Sidee si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka genetics in biology?

Daraasadda ku saabsan shuruucda aasaasiga ah ee hiddo iyo kala duwanaansho in noolaha waa mid ka mid ah caqabadaha ugu adag, laakiin aad u rajo jeeda sayniska casriga ah. In this article aan eegno sida fikradaha akhriska ee aasaasiga ah iyo postulates sayniska, iyo sida ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka genetics macaamiloon doonnaa.

tacaluqa ee daraasadda of hiddo

Laba laamood weyn ee sayniska casriga ah - daawo iyo taranta - soosaaray geneticists cilmi. The anshaxa noolaha isla, magaca kaas oo uu soo jeediyay in 1906 by cilmiga Ingiriiska W. Betsonom, ma aha wax badan afka baarkiisa sida wax ku ool ah. Qof kasta oo go'aansado inuu si dhab ah u fahmaan hab ay dhaxalka ah sifooyin kala duwan (sida midabka indhaha, timo, dhiig), marka hore jeclaan lahaa in ay bartaan shuruucda hiddo iyo kala duwanaanshaha, iyo sidoo kale tirada sida si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka genetics aadanaha. Taasi waa arrinta aynu doonayno inaynu u sameeyaan.

fikradaha iyo shuruudaha aasaasiga ah

Waax waliba uu leeyahay gaar ah, hanti kaliya iyada, set oo ah qeexitaan aasaasiga ah. Haddii aynu ka hadlayno sayniska ah in daraasad habka la isugu gudbiyo ee sifooyin kala dhaxlo, waxaan fahamsanahay shuruudaha soo socda by dambaysta ah: hiddo, genotype, phenotype, shimbiraha waalidka, Beelaha, gametes, iyo wixii la mid ah. Iyada oo mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah in aan la kulano, marka aynu barano sharciyada, noo sheeg sida ay u xalliyaan masalooyin bayoolaji, genetics. Laakiin bilowgii waxaan ku baran doonaa habka Hybridological. Ka dib oo dhan, waa ku salaysan waxbarashada hidaha. Waxaa la soo jeediyay by naturalist ee Czech G. Mendel qarnigii 19aad.

Sida loo dhaxli sifooyinka?

Xeerarka guryaha la isugu gudbiyo oo jidhka ka mid ah laga helay by Mendel marayo tijaabo uu sameeyay la warshad si fiican u yaqaan - digir. Habka Hybridological waa isgoyska ka mid ah laba cutub, oo midba midka kale ku kala duwan yihiin mid ka mid labada nin ee muuqaalada (cross monohybrid). Haddii tijaabo ah oo ku lug leh noolaha in ay leeyihiin lammaane badan oo kale oo calaamad (ka soo horjeedka), ka dibna ay ka hadlaan isgoyska poligibridnom. saynisyahan soo jeediyay ka dib markii sal hybridization stroke laba dhirta digir in ay yihiin miraha midabo kala duwan ee. A - rinjiga huruud ah, iyo - cagaaran ah.

In this F1 diiwaan - Beelaha qarnigan ugu horeysay ee (I). oo dhan waxay ka mid yihiin gabi ahaanba uniform (isku mid ah), maxaa yeelay, waxay ka kooban a hiddo xukuma A, xakamaynta miraha midabka jaalaha ah. entry kor ku xusan u dhiganta ugu horeysay ee sharciga ah Mendel (Rule F1 Beelaha midayso). Ogaanshaha uu sharaxayaa sida ardayda si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka genetics. Fasalka 9 leedahay barnaamijyo bayoolaji, kaas oo la soo bartay si faahfaahsan hab Hybridological cilmi hidaha. Waxa kale oo ay baarayaa iyo labaad (II) guud ahaan Mendel loo yaqaan sharciga faquuqid. Sida laga soo xigtay in ay, Beelaha ka F2, laga heli by gudbaya laba Beelaha jiilka kowaad leh kasta oo kale, fiicnin a in ratio ee 3 1 phenotype iyo genotype 1 iyo 2 1.

Isticmaalka caanaha ee kor ku xusan, waxaad garan doontaa sida si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka genetics aan qalad haddii xaaladooda lagu saleyn karaa koowaad ama hore u ogaan lahaa sharciga II Mendel ee, la siiyey in isgoyska dhacdaa marka saldanad dhamaystiran oo mid ka mid ah hiddo-ka.

Sharcigu wuxuu dhigayaa calaamadaha isku madax banaan

Haddii shaqsiyaadka waalidka ku kala duwan yihiin laba lammaane oo characters kale, sida midabka abuur iyo qaabka, ka dhirta sida digir, markaas in koorsada of isgoyska hidde waa in la isticmaalaa biruhu Pinneta.

Absolutely dhan Beelaha, oo waa qarni ugu horeysay oo ay dhego nuglaadaan ee midayso Mendel. Taasi waa, inay yihiin huruud ah, oo dushiisuna siman. Sii iskutallaabta dhexeeya warshad of F1, waxaan u hesho a Beelaha jiilka labaad. Si aad u ogaato sida loo xalliyo dhibaatooyinka on genetics, fasalka 10aad ee fasalka biology isticmaalaa record weheshiga laba-hybrid, codsanaya formula ee tageynaa phenotypically 9: 3: 3: 1. Under shardi ah in hiddo-ka waxaa lagu abaabulaa nooc oo kala duwan oo loo isticmaali karo Mendel postulate saddexaad - sharciga isku muuqaalada dalalka madax banaan.

Sida group dhiig dhaxlo?

farsamo ee la isugu gudbiyo ee feature a group dhiigga sida in aadanuhu, ma u dhigma shuruucda hore ka wada hadleen. Taas waxaa weeyaan, ma hoos gasho sharciga koowaad iyo labaad ee Mendel. Tani waa sababta oo feature noocan oo kale ah sida dhiig, sida uu cilmiga Landsteiner, gacanta saddex alleles I: A, B iyo 0. la raacayo noocyo kala yihiin sida soo socota:

• Kooxda First - 00.
• Second - AA ama A0.
• Kooxda Saddexaad - BB ama B0.
• Tan afraad - AB.

0 hiddo waa allele recessive in hiddo-ka A iyo B. group A afaraad waa kodominirovaniya natiijada (joogitaanka labada dhinac ee hiddo-A iyo B). Waxaa sida caadiga ah waa lagama maarmaan si ay u eegaan, in ay ogaadaan sida ay u xalliyaan masalooyin ku genetics koox dhiig. Laakiin sidaas maaha oo dhan. Si aad u adkayn genotype carruurta by dhiigga, u dhashay waalidiinta kooxaha ay kala duwan, isticmaal shaxda hoos ku qoran.

Morgan ayaa aragti ah hiddo

Ku soo noqoshada qaybta of our article "The Law of dalalka ka madaxbannaan calaamadaha isku", taas oo aan ka wada hadleen sida ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka genetics. cross Dihybrid, sida sharciga III Mendel ee, kaas oo ay ku xiran yahay, waa mid ku habboon in hiddo-allelic, koromosoomyada homologous waa in labada ciyaaryahan kasta.

In qarnigii 20-T. ku geneticist American Morgan ayaa ku dooday in inta badan calaamadaha gacanta ee hiddo, kaasoo ku yaala koromosoom isku. Waxay leeyihiin a kooxaha qaab heshiis iyo ku xirid toosan. Oo tiradooda saxda ah waa set haploid of koromosoomyada. In geeddi-socodka of meiosis, taasoo keentay in formation of gametes, unugyada jinsiga ma iman hiddo-hal, wuxuu u maleeyey in Mendel, iyo oo dhan laga kaxeynayo ay, loo yaqaan Morgan kooxaha xajin.

crossover

Inta lagu guda jiro prophase waxaan (sidoo kale loo yaqaan horyaalka heerka koowaad ee meiotic) u dhexeeya chromatids hoose oo koromosoomyada homologous waxaa badelay qaybood (lukusami). Tani waxay ifafaale waxaa lagu magacaabaa crossover. Waa ku salaysan kala duwanaanshaha hidde. Crossover si gaar ah muhiim u ah barashada biology daneeya daraasadda of cudurada la iska dhaxlo aadanaha. Isticmaalka caqiidada ku xusan aragtida koromosoomyada ah hiddo Morgan ah, waxaan qeexo geynta ah in ay jawaab u tahay su'aasha ah ee sida si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka genetics.

Xaaladaha dhaxal Sex-lala yihiin kiis gaar ah kala iibsiga ee hiddo, kaasoo ku yaala koromosoom isku. Masaafada dhex jira hiddo-ee kooxaha xariirka ka muujiyay sida boqolkiiba - unugyada map. xoog u xigay A dhexeeya hiddo si toos ah saamiyeed si ay meel fog ka. Sidaa darteed, isgoyska ugu badan dhacdaa inta u dhaxaysa hiddo, kaasoo ku yaala meel ka fog midba midka kale. arrin tixgelin lala dhaxal si faahfaahsan. Laakiin xusa hore waxa xubno ka hiddo mas'uul ka ah sifooyinka galmada ee noolaha.

koromosoomyada galmada

In karyotype aadanaha ay leeyihiin qaab gaar ah: dheddigga soo bandhigay isla laba koromosoomyada X, halka labadii galmada, marka lagu daro koromosoom X, waxaa sidoo kale waa a U-version, bandhigtay labada qaab iyo set oo ah hiddo. Taas macnaheedu waxa weeye in aanay homologous in koromosoom X. cudurada noocan oo kale ah dhaxlo aadanaha sida hemophilia, iyo indho midab kici sabab u tahay "breaking" ee hiddo shakhsi on koromosoom X. Tusaale ahaan, kii of guurka ee hemophilia nin caafimaad qaba u dhalan karaa oo durriyadii.

Dabcan kor ku of isgoyska hidde Xaqiijiyay in hiddo xajin in ay gacanta ku xinjirowga dhiigga, la koromosoom galmada X. Tani waxay warbixin cilmiyeed loo isticmaalo in ardayda lagu baro farsamooyinka, go'aaminta sida si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka genetics. 11 fasal ayaa barnaamij bayoolaji, oo baarayaa qaybaha sida "genetics", "Daawo" iyo "genetics aadanaha" si faahfaahsan. Waxay u ogolaadaan ardayda si ay u bartaan cudurada aadanaha dhaxlay iyo in la ogaado sababaha ay ku kici.

Falgallada hiddo

Bedelka sifooyinka dhaxlo - habka halkii adag. Kuwani qorsheyaasha hore noqday ardayda cad oo keliya haddii aqoon aasaasi ah ugu yaraan. Waxaa muhiim ah, maadaama ay bixisaa hababka in ay bixiyaan jawaab su'aasha ku saabsan sida si ay u bartaan si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka bayoolaji. waxbarashada Hidaha isdhexgalka foomamka hiddo. epistasis polymer Tani, complementarity. Waxaan ka hadli doonaa dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan.

dhaxal TUSAALE dhageysiga aadanaha waa lagu sharraxo ee noocan ah ee dhexgalka sida complementarity. Maqalka gacanta ku laba lammaane oo hiddo-oo kala duwan. marka hore wuxuu mas'uul ka yahay horumarinta caadiga ah ee cochlea ee dhegta gudaha, iyo tan labaad - shaqaynaya ee dareemaha maqalka. guurka ee waalidiinta dhega la, mid kasta oo taas oo homozygous waa recessive waayo, mid kasta oo ka mid ah laba lammaane oo hiddo, carruurta ku dhalatay maqalka caadiga ah. noocyo Kuwani waa la joogo laba hiddo xukuma in la xakameeyo koritaanka caadiga ah ee qalabka gargaarka maqalka.

pleiotropy

Xaaladdan oo kale oo xiiso leh dhexgalka hiddo taas oo ka mid ah hiddo-jooga genotype ah, hadal phenotypic ku xiran tahay sifooyinka dhowr. Tusaale ahaan, in galbeed ee Pakistan helay dadweynaha a aadanaha wakiilada qaar ka mid ah. Waxay lahayn qanjirada dhididka meelaha qaar ka mid ah jidhka. Isla mar ahaantaana dadka sida laga helay maqnaanshaha gowsaha qaarkood. Iyagu ma kari sameeyay koorsada of ontogeny.

In xoolaha, tus, karakulskih ido joogo W hiddo xukuma, kaas oo gacanta ku sida dhogorta midabaynta iyo horumarka caadiga ah ee caloosha. Fiirso sida hiddo W waa dhaxalkii ay reer Karoosyo of laba qof heterozygous. Waxaa soo baxday in Caruurtooda ¼ baraar la genotype WW, dhinto sabab u cillado horumarinta ee caloosha. Isla mar ahaantaana ½ (la dhogorta cirro) heterozygous iyo macne, iyo ¼ - waa dadka dhogorta madow iyo horumarka caadiga ah ee caloosha (ay genotype WW).

Genotype - nidaam guud

saamaynta badan ee hiddo poligibridnoe gudbo, arrin lala dhaxal ah u adeegtaan caddayn sida qanci karo xaqiiqada ah in la ballamay ee hiddo-ee jidhkeena waa nidaam dhamaystiran, inkastoo la matalo alleles gaarka ah ee hiddo. Waxay la iska dhaxli karo by sharciyada Mendel, haddii loci waxaa lala addeecaya caqiidada ah aragtida ah ee Morgan. La tixgaliyo xeerarka ka masuul ah habka ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka ku genetics, waxaan ka helay in phenotype ee u shaqeeyo kasta waxaa saameeya allelic iyo labada hiddo-non-allelic saamayn horumarka ka mid ah ama ka badan qaababka.