Qadaadiic maxkamadaha Ruush

Mintiyada - shirkado soo saarta nooca, kuwaas oo hawlaha ugu muhiimsan waa in bireed ee lacagta birta ah, wax soo saarka ee amarada, bilado iyo calaamadaha kale ee kala duwan. History of ganacsi galaa ee la soo dhaafay ka fog, wakhtigii bilawga nidaam lacageed. mintiyada Maanta jira shirkado nooca teknoolojiyad sare in ay soo saaraan lacagta birta ah codsi ka yimid Bangiga Gobolka. All saarayaasha ayaa ka shaqeyneysa in howlgalka heer sare ah xogo.

Noocyada xawaashka iyo qayb ka mid ah taariikhda

Mintiyada noqon kartaa dadweynaha, kuwaas oo ay u fuliyaan amarada Bankiga Dhexe. Waxaa jira ururo gaar ah oo la mid ah oo ku takhasustay soo saarka ee biladood, suldada iyo taargooyinka liisan. Waayo, nooc kasta oo sifo ganacsi oo Eebahood Agtiisa ah stamp gaar ah in lagu dabaqo lacagta birta ah oo dhan. Lahaanshaha qadaadiicda gobolka iyo nooca dhulka la go'aamiyo isticmaalaya sumadda. Xusuuso hore ee this category ka mid ah wax soo saarka waxaa ku taariikhaysan BC qarnigii 5aad. The mintiyada hore waxaa ku jiray in Athens. Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 2aad saarka BC kacsanayd ka macbudka Theseus in macbudka Juno. Horeba ka dib 115 sano ka dhalashada Masiixa barxadda aan joogay Coliseum Roomaanka. Ka dib markii muuqaalka kore ee dhirta ee Rome, Lyon, Constantinople, waxay faafin Sicily iyo Aquileia adduunka oo dhan.

The yards ugu horeysay ee Russia: fikrado taariikhiga ah

Waxay jeelyihiin in dhibaato in la qiyaaso waxa uu ahaa ee la soo dhaafay, reexaanta ah. Photos halka aan sameeyey, Dakatu ayaa la sii raagayaan. Waxaa jira alala kaliya. Waxaa jira cadaymo muujinaya in soo jeedisay in ganacsatada lagu wareejiyay gacmaha shaqsiyaad gaar ah galay, hawlaha kuwaas oo mustaqbalka in ay gutaan kormeer adag. Dadka ku hawlan coinage, ayaa dhaafi cashuurta iyo takaaliifta. Waxay sharaf u eego mamnuucidda on xeer ee dhammaan falalka kale oo aan ahayn dil, dhac iyo khiyaamo. taariikhda ayaa tilmaamaya in ugu horrayn mintiyada gayiga Russia casriga ah ee la soo dhaafay soo shaqeeyay magaalooyinka Greek markii ugu markii Theodosius iyo Gorgippia, maanta loo yaqaan Anapa. Raad saarka sida ayaa lagu arkay Derbent iyo Tmutarakani.

dayrka ugu horeysay ee Moscow: aragti iyo malo

Abaabulan coinage ee Moscow, sida uu ku qiyaasay hordhaca ah, iyo cilmi bilaabay inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Ivana Donskogo (1362-1389 GG.). No macluumaad ku saabsan maxkamada iyo meesha aan ka jirin ee qoraalada taariikhiga ah, xaqiiqada ah in uu joogitaanka ahaa kaliya la aasaasay oo ku salaysan falanqaynta ee lacagta birta ah ee ka dambeeya waqtiga. lacag First Moscow ayaa lagu qurxiyey fariimihii Ruush iyo Carabi iyaga on laga diiwaan xiriir stamp teknoolajiyada sameeyey badan.

Sheegaye ee taariikhda

Maxkamadaha Ruush qadaadiic, jiritaanka kaas oo si rasmi ah duubay, aasaasay ee 14-15 qarniyo. Waqtigaas, dalka keentay John III. Coinage lagu qaaday ma aha oo kaliya in Moscow, laakiin sidoo kale in magaalooyinka sida Pskov, Novgorod iyo Tver. coinage u dhaxaysa 16 ilaa 17 jir ayaa la aaminay münzmeister. dhaqanka Tani waxa ay ahayd baahsan ee Europe. Waxaa sidoo kale jira ayaa sheegay in qarnigii 15aad ee Moscow shaqeeyay shirkadaha dawladdu leedahay oo keliya ma aha, laakiin sidoo kale siminaaro lacageed amiirrada shaqsi nooc dalkaasi. The ugu horeysay duubay "The Emperor" yard u yimid ka dib markii mid ka mid ah marka hore lacagta u habaynta Elena Glinsky in muddada u dhaxaysa 1535 by 1538. Shirkadda waxa la bilaabay oo ku yaalla waddada Varvarka. Dhacdadani waxa ay ku calaamadsan bilowgii Midaynta nidaamka lacagta Ruush. Mintiyada Russia qarniyo badan ka hor soo saaray uniform iyo miisaamidda iyo muuqaalka ah ee lacagta birta ah, kaas oo la baahan yahay si ay u helaan dhul dhan ee gobolka Ruush. Embossing waxaa fuliyey gacanta, oo waxay u adeegeen sidii wax soo saarka ee xarigga lacag ah. silig waxaa markii hore googooyaa siman yimaa-, ka dibna ku tuujiyey. Ka dibna uu bilaabo ejection gacanta of images iyo fariimihii ku workpieces siman.

Dhexe ee maamulka lacagta caddaanka

In 1595, hay'adda la aasaasay oo hoos amarada magaca Money. Ururka fuliya gacanta coinage oo ku hadlaya magaca gobolka. Talaabadani waxay ahayd aasaaska dhexe dhaqaalaha lacagtii oo dhan. All mintiyada, kuwaas oo wakhtigaas shaqeeyay dalka, helay magacaabista ah oo rasmi ah, oo waxay lahaayeen si ay u xusaan saarkooda.

• Maxkamadda Moscow - "M" ama "MO".
• yard Novgorod - "B. LAAKIIN ".
• Pskov dayrka - "SS."

shirkadaha qadaadiic ku shaqeeya ee Russia 15-20 qarniyo

Jawaabta su'aasha ah ee sida si ay u qeexaan, reexaanta, fududaatay in la siiyo ka dib markii shirkad kasta helay Calaamadayn taaj u gaar ah. Sheeg laga sameeyey ka dib markii wax soo saarka, kuwaas oo ka qayb qaatay bireed ee lacagta birta ah:

• yard Red, ama Shiinaha. Waxay ku taalaa meel u dhow derbiga Kitai-Gorod. The obverse iyo beddelo lacagta qadaadiicda noqday calaamad u ah "CD", "SSC", "MM". shaqo-soo-saarka ee muddada u dhaxaysa 1697 in 1979. Yard soo saaray lacagta qadaadiicda oo dahab ah, iyo lacagta, iyo naxaasta la rating a kala duwan ee qaranka nooc. Waxaan sameeyey iyo lacagta birta ah ee gaarka ah. Reexaanta lacag-daayo, waayo, gobollada bari iyo Prussia.
• Kadashevsky yard ee Kadashevskaya Sloboda. Waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan Hamovnym, Zamoskvoretsky, Navy iyo Admiralty. The obverse iyo dambe ee calaamadaha fuliyeen "MM" iyo "MD", "MDZ" iyo "DMD", "M" iyo "Moscow", "Buoni Buoni." shaqo-soo-saarka ee muddada u dhaxaysa 1701 in 1736. Arrinta lagu qabtay oo dahab ah, copper iyo lacag qadaadiic ah ee madaahibta kala duwan. qadaadiicda Copper ayaa la soo saaray ee wax soo saarka gaarka ah ee waaxda tan iyo 1704.
• barxadda copper deked markab ee Kremlin. lacagta birta ah ayaa la qabtay calaamadaha sida "taago" iyo "NDZ", "NDM". ka 1699 waxa uu ka shaqeeyay in 1727, soo saaray lacagta birta ah oo dhan madaahibta.
• St. Petersburg, ama Imperial, Buoni waxaa la aasaasay on dhulka ee qalcadda ee 1724. Sumadayn eegtahay - a "St. Petersburg" iyo "JMP", "SP" iyo "CM". Waxaan ka shaqeeyay ilaa waqti sida la sii daayo lacagta dawladda Saarka la joojiyey. Markaasuu wuxuu soo kaxaystay qayb firfircoon ee lacagta birta ah naxaas qabtay ka.
• barxadda Ekaterinburg soo saaray lacagta birta ah la "EM" sal iyo "Yekaterinburg". Wuxuu ka shaqeeyey in muddo ah ka soo 1727 si ay u 1876. Issue of qadaadiicda kaabaya wareegyada saarka ee mintiyada kale.

Waxaa xusid mudan in la xuso shirkadaha sida Imperial, reexaanta iyo Anninsky ( "AM"), Kolyvan ( "KM" iyo "Kolyvan copper") iyo Suzunsky ( "CM") Sestrovetsky ( "CM") iyo Kolpinsky ( "KM"), Tauride ( "TM") iyo Tiflissky, Warsaw ( "VM», «MW») iyo Helsingfors.

Production in aan isticmaalin suldada ay

sumadda reexaanta kuu ogolaanayaa inaad si loo ogaado goorta iyo meesha a qadaadiic heshaan gaar ah soo saaray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhda maxkamadaha Ruush ahaayeen baahsan, kuwaas oo aan isticmaalaan insignia iyo tuntay on unugyada lacageed ee ceebeynta of warshadaha kale. yard bangiga iyo dhirta Rosenkranz, maxkamadda Paris iyo Strasbourg, Birmingham iyo Izhora, maxkamadda Brussels iyo Avestsky. Waxaa intaa dheer, mintiyada qaar ka mid ah, sida Red ama St. Petersburg, isticmaali kartaa in insignia shaqada Kadashevsky iyo wareeg Copper Maxkamadda, ururada la midka ah ay kale, taas oo si weyn u adkeysay shaqada of taariikhyahanadu.

Coinage ee RSFSR iyo USSR

In RSFSR ee loo garto, reexaanta soo saaray lacag ka caawiyay sal ah:

• "AG" - ka xarfaha of Hartmann, oo ahaa madaxa wakhtiga qaybin lacagta in ilaa 1923.
• "PL" - xarfaha ku Latysheva, sare tan iyo 1924.
• "TR" - ka xarfaha ee Thomas Ross, qeybiyey sare lacageed ee maxkamadda London.

sumadda reexaanta in muddada Midowga Soofiyeeti ahaa laba nooc:

• "LMD" ama "L" - Leningrad Buoni.
• "MMD" ama "M" - Moscow Buoni.

Calaamad waxa uu sameeyaa oo u qabata nooc ka mid ah calaamad ka tirsan wax soo saarka ah qadaadiic gaar ah. Astaanta waxaa laga yaabaa in qaab warqado, ama loo soo bandhigi karaa sida hannaankii format monogram ama ku ganaya.

Russia oo casri ah

In Russia oo casri ah, lacagta qadaadiicda ah waxaa laga heli karaa sal soo socda: "MMD" iyo "SPMD" - oo ay ka hadlaan sii daayo ama in Moscow ama St. Petersburg Buoni. Tan iyo 1991, oo ku saabsan lacagta waxaa la qaatay in ay ku riday calaamadaha sida "M", "L", "SSC" iyo "LMD". Tan iyo muddadaas ee 1997 - waa "M", "C-P" iyo "SSC", "SPMD". Labada characters hore lacagta shubo qaab monogram ah. Qadaadiic Russia, tan iyo 1997-kii lagu qurxiyey ereyada "M", "C-P", "SSC" iyo "SPMD" monogram in format. On the Shilimaad yar oo madaahibta of 1, 5, 10 iyo 50 senti calaamad lagu arki karaa dhinaca midig ka yar kala jeexan yahay. Calaamadaha "M" iyo "P-P" ee lacagta birta ah la madaahibta of 1, 2 iyo 5 rubles ku yaal hoos gorgorka oo ciddiyihii orsada ayaa xaq. Monogram "SPMD" waxaa laga arki karaa on raso xusuus ee madaahibta of 10 rubles Ruush. Waxay ku taalaa on obverse ah, kaliya ka yar "10 rubles" qorraa.

Sidee waa arrinta lacagta birta ah ee 2015

Bankiga Dhexe ee Russia, tan iyo 1992, sannad kasta waxa ay soo saartaa lacagta qadaadiicda xusuus format sida oo qaali ah oo aan qaali ah. Waxaa intaa dheer, si nidaamsan qaadeen arrinta lacagta qadaadiicda maalgashiga, kuwaas oo si buuxda u qabtay ka birta qaaliga ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, sidii hore, on kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah u dhali, reexaanta ah. habka Roomaanka waxaa lagu fuliyaa ee qaabka guud ee warshadu hawada ugu weyn oo la qorsheeyay hawlaha lagu jiro sanadkii hore. Qorshaha qadaadiic ansixiyeen hoggaanka Bankiga Dhexe ka dibna kaalinta on goobta rasmiga ah ee dambaysta ah. Mid kasta oo qadaadiic ururiyaha saaray labada Moscow ama St. Petersburg Buoni. Tani nayaa raadinta jawaab su'aasha ku saabsan sida si ay u qeexaan Buoni ah. Qadaadiic waxaa lagu qurxiyey characters gaar ah, kuwaas oo hadda waa kaliya 4. Bankiga Dhexe ee dalka waxa uu xaq u lahayn in la qaybiyo qadaadiicda collectible ka mid ah shaqsiyaadka. qaybiyaha ugu muhiimsan waa Sberbank. Qadaadiic asal iibsaday by ruxruxo ugu horeysay saarka kuwaas oo markii dambe iyaga iska iibiso qiimo ah buunbuuniyo.

Dowladda ayaa qorshaynaysa 2015

Iyadoo la tixraacayo qorshaha of qiiqa ee 2015 lagu qaban doono dabagalka laba nooc oo ah lacagta maalgelinta. qadaadiic xusuus 73 iyo 12 qadaadiic qaaliga xusuus bir saldhig in la soo saaray sannadka oo dhan. In mustaqbalka, waa in ay sii wadaan wax soo saarka ee taxanaha ah, ka hor bilaabay: "City of Military ka nasahan" iyo "Heer Dadku of Russia". qadaadiic ugu qaalisan taariikhda dalka taariikhda dib u 1999 oo uu qiimo ku magacaaban of 5 senti. Qiimaha saxda ah waa la garanayn, laakiin waxa ay ilaa hadda ay lacagtaasi ka badan 100 kun oo rubles ee Xaraashyada furan. Noocyadaas ee lacagta birta ah gaar ahaan qiimeeyaan numismatists.