Shuuciga xisbiga US, markii la aasaasay, fikirka, hawlaha

In 1919, ee nolosha u dhaqdhaqaaqa siyaasadda American kaasoo la wadaago fikirka ah ee Marxism-Leninism, waxay ahayd dhacdo muhiim ah, oo ah laba kooxood oo ugu waaweyn ay, mid ka mid ah kaas oo uu madax u Charles Ruthenberg, iyo kii labaad oo Dzhon Rid, u suurtagashay in ay midoobaan, oo ay sabab u tahay waxa uu ku dhashay ee xisbiga shuuciga ah ee Maraykanka ee America .

Bilow formation xisbiga

Tan iyo bilowgii jiritaankeeda, waxaa yimid hoos saxaafadda adag ee American Justice, noqday shayga of taxane ah oo tallaabooyin milatari oo loogu talagalay la dagaalanka waxa loogu yeero "khatartan cas". Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay dib ugu yeeran ugu yaraan caanka ah "Palmer weerarada" ka dhanka ah Febuary oo soo xigano si dhammaan noocyada, iyo sidoo kale tiro ka mid ah falalka kale ee la midka ah.

Its magaca hadda US shuuciga xisbiga badisay kaliya ee 1929, inta lagu jiro xilliga hore waxaa la odhan jiray xisbiga Workers 'America ee. Waxaa la aqoonsan yahay in qeybtii hore ee qarnigii XX waxay ahayd xisbiga ugu saameynta badan ee dareenka Markis.

Wakhtiyada bixitaankii iyo dhicitaankii

Waxaa ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqa badan oo siyaasadeed oo isku dayaya qaab ama mid kale waxay saamayn ku proletarians American, doorka ugu caansan ee dhaqdhaqaaqa shaqaalaha of sano kuwii u ciyaaray shuuciga xisbiga Maraykanka. Dadka kaligood ah - Encyclopedia weyn Soofiyeeti - siinayaa cadayn in muddo this, in ka badan boqol kun oo qof ayaa xubnihiisa. Sida baadhayaashu, hawlaha xisbiga kahadlay 1939.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hoos u dhaca weyn ee caanka ah ee Communists ah ayaa lagu arkay konton konton ah. Tani waa sababta dad badan ay caddaatay in ay ku dhow iyo, maadaama ay ka leexatay, ma iskaashi danaynayn dowladda ee USSR ah, iyo sidoo kale taageero jiray cayn kasta oo "bidix cusub" iyo "pacifists".

lacag wasakh

Waxa aan ahaa khayaali ah, tan iyo markii diiwaan in xitaa sanadkii 1987, Communists Soofiyeeti lagu wareejiyay xisaabaadka dhigooda dibada ku dhowaad saddex milyan oo dollars. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dibna u yimid perestroika iyo M. S. Gorbachov hor istaagay dakhli maaliyadeed.

Sida ogaaday, in sannadihii ugu danbeeyay, xisbiga shuuciga ee Maraykanka ma uu CPSU a idler aan waxtar lahayn oo si daacad ah uga warrameen lacagta. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah dhismayaasha ay ahaayeen gacanta si toos ah ugu GRU iyo NKVD. By habka, sida naftooda sida Maraykanka, oo inta badan ah kuwa lagu helo wada shaqeyn la leh adeegga sirdoonka Soviet, waxay ahaayeen xubno ka mid ah xisbiga shuuciga ah.

In July 1948, Congress Maraykanka lagu qabtay dhageysiga dadweynaha kiiska. The markhaatiyaal ugu waaweyni waxay ahaayeen Whittaker Chambers iyo Elizabeth Bentley - wakiilada hore ee Soviet, iyo sidoo kale xubno badan oo xisbiga shuuciga ah, dambiga basaasnimo. Maragooda daliil fariimaha radio irrefutably decrypt ka Mareykanka u diray. Xisbiga shuuciga The, mar hore laga badiyay markii ay caanka ah iyada oo sababtu tahay bixinta kuwaas ayaa helay image of a "column shanaad."

jeer adag

At soo noqdo oo ka mid ah afartameeyaha iyo konton konton ah, oo ku saabsan mid ka mid boqol iyo afartan Communists, oo ay ku jiraan darajo iyo file xubno ka mid ah xisbiga iyo Hawlwadeennada ay, go'aanka maxkamadda lagu xukumay shuruudaha kala duwan oo xabsi ah. The salaysan waayo, taasu waxay ahayd sharciga, loo yaqaan "Smith Act" siinayaa ciqaabo kuwa qaab ama mid kale gacan ka markii la afgembiyey dawladda sharciga ah.

Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in kala duwan ee hawlaha qodobka sharciga dhici ahaa qeexin ku qeexan, iyadoo ay gargaar kuu soo diri karaa xabsi kasta oo objectionable badan, oo inta badan loo isticmaalaa xoogga America. Isla muddadaas, ururka lagu qabtay kulan heer qaran ah, taas waxaa la go'aamiyay in laga saaro ka tiro kow iyo toban ay ururada shaqaalaha ganacsiga, kaas oo ay taageerayaan xisbiga shuuciga ee USA. Sayidka, dhaqdhaqaaqa shaqada ayaa muujiyay in uu jecel yahay in uu iska fogeeyo urur siyaasadeed cadadkii.

"McCarthyism" muddo

Tan iyo bilowgii konton konton ah ee dalka ka bilaabay dhaq-wax-u McCarthyists - taageerayaasha US Senator Dzhozefa Reymonda McCarthy, hadlaya bedbaado firfircoon ee shuuciga iyo caadifo anti-American ee bulshada. Booskiisa ahaa taageero ballaaran ka mid ah dadka ku nool, taas oo sii xumeeyey xaaladda hore u adag, taas oo waxaa jiray xisbiga shuuciga ah ee USA. ganaaxay A ay hawlaha aan la soo rogay, laakiin, si kastaba ha ahaatee, xasilloonida iyo qaab-dhismeedka gudaha ee ururka ay si adag u gariirin.

On top of dhibaatooyin hawlaha shuuciga noqday shayga of cadaadis ku hoos FBI geeyay kuwa sano ee barnaamijka si loo xakameeyo hawlaha dawladda ka soo horjeeda oo basaasnimo. Tani waxa ay ahayd sababta in xubno badan ee caadiga ah ee xisbiga, ma doonaya in ay dhib ka soo baxay xubnaha, iyo kuwa hawlwadeennada ee weli at xorriyad, ku degdegay inuu si cad u qirayaan u daacad ahaanshahooda maamulka.

Badalkooda xisbiga kaalinta demoqaraadiyad

In si demoqaraadiyad ah, xisbiga shuuciga ah ee yar Mareykanka kor u qaadeen hawlaha ay kharash ku soo galo iyada pacifists - xubno ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqa dadweynaha nabadda iyo diidmada dhibaatooyinka caalamiga ah hab military. Isla mar ahaantaana in madaxda sare ee Communists iyo biiray Left Cusub.

Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen wakiillo ka socda ururada ee dareenka Markis, laakiin in ay fikirka ay booskaasi ku xad-dhaaf ah bidix. Waxay ka soo horjeeda la'aanta ah ee ruuxa dunida reer galbeedka, waxay doonayaan waa baahsan kobcinta iyo xad gudub ku ah anshaxa. Madaxda shuuciga ee sano waxay si firfircoon taageeray dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda madaniga ah, madaxa oo markii dambe lagu dilay Martin Luther King.

Xisbiga kala qaybsan tahay dhamaadka tiris ah

farqiga u dhaxeeya Communists iyo xisbiga shuuciga ah ee America ka dhacay ku tiris ah daahay, marka ay dhaleeceeyay Manhajkooda ka fuliyay Russia. xorriyadda noocan oo kale ah ayaa lacag xooray, iyo dareenka truest ee erayga. Tan iyo 1989, Kremlin ayaa joogsatay la siinayo taageero dhaqaale.

La'aanta lacag gariiriyey intransigence caqiideedka of qaar ka mid ah saaxiibo American, iyo fadhiga aan caadiga ahayn ee mid ka mid ah lagu qabtay 1991-kii, wuxuu u yeedhay baxsi ah ee Leninism iyo jaheeyo xagga hantiwadaagga dimuqraadi ah.

Kuwani "refuseniks", qireen, waxay ahaayeen in laga tirada badan yahay, ka dibna wuxuu u soo baxay reer Halabuurka ee xisbiga, aasaasay urur siyaasadeed oo madax bannaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, uu ka tagay, waxay sameeyeen kala ah in madaxda sare ee Communists ah, sidaas si weyn u wiiqay saaxiibadiisi hore xisbiga.

Xisbiga, taas oo beenisay rabshadaha

Ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqa siyaasadeed ee dunida, isagoo odhanaya ay yoolkeeda kama dambaysta ahi kacaanka hantiwadaagga, waxaa haboon iyo USA xisbiga shuuciga. fikirka ah ee xisbiga, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa si buuxda diirada saarayaa kala guurka si nabad ah in foomamka hantiwadaagga ee maamulka iyo qarameynta ee habka aasaasiga ah ee wax soo saarka.

Communists American, on codsigooda, hana ka Aqbalina nooc kasta oo dulmi, loogu talagalay in lagu beddelo nidaamka hadda jira. Si goan sababtoo ah tani ay taariikhda oo dhan, waxaa la mamnuucay by shuuciga xisbiga US ahaa, inkastoo ay si joogta ah waxaa la hoos geliyey in ay cadaadis ka maamulka.

dhaleeceyn Wadajirka ee bulshada ganacsade

Haddii aan is barbar barnaamijka xisbiga shuuciga ah ee America in dokumentiga la mid ah, ay asxaabta Soviet, in ay la socdaan isaga egyihiin badan oo ay soo jiidan doonaan dareenka naftooda, iyo farqi weyn. Waa maxay iyaga mideeya kor dhaleeceyn dhan ee bulshada ka dhisay ku salaysan hantida gaarka loo leeyahay.

Barnaamijka The American, tusaale ahaan, wax badan oo dan u ahaa xaqiiqada ah in shuuciyad casri ah, iyadoo la isticmaalayo awood warbaahinta ay gacanta ku hayaan, si ay u kala soocaan xoogsatada iyo xulufadiisu ay ka dhigaa isticmaalka faraha-badan ee dhaqanka sida khaldan, u doodid ah anti-wadaag, islawayni iyo qaran, anti-Nacayb, homophobia iyo shaqada Mosscare .

habab kala duwan si ay arrimo dhowr ah oo daran

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro ka mid ah dhibcood ee barnaamijka American ka baxsan fikirka ay qaateen Midowga Soofiyeeti. Tusaale ahaan, sinaba uma dhimaayo fikradaha Soviet ah anshax ee ay fikradahooda arrimaha la xiriira dhibaatooyinka galmada iyo jinsiga laga tirada badan yahay. Marka la barbardhigo heerka Soviet fikirka, dibada Communists fiirsan bulshada LGBT sida ciidan horusocod ah, kuwaas oo kaalin ayaa si joogto ah sii kordhaysa ee bulshada, oo noqon kara taageero la isku halleyn karo halganka xaqiijinta himilooyinka.

In ay opinion, homophobia iyo weeraro on xubno ka mid ah beelaha laga tirada badan galmada waa hub ay ku jirtaa gacanta canaasiirta garabka midig, looga jeedo ugu horayn in lagu abuuro kala ah mucaaradka. Barnaamijku wuxuu sheegay in, manaafacaadsiga u fahmaan taxriifiyay ee anshaxa iyo qiyamka qoyska, xaq u leedahay in ay isku dayaan in ay ka faa'iidaystaan homophobia ka mid ah xoogsatada iyo sidaas si ay u soo jiitaan inay dhinaca.

Qodobada ugu muhiimsan ee barnaamijka American shuuciga

Mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ku saabsan barnaamijka of Communists American dhawaaqo halganka xuquuqda dadka laga tirada galmada. Dabcan, wax la mid ah dhigooda Soviet marnaba .Weli. Waxaa jira kala duwanaansho badan oo kale oo aasaasi ah in barnaamijyada shuuciga, kala badda.

Maanta, qodobada ugu muhiimsan ee barnaamijka xisbiga shuuciga ah ee America waa inay u dagaalamaan midnimada xoogsatada iyo caabiga nooc kasta oo takoor ah qowmiyadaha, homophobia iyo cunsuriyadda. Mid ka mid ah shuruudaha waa in la dhiso mushaharka qaran ugu yaraan laba iyo toban doolar saacad, iyo joojinta cadaadis ah muhaajiriin sharci-darro. Intaa waxaa dheer, Communists ku adkaysanayaan on bixitaankii ciidamada ka Ciraaq iyo hoos u of miisaaniyadda ciidamada.

Xisbiga badbaaday cadowgooda

Maanta, xisbiga shuuciga ah ee Maraykanka, tirada taas oo, sida ay sheegayaan wararka qaar ka mid ah, wax ka badan shan iyo toban kun oo qof, wuxuu ka kooban yahay unugyo yar oo ku salaysan yihiin kooxaha, dukaamo, ganacsiyada iyo hay'adaha kale ee kala duwan. Dhaq unugyada sida ayaa had iyo jeer ku dhiirri-ka imanayaan shisheeyayaal kulan ay. Tani waxay suuro gelineysaa in halkaas keentaan wadadii cusub in ay wadahadallada socda.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in xisbiga shuuciga ah ee Maraykanka oo ku salaysan mabaadii'da isku fikirka sidii dhammaan dhinacyada kale ee Markis iyo Lennin-, iyo saamiyada iyaga la goolka, Maraykanka, sida kor ku xusan, marna ku baaqay in colaadda u furan si ay u gaaraan hadafka ay.

Way adag tahay in la yidhaahdo, waxa halkaas ka badan - humanism, xisaabinta qabow iyo dareen aasaasiga ah ee is-ilaalinta, laakiin waxaa loo oggol yahay Communists American ah si ammaan ah u noolaadaan colka badan in ay noqdaan qayb ka mid ah taariikhda maanta.