonistiisa, by kaas oo ay magaalada la saaray u xidhnahay, kaydka iyo amaahda ka dhigay. Dakhliga in la keeno, kuwaas oo lacag ah sannad kasta waxaa si siman u qaybsan tahay shan qaybood oo abaalmarinta ah guulaha shan meelaha uu noqonayaa: chemistry, physics, jirka ama daawada, suugaanta iyo hawlaha si kor loogu qaado nabadda.

Nobel Prize koowaad ee Suugaanta ayaa waxaa la siiyay in ay 10 December 1901, waxaana uu tan iyo markii la soo saaray sanad walba taariikhdan, waa sanad guuradii dhimashada Nobel ee. Amaal Liibaanay meel Stockholm boqorka Swedish by. Ka dib markii la helo abaalmarinta ee Nobel Prize ee abaalmarinahaas Suugaanta leeyihiin 6 bilood ilaa samatabbixin muxaadaro ku saabsan mowduuca ee ay shaqadooda. Tani waa xaalad lagama maarmaan u helo abaalmarinta.

Go'aanka ku saabsan oo la guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee suugaanta, Academy Swedish helo, ku salaysan ee Stockholm, iyo sidoo kale guddiga Nobel laftiisa, taas oo marka la akhriyo oo kaliya tirada codsadeyaasha, oo aan sheegin magacyadooda. Nidaamka laftiisa waa doorashada ee xogo, kuwaas oo mararka qaarkood sababa dhaleecayn cadhooday, oo leexinaaya sheegay in abaal marinta la siiyo sababo siyaasadeed halkii guulihii suugaanta. Doodda ugu weyn ee, kaas oo la siiyey in cadaymo - waxaa bypassed premium Nabokov, Tolstoy, Bohres Joyce. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, liiska qorayaasha heshay weli waa mid cajiib ah. Of guusha Nobel Prize Ruush for Suugaanta Prize - shan qorayaasha. dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid Baro, eeg hoos.

Nobel Prize ee suugaanta 2014 waxaa la guddoonsiiyey 107 jeer, waxa uu ahaa Patrick Modiano, qoraa Faransiis iyo sameeyay. In uu yahay, tan iyo 1901, milkiilayaasha abaalmarinta waa 111 qorayaasha (maxaa yeelay, afar jeer ayay abaal laba qoraa oo waqti isku mid ah).

Si aad u qor dhammaan ku guuleysatay iyo isu bartaan iyaga ka mid ah - waa waqti dheer ah. The ugu caansan iyo booqday Nobel Prize ee suugaanta iyo shuqulladii ay la bixiyaa si aad u fiiro.

1. William Golding, 1983

William Golding heshay abaalmarinta ah ee uu tixaha caanka ah, taas oo uu shaqada, waxaa jira 12 ugu fiican u yaqaan, "Rabbiga Duqsiyada" iyo "dhaxla The" waxay ka mid yihiin buugaag-fiican iibinta qoray Laureates Nobel. novel ah "Sayidka Duqsiyada ah", la sii daayay 1954, keenay warkiisii caalami ah si ay u qoraaga. Dhaleeceyn inta badan waxaa lala bar bar novel ah "The Catcher in Rye ee" by degree JD Salinger ay muhiimada u tahay horumarka suugaanta iyo fikirka casriga ah guud ahaan.

2. Toni Morrison, 1993

Nobel Prize for suugaanta - nin oo ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale haweenka. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid Toni Morrison. qoraaga American Tani dhashay qoys xoogsatada ah ee Ohio. Diiwaan gelinta ee Jaamacadda Howard, halkaas oo ay ka baratay suugaanta iyo luqadda Ingiriisiga, waxay bilowday inay shuqulladiisa qoro. novel The ugu horeysay, "The Eye Bluest" (1970), waxaa lagu qoray ku salaysan sheeko kooban iyada goobo jaamacadda ee qorayaasha. Wuxuu ka mid ahaa shuqullada ugu caansan ee Toni Morrison waa. Waxa kale oo ka mid ah iyada sheeko, "Sula," oo lagu daabacay 1975, waxaa u sharaxan abaalmarinta National Kitaabka Maraykanka.

3. Dzhon Steynbek, 1962

shuqullada ugu caansan Steinbeck ee - "East of Eden," "The Canab oo Cadaabka," "Jiirka iyo Ragu." In 1939, novel ah "The Canab oo Cadaabka" noqday loo iibsado a, iibinta ka badan 50,000 oo nuqul, oo maanta tiradoodu ka badan tahay 75 million. Ilaa 1962, qoraaga ayaa loo magacaabay abaalmarinta siddeed jeer, oo wuxuu u maleeyey in isaga qudhiisa aan istaahilin abaalmarinta sida. Iyo dhaleecayn badan US xusay in uu tixaha ka dib waa wax badan ka nugul yihiin hore, iyo si xun u jawaabay oo ku saabsan xaflad this. In 2013, markii ay dhigooda ah dukumentiyada qaar ka mid ah Academy Swedish ah (kuwaas oo qarsoodi ah oo si dhow ula dhawray muddo 50 sano ah), waxaa u cadaatay in qoraa waxaa la guddoonsiiyey maxaa yeelay waxa ay ahayd in sanadkan ee "ee shirkadda ugu wanaagsan xun."

4. Ernest Hemingway, 1954

Qoraaga Tani waxa ay ahayd mid ka mid ah sagaal guuleystay abaalmarinta suugaanta, oo ay ahayd mid aan abaal ugu leh shuqulka oo dhan iyo wax soo saarka gaarka ah, kuwaas oo novel ah "Old Man The iyo badda." Waa shaqada ah ugu horaysay la daabacay 1952, keenay qoraaga inay 1953 ee soo socota,, iyo abaalmarinta kale sharafeedka - Prize Pulitzer ah.

Isla sanadkaas guddiga Nobel ee Hemingway ku jira liiska musharaxiinta, laakiin guusha abaalmarinta noqday wakhtigaas, Winston Churchill, kuwaas oo markii uu hore u soo jeestay 79 sano jir ah, oo sidaas daraaddeed waxaa la go'aamiyay in aadan sii wadin abaalmarinta of Prize. Oo Ernest Hemingway ahaa guusha u qalantay abaalmarinta ee soo socota, 1954.

5. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, 1982

Nobel Prize for Suugaanta ee 1982, waxaa ka mid ahaa in tirada dadka ah ee Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Waxa uu ahaa qoraaga ugu horeeyay ee ka Colombia kaasoo abaal Academy Swedish ah. kulubtiisa, waxaan ka mid ah oo waa muujiyo "Chronicle geeri sheegeen", "Dayrta of Wadaad" iyo "Love in Time ee daacuunka," noqday shuqullada-fiican iibinta ee Spanish qoraal ah, in ay taariikhda. novel ah "Boqol Sano cidlada ah" (1967), taas oo ku guuleystay kale Nobel Prize, Pablo Neruda, loo yaqaan ugu weyn ka dib markii Cervantes ' "Don Quixote" sheeko abuur oo Isbaanish, lagu turjumay in ka badan 25 luqadood, iyo wareegga guud ee alaabta ahaa in ka badan 50 milyan oo nuqul.

6. Semyuel Bekket, 1969

Nobel Prize for Suugaanta ee 1969, waxaa la guddoonsiiyey in Samuel Beckett. Qoraaga Irish waa mid ka mid ah wakiilada ugu caansan ee modernismen. Waxa uu ahaa kii, wada jir ah ula Ezhenom Ionesku aasaasay caanka ah "masraxa of macquul ah." Semyuel Bekket shuqulladiisa ku qoray laba luuqadood - Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis. Ilmuhu wuxuu ugu caansan ka mid ah uu qalinka ahayd cayaarta "Sugitaanka Godot", ku qoran Faransiis. Ka shaqeeya ka dib markii goob ay. The characters weyn ee dhan play la filayo Godot ah, taas oo ka dhigi lahaa qaar ka mid ah dareenka ee jiritaankooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma uusan u muuqan, si akhristaha ama siladda leedahay in ay go'aan ka in ay ahayd, waayo, sanamkiisii la.

Beckett ahayd jeclaan of ciyaaro chess, guulo la dumarka, laakiin horseeday nolol halkii muuqdo. Xitaa yimaadaan si ay xafladda, wuxuu isku mid ma ahayn in abaalmarinta Nobel Prize, diraya meeshiisii uu publisher Jerome Lindon.

7. Uilyam Folkner, 1949

Nobel Prize for Suugaanta ee 1949, u baxay inuu William Faulkner. Waxa uu sidoo kale hore u diiday inay tagaan Stockholm abaalmarinta, laakiin ugu danbeyn uu aaminsiiyey gabadhii in ay. Madaxweynaha Maraykanka Dzhon Kennedi isaga martiqaad si ay casho abaabulan oo lagu sharfayo Nobel Prize diray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Faulkner, inuu nolol isugu "iyo qoraa oo beeralay ah", in erayada isaga u gaar ah loo tixgeliyo, ayaa diiday in la aqbalo martiqaad, xiganaya da 'weyn.

The tixaha ugu caansan oo caanka ah ee qoraaga waa "Sound iyo cadho" iyo "Sida aan sakaraadaysay." Laakiin guusha shuqullo kuwan ma kolkiiba ma aha, waayo muddo dheer, waxay si dhib leh iibiyey. novel ah "The Sound iyo cadho ah," oo lagu daabacay 1929, ee 16 sano ee ugu horreeya ka dib markii la baahiyay ayaa lagu iibin wareegga ah saddex kun oo nuqul. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 1949, markii la helo oo ka mid ah qoraaga Nobel Prize, sheeko this ayaa tusaale u ah suugaanta classical of America.

In 2012 ee UK u soo baxay edition gaar ah ee shaqada this, taas oo qoraalka la daabacay 14 midabyo kala duwan, wixii la sameeyey codsiga qoraaga si akhristaha in ay aragto ee diyaaradaha waqti kala duwan. novel edition Limited lacag si ay nuqul oo kaliya 1.480 oo markiiba iibiyeen ka dib markii la sii daayo. Haddaba qiimaha this koob ee buugga dhif ah ayaa lagu qiyaasay oo ku saabsan 115 kun rubles.

8. Doris Lessing, 2007

Nobel Prize for Suugaanta ee 2007, waxaa la siiyay Doris Lessing. qoraa iyo Abwaan UK heshay abaalmarinta ah ee da'da 88 sano jir ah oo noqday milkiilaha waxaa ka mid ah. Waxay sidoo kale noqday qof dumar kow (13), ku guulaystay Nobel Prize.

Lessing ma lahayn caan fara badan dhexdooda dhaleecayn tan iyo markii ay dhif qoray ku saabsan mawduucyo la xiriira cadaadinaya arrimaha bulshada, waxaa inta badan xitaa loo yaqaan waxbarista Sufi dacaayad, ku wacdiyaya renunciation waxyaalaha Dhaw. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida laga soo xigtay majaladda The Times, author this qaadataa meel shanaad ee liiska 50 qorayaasha weyn British, ka dib markii la daabacay 1945.

The shaqo ugu caansan ee Doris Lessing tixgeliyo novel ah "The Golden qorka", sii daayay sanadkii 1962. Eedaha qaar ayaa waxa ay u yeelaan noocyo ka mid ah tiraab doodaa classical, laakiin qoraaga dhabta ah la opinion this diidan.

9. Alber Kamyu 1957

Nobel Prize for Suugaanta, oo helay qorayaasha Faransiis. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah, qoraa, weriye, essayist, ka soo jeedo dalka Algeria, Alber Kamyu, waa "qalbi Western." Shuqulkiisa ugu caansan waxaa lagu daabacay 1942 ee France, sheekada "banaanka". turjumaad English, iibka bilaabay la sameeyey sanadkii 1946, oo markii horeba ku jiray dhowr sano, inta koobi iibin jiray in ka badan 3.5 million.

Albera Kamyu badanaa loo yaqaan wakiillo ka existentialism, laakiinse ma uu raacsan tahay iyo si adag u beeniyay qeexidda noocan oo kale ah. Sidaas daraaddeed, in hadalka ah ee Nobel Prize, wuxuu sheegay in uu shaqada damcay inuu "ka fogaadaan been u dejisey iyo iska caabin dulmi."

10. Elis Manro, 2013

In 2013, ee u sharaxan abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee suugaanta waxaa ka mid ahaa in ay liiska Elis Manro. Wakiilka of Kanada, tani novellistka caanka ah ee nooca sheekada gaaban. ku qoro, iyadu hore bilaabay, oo leh toban sano, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ururinta horta ee hoos magaca "qoob faraxsanahay of hooskii" shaqeeya waxaa la daabacay kaliya ee 1968, markii qoraaga waxay mar hore ku soo jeestay 37 sano jir ah. In 1971 muuqday ururinta ee soo socda, "nolosha gabdhaha iyo haweenka," taas oo dhaleecayn ugu yeedhay "sheeko waxbarashada". shuqullo kale suugaanta Her ka mid ah buugaagta: "yaa waxaa aad, dhab ahaantii, waa in?" "baxsadka The," "satalayt Jupiter", "farxad aad u badan." Sida laga soo xigtay mid ka mid ah loo ururin ay, "The nacayb, saaxiibtinimo, saaxibo, jacayl, guurka," oo lagu daabacay 2001, xitaa tegey film a Canadian loo yaqaan "Away Her ka", by Sara Polli faray. Inta badan buugga caanka ah ee qoraaga waxaa loo arkaa ah "Road of Life", lagu daabacay 2012.

Munro waxaa badanaa loo yaqaan "Canadian Chekhov", sida qaabka of qorayaasha si isku mid ah kuwan. Like qoraa Ruush ah, waxaa lagu gartaa xaqiiqo cilmi nafsiga iyo Hufnaan.

Nobel Prize Suugaanta ee Russia

Si aad u taariikhda, kooxda heysata abaalmarinta shan qorayaasha Ruush. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah ahaa horumoodka ah I. A. Bunin.

1. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, 1933

Waa qoraa si fiican u yaqaan Ruush iyo Abwaan, Master of tiraab macquul ah, waa xubin sharafeed ee St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences ah. In 1920, Ivan u haajireen France, iyo marka la siiyo abaalmarinta xusay in Academy Swedish ah u dhaqmeen si aad u geesinimo, darto qoraa-haajirad. Ka mid ah musharixiinta waxaa ku qoran iyo qoraa kale Ruush, Maxim Gorky, si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan sabab u ah in la sii daayo in print by markii ugu buugga "The Life of Arseniev" saadaaliyay in dulmiga weli dhinaca Ivan abaalmarinta sanadkan ee.

gabayo First Bunin bilaabay qoraal da'da 7-8 sano. Later, out of shuqulladiisa caanka: novel ah "The Village", a collection of "Suhodol", buugga "John Rydalets", "mudane ka San Francisco", iwm In 20 ee iyagu waxay ku qoran. "Rose Yerixoo" (1924) iyo " cudur qorrax "(1927). Iyo 1943 waxay u yimaadeen inay u iftiimin sare ee hal-abuurka ee Ivan Alexandrovich, a collection of sheekooyinka "Dark luuqyo". Buuggan waxaa ka go'an in ay kaliya hal mawduuc - jeclahay "madow" iyo dhinaca mugdi ah, sida qoraaga qoray in mid ka mid ah waraaqaha uu.

2. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, 1958

Nobel Prize for Suugaanta ka Russia ee 1958 ka mid ahaa in ay liiska Borisa Leonidovicha Pasternaka. Abwaan ayaa la siiyay abaalmarinta in waqtigan adag. Wuxuu ayaa lagu qasbay in ay ka tanaasulaan halis xiriirka Ruush. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Guddiga Nobel ku tilmaamay fashilka of Pasternak sida khasabka ah, 1989, ku wareejiyay bilad iyo shahaado ka dib markii uu ina dhimasho qora ee. sheeko caan ah "Doctor Zhivago" waa run axdiga farshaxanka Pasternak. shaqada waxaa la qoray 1955. Alber Kamyu, guuleystay 1957, ayaa sheegay in ka mid ah sheeko la jaceylka.

3. Mihail Aleksandrovich Sholohov, 1965

In 1965 M. A. Sholohovu waxaa la guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta Nobel Prize xagga suugaanta. Russia ayaa mar kale cadeeyay inuu yahay dunida in uu leeyahay tayo qorayaasha. ayaa mustaqbalkiisa ciyaareed ka bilaabay suugaaneed ka wakiil ah oo xaqiiqo, iyagoo muujinayay in ay is burinaya qoto dheer ee hadda hantiwadaagga nolosha, Sholokhov, si kastaba ha ahaatee, in shuqullada qaar ka mid ah ayaa la qabtay. Inta lagu guda jiro Prize hadalka Nobel Mihail Aleksandrovich ah, kaas oo xusay in ku qoray doonayeen inay ku ammaaneen "shaqaalaha qaranka, oo kuwii ku dhisayna iyo geesiyaal."

In 1926 wuxuu bilaabay inuu sheeko weyn "Oo Deggan qulqulka Don ah", iyo waxa la dhameeyey 1940, muddo dheer ka hor inta uu guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee suugaanta. shuqullada Sholokhov ee lagu daabacay xabbadood, oo ay ku jiraan "Deggan qulqulka Don ah". In 1928, mahad qayb ka si kor loogu qaado A. S. Serafimovicha, oo saaxiib la ah Michael, saxaafadda lahaa qaybta hore. Tani waa mugga labaad waxaa la daabacay sanadka soo socda. saddexaad ayaa waxaa lagu daabacay sano ee 1932-1933, waxa uu leeyahay, iyadoo ay gargaar iyo taageero ah Gorky. Afraad iyo kan ugu dambeeya, oo la daabacay 1940. novel Tani waxay aad muhiim ugu ah Ruush, iyo suugaanta adduunka ahaa. Waxaa lagu turjumey luqado badan, waxa ay noqotay saldhig u opera caanka ah Ivana Dzerzhinskogo, iyo sidoo kale waxyaalaha ka soo baxa masrixiyada badan iyo filimada.

Qaar ka mid ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, lagu eedeeyay in Qishka Sholokhov (oo ay ku jiraan A. I. Solzhenitsyn), ka fiirsaneysa in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah shaqada ayaa la qori ka gacmeedyada ku F. D. Kryukova, qoraa Cossack ah. cilmi kale ayaa xaqiijisay qoray ee Sholokhov.

Intaa waxaa dheer in shaqo this, abuuray iyo "Ciid Virgin Upturned" Sholokhov ee 1932, shuqul narrating taariikhda collectivization jawi Cossack ah. In 1955 yimid cutubkii ugu horeeyay ee mugga labaad, iyo dhammeeyey ee ugu danbeysay ee hore 1960.

sheeko saddexaad waxaa la daabacay dabayaaqadii 1942, "Waxay u diriray dalkooda."

4. Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, 1970

Abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee suugaanta sanadii 1970, waxaa la siiyay A. I. Solzhenitsynu. Aleksandr Isaevich u aqbalay, laakiin xaflada abaalmarinta in ay ka qayb kuma uu dhicin, maxaa yeelay, wuxuu ka cabsanayay dowladda Soviet, taas oo ka fiirsaday go'aanka Guddiga Nobel sida "siyaasad colaadeed." Solzhenitsyn ka cabsannay inuu kuma soo laaban doono ka dib markii safar this, inkasta oo Nobel Prize ee suugaanta ee 1970, uu ka helay, si kor loogu qaado sharafta dalkeena. In uu shaqada, ayuu taabtay arrimaha fiiqan dhaqan-siyaasadeed, si firfircoon diriray shuuciyad iyo fikrado iyo siyaasadaha xoogga Soviet ay.

Waxaa ka mid ah shuqullo waaweyn ee Aleksandra Isaevicha Solzhenitsyna ka mid ah: "Maalin maalmaha ka mid Ivana Denisovicha" (1962), sheekada "Matryona", novel ah "The Circle First" (qoraal ah 1955 si 1968), "The Gulag Jasiiradaha" (1964-1970). Shaqada ugu horaysay la daabacay ahayd sheeko gaaban "One Day ee Denisovicha Ivana ah", taas oo u muuqatay in majaladda "New World". Qoraalkan ismaandhaafka dan weyn iyo jawaabo badan oo ka akhristayaasha, taas oo u waxyoonay qoraaga si ay u abuuraan "Gulag Jasiiradaha The." In 1964, sheekada ugu horeysay Aleksandra Isaevicha waxaa la gudoonsiiyey Nobel Lenin ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sannad ka dib, wuxuu badiyay meesha uu maamulka Soviet, iyo shuqulladiisii mamnuucay print. Uu novel "The Gulag Jasiiradaha", "The Circle First" iyo "Cancer Ward" ayaa dibadda la daabacay, kaas oo sanadkii 1974 qoraa la diiday jinsiyadda, oo waxaa lagu qasbay in ay haajiraan. Kaliya 20 sano ka dib, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan in ay guriga ku soo noqdo. In 2001-2002, waxaa jira shaqo weyn oo Solzhenitsyn ee "laba boqol oo sannadood Wadajir". Aleksandr Isaevich dhintay sanadkii 2008.

5. doisprezece Aleksandrovich Brodsky 1987

Dadka haysta abaalmarinta Nobel Prize xagga suugaanta ee 1987, ku biiray safafka I. A. Brodskim. In 1972, qoraaga ayaa lagu qasbay in ay hijroodaan si Mareykanka, si encyclopedia caalamiga ah xitaa waxa ay ku baaqeysaa in American. Ka mid ah qorayaasha, kuwaas oo ku guulaystay abaalmarinta Nobel Prize, isagu waa kii ugu yaraa. lyrics uu, Wuxuu dunida ku conceptualized sida hay'ad dhaqanka iyo metaphysical, oo tilmaamaya aragtida kooban oo nin sida maadada aqoonta.

Doisprezece Aleksandrovich qoray ma aha oo kaliya in Ruush laakiin sidoo kale gabayo Ingiriisi, maqaalo, dhaleeceyn suugaanta. Isla markii la daabaco ee West of buug uu qoray ugu horeysay, 1965, Brodsky in warkiisii caalamiga yimid. Waxaa ka mid ah buugaagta ugu wanaagsan ee qoraaga waa: "deked markab aan bogsan karin", "Qayb ka mid ah hadalka", "Muuqaal daad leh," "End of Era ah Beautiful", "Jooji lamadegaanka dhexdiisa" iyo kuwa kale.