Territory, dadka, iyo aagga guud ee Switzerland. Switzerland: description iyo taariikhda

degaanka ee Switzerland waa wax yar oo xataa heerarka Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dalka this yar kaalin si caddaalad ah oo muhiim ah in geeddi socodka caalamiga ah. nidaamka siyaasadeed iyo siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee Gobolka, taas oo uu leeyahay in ka badan hal boqol iyo konton sannadood, oo bixiya xasiloonida loo arag, la oran karo waa mid gaar ah. Ina keena aynu si kooban u baaro taariikhda, garan degaanka iyo dadweynaha reer Switzerland, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah faahfaahinta kale ee la xiriira dalkaas.

Juquraafi ahaan meesha ay Switzerland

Ka hor inta fiirsaneysa degaanka ee Switzerland, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah su'aalaha kale, aynu ogaado meesha State ku yaal.

Switzerland waxa uu ku yaalaa wadnaha ee Western Europe, ee kala duwan oo buurta loo yaqaan Alps ah. In bari waxay xuduud la Austria iyo Liechtenstein, oo ku yaalla koonfurta - la Italy, galbeed - France, iyo tan iyo woqooyi xiriir la Germany.

nooca ugu badan ee Switzerland waa qof buuraleyda. In galbeed ee dalka waa wax weyn Lake Geneva.

Caasimadda ah ee Switzerland - Bern.

Taariikhda ka hor formation of dal madax-bannaan

Hadda aynu si kooban u eegno taariikhda Switzerland. The degsiimo oo ku yaalla meelo waxyaalahan waxaa loo marey tan iyo Age Paleolithic ah. In muddo ah Neolithic halkaas ka jiray bulshada dhaqan, kaas oo la dhisay guryahooda on stilts.

Waqtiyadii hore aagga buurta bari ee dalka ee la degganaa ku soo ururiya qabiilooyinkiinna Retov, kuwaas oo loo arko in ay ka dhigan Etruscans Talyaani ah. Waa ilaa wakiilada qabiilka Romanized qaaday mid ka mid ah kooxaha casriga ah qowmiyadaha Switzerland - Romansh.

Sidoo kale, tan iyo qarnigii XIII BC ah. e., halkan bilaabay inuu dhex gelin dadka Celtic. Ka hor qabsashadii Roman of galbeed ee Switzerland oo casri ah la degganaa ku soo ururiya qabiilooyinkiinna keltoyazychnye Helvetii iyo Allobroges ah, iyo bari - vindelici.

58 BC. e. Helvetii iyo Allobroges ayaa lagu guulaystay by the Roman guud Yuliem Tsezarem weyn, oo uu dhintay ka dib, markii Oktafiyan Awgustus in 15-13 sano BC. e. dadka saxariiriyo Rhaetian iyo vindelici.

Meelaha ku xayiran yihiin halkan lagu daro Boqortooyada Roomaanka. soohdinta reer Switzerland casriga ah waxaa loo kala qaybiyay gobollada - Rhaetia iyo Upper Germany, iyo sidoo kale meel yar oo u dhow Geneva qayb ka mid ah Gaul Narbonne ahaa. Later, ka dheecaan woqooyi waxaa la soocay hal gobol ka badan - Vindelitsiya. Gobolka noqday si tartiib tartiib ah Romanized, waxaa la dhisay dhismayaasha Roman muhiim ah, waddooyinka, magaalooyinka, marka xoogga boqortooyadiisa oo si ku dhicin hoos u dhac, halkan bilaabay inuu dhex gelin Masiixiyada.

Horeba 264 AD gayiga casriga galbeedka Switzerland weerareen Qabiilka Germanic Alamanni. Bilowga ee qarnigii V, waxay ugu dambeyntii qabtay bari ee dalka. Burgundians ah, taas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ahaayeen Masiixiyiin ah - In 470, galbeed ee Switzerland qayb ka mid ah boqortooyada oo qabiil kale ugu Germanic noqday. Haddii Alemans on dhulkeeda waxaa gebi ahaanba ku baabbi'iyo bixisay fiidda oo romanization, oo burburiyey, assimilating iyo ceyrinta dadka deegaanka, Burgundians ah, on lid ku ah, waxaa leh deegaanka quruxsan daacad, taas oo qeyb ka badan yihiin dadweynaha Roman dalalka dambeeyey iyaga. qeybinta Tan waxaa ka muuqataa xitaa in times casriga ah: dadka reer galbeedka Faransiis ku hadla ee Switzerland - waa inta badan oo durriyadii kuwa dalka deggan oo ka muddada Roman, iyo dadka ku hadla-German bari - Wiilashii Alamanni ah.

Intaa waxaa dheer, ka dib markii dayrta ee Boqortooyada Roomaanka ee sanadka 478, xagga koonfureed oo reer Switzerland ahaa israac xukumayey boqortooyooyinka Germanic ah Ostrogoths iyo Lombards ah, xarunta of taas oo ahayd in Italy. Laakiin Ostrogoths ayaa sidoo kale ma soo saari dulmiga Germanization dadweynaha, sidaa darteed in qayb ka this ee dalka ayaa Romansh iyo Talyaani hadda ku nool.

Waa in la ogaadaa in ka hortagga isku qasin kooxaha qowmiyadaha kor ku xusan iyo duulaankii ciidamada reebay horyaalka dabiiciga ah ee Swiss Alps meel yara go'doon.

Qarnigii VIII ah, aagga guud ee Switzerland ayaa waxaa mar kale mideeysan gobolka Frankish ah. Laakiin mar hore qarnigii IX ah, markii ay burburtay. Upper Burgundy, Italy iyo Germany, Switzerland ayaa waxaa mar kale ka mid ah waddamada kala qaybsan. Laakiin qarnigii XI, oo wuxuu boqorkii dalka Jarmalka u suurtagashay in ay la abuuro Roman Empire Quduuska ah, oo ay ka mid aagga oo dhan of Switzerland. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu dhakhsaha badan xoogga Imperial wiiqay, oo runtii dalalkan oo bilaabay si ay u maareeyaan madaxdii degaanka dhulgoosadka ah genera ku Tserengenov, Kyburg, Habsburg iyo kuwa kale, faa'idaysto dadka deegaanka. Gaar ahaan xoojiyey Habsburgs ka dib markii dhammaadkii qarnigii XIII gacmahooda ku maray horyaalka lahaanshaha Emperor of Roman Empire Quduuska ah ee.

Halganka loogu jiro madax-bannaanida

Waa halgan ka dhan ah, kuwaas oo dadka waayeelka ah, inta badan Habsburg, oo ahaa bilowgii midaynta gobollada Swiss kala duwan galaan xaalad ah hal madax banaan. In 1291, kii ayaa loo isbahaysiga military "weligeed ah" u dhexeeya wakiillada saddexda gobolada (gobollada) ee Switzerland - Schwyz, Uurii oo Unterwalden. Laga soo bilaabo taariikhda in maray qoraal diiwaangelin ee gobolka Swiss. Laga soo bilaabo tan waxay bilaabeen halgan firfircoon ah dadka ka soo horjeeda ee Habsburgs, maamulka Imperial iyo wakiillo ka yihiin ayaa madaxdii dhulgoosadka. Waayo, wajiga hore ee halganka waxaa ka mid ah halyeeyga reer caanka ah ee Vilgelme Telle.

In 1315, waxaa jiray kulanka ugu horeeya ee weyn oo u dhexeeya Swiss iyo ciidankiisii Habsburg ah. Waxaa la odhan jiray Battle of Morgarten. Markaas Swiss ah u suurtagashay in ay ku guuleysato, taas oo tiro ahaan ka weyn iyaga ka badan dhawr jeer ciidan cadowga, ka sokow ka kooban Knights. Waxaa la xidhiidha dhacdadan sheegidii ugu horraysay ee magaca "Switzerland". Tani waxa ay ahayd sabab u ah magac khalad badan ee Kantoonka ee Schwyz ee Midowga dhan. Isla markii guusha heshiiska huwanta ayaa la casriyeeyay.

In mustaqbalka, Midowga sii waday in ay si guul leh u shaqeeyaan dhanka ah Habsburgs ah. Tani waxay soo jiitay damaca meelo kale si ay ugu biiraan. By 1353, Midowga koobnaa siddeed gobolada, sida lagu daray asalka saddex Zurich, Bern, Zug, Luzern iyo Glarus.

In 1386 iyo 1388 sano Swiss ku dhuftay soo gaartay laba ka badan oo muhiim ah oo Habsburgs ee dagaallada Sempach iyo Näfels. Tani waxay keentay in ay xaqiiqada ah in 1389 nabadda waxaa u saxiixay 5 sano. Markaas waxaa la kordhiyay ilaa 20 iyo 50 sano. Habsburgs dhab diidnay xuquuqda waayeelka qaraabo u siddeed gobolada huwanta, inkastoo ay sii waday in ay qayb ka mid ah Roman Empire Quduuska ah noqon. Tani state of arrimaha socday ilaa 1481, waa ku dhawaad 100 sanno jir ah.

In sano ee 1474-1477, Switzerland ayaa waxaa ku lugta leh dagaalka Burgundy ee isbahaysiga la France iyo Austria. In 1477 oo dagaalka ku jira muhim ah Nancy, Swiss ka adkaaday Duke Charles ku Geesi ciidamada Burgundy, iyo alaabtii uu isaga qudhiisu lagu dilay dagaalka this. guul Tani aad bay u kordheen sharafta caalamiga ah ee Switzerland. dagaalyahan Her noqday qiimeeyo sida calooshood u fiican, taas oo saameyn togan on dhaqaalaha. Sida oo kale, ay yihiin King of France, ee Duke of Milan, baadari ah iyo amiirradii kale. In Vatican ku dhawraa Quduuska Fiiri weli qorteen ka Swiss ah. Waxaa la noqoto dalka iyo aad u badan, oo doonaya in ay ku biiraan Ururka, laakiin gobolada jir ah oo aan aad u xiiseynayey in ay riixdo xuduudaha.

In dhamaadka, heshiiska updated la saxiixay 1481. Solothurn iyo Friborg - in laba gobolada kale ayaa aqbalay sida xubno ka mid ah Ururka. degaanka ee Switzerland ayaa la ballaariyey oo tirada gobolada la soo koriyey toban. In 1499, waxaa adkaaday in dagaalka ka dhanka ah Swabian League ah, oo ay taageerayaan gooyo. Ka dib markii heshiiskan la saxeexay, kaas oo dhab ahaan lagu calaamadeeyay ka bixitaanka ee Switzerland ka Roman Empire Quduuska ah. Laakiin gooyo sharci ahaan ma nacday, sheegashada ay. In 1501, sida gobolada ee Midowga la qaatay oo ay Basel iyo Schaffhausen, iyo in 1513 - Appenntsel. Xaddiga dhulka ayaa soo gaadhay saddex iyo toban.

Dhanka kale, ee qarnigii XV Europe tunta cag marin ballaaran toobadda - Koox ka mid ah wax baridda diinta Christian beeniyay sarraynta ee Pope ee dunida ruuxiga ah. Magaalada Geneva ayaa muddo dheer ku noolaa oo ku dhintay aasaasihii mid ka mid ah isbeddellada keentay toobad - Zhan Kalvin. reformer kale oo caan ah Ulrih Tsvingli ku dhashay St. Gallen. Reform qaadataa sovereigns badan oo Yurub iyo amiirradii. Laakiin iyadu way iska caabiyay Roman Quduuska ah Emperor. Sababtan awgeed, in 1618 waxaa ka qarxay digsiga-European War Soddon Sanno '. In 1648, ODE ah u Peace of Westphalia la saxiixay, taas oo Emperor ee uu qiray in uu guul darro iyo xaq u moodo amiirro u dooran diinta dalkiisa aawadiis, oo waxaa sharci go'an bixitaanka Switzerland ka Roman Empire Quduuska ah. Hadda waxa uu noqday dawlad si buuxda u madax banaan.

madax bannaan Switzerland

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Switzerland wakhtigaas oo keliya qof qaraabo ah oo loo karin sida gobolka hal. Kantoon kasta waxay leedahay sharci u gaar ah, kala qeybinta dhulka, xaq u leeyahay inuu soo gabagabeyn heshiisyada caalamiga ah. Waxa ay ahayd sida gaashaanbuur militari oo siyaasadeed ka badan gobolka buuxa fuliya.

In -1795, Switzerland bilowday kacaankii, oo ay taageerayaan ku baxsan Napoleonic France. Faransiis The degan dalka, iyo in 1798 waxaa la abuuray dawladda dhexe - Helvetic Republic. Ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen Allied Napoleon ee 1815 ee Switzerland noqdeen qalab hore iyadoo isbadalo yar, si kastaba ha ahaatee, tirada gobolada waxa uu kordhay 22 iyo ka dib - 26 ah. Laakiin dalka kacday dhaqdhaqaaqa inay dhexe ee awooda. Dastuurka cusub ayaa la ansixiyay ee 1848. Sida laga soo xigtay iyada si, Switzerland, inkasta oo la sii waday in yeedhay Confederation ah, dhab ahaan beddelay gobol federaal dowladda buuxa fuliya. Markaas xaaladda dhexdhexaad ah ku daqiijin jireen ayaa go'an. Waxay ahayd damaanad ah in xogta uu leeyahay Switzerland mid ka mid ah rukummada ugu nabad iyo shanqar la'aan dunida noqday. Ahaanshaha qalbiga Europe, burburinta First iyo Labaad Wars World, gobolka this waa ku dhowaad mid ka mid ah oo kaliya in aan la burburay intii lagu dhacdooyinkii naxdinta lahaa. Indeed, free dagaalka ee Europe ay ahayd oo keliya Sweden iyo Switzerland. Bedka dalka ayaa soo gaaray ka bambooyin cadowga ama jabsata ciidammada shisheeye.

Wadankaas ayaa waxa uu si firfircoon uga soo koraya ee warshadaha iyo baananka. Tani waxay ogol yahay in ay keenaan Switzerland galay bixiyayaasha adduunka ee hogaaminaya adeegyada dhaqaale, iyo heerka nolosha ee muwaadiniinta gobolka Alpine waxa uu noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya caalamka.

aagga Switzerland

Haddaba aynu u ogaato meesha waxa ka mid ah Switzerland. tiradaasi Tani waa Faraj aasaasiga ah ee falanqaynta dambe. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, meesha Switzerland ee 41.3 kun sq. M. km. Waxaa heerka ka mid ah waddammada oo dhan dunida 133aad.

Wixii la barbardhigo, kaliya hal meel ah aagga Volgograd waa 112,9 sq. M. km.

-Hoosaadyada ee Switzerland

In shuruudaha maamul-gobolleed, Switzerland u qaybsan yahay 20 gobolada iyo 6 badhkiisa, waa in, guud ahaan, loo siman yahay 26 hay'adaha ee Qaaradda.

Meesha ugu weyn waa Graubünden (7.1 kun oo sq. Km.), Bern (6.0 th. sq. Km.) Oo Vale (5.2 kun oo sq. Km.).

dadka

Tirada guud ee dalka ee ku saabsan 8 milyan oo qof. Tani waa 95 ee dunida.

Laakiin waxa cufnaanta ee dadka waa Switzerland? Bedka oo ka mid ah dalka iyo dadka, waxaan u qotomiyey, fududahay in la siiyo iyo xisaabiyo tilmaame this. Waa isku mid in 188 oo qof. / Sq. km.

Halabuurka qowmiyadaha

On dhulka ee dalka 94% dadka naftooda ka fiirsan qowmiyadaha Swiss. Tani waxay iyaga ma hortago in ay ku hadlaan luqado kala duwan. Sidaas darteed, 65% dadka ku jira oo hadlaya Jarmal, 18% - Faransiis ku hadla iyo 10% - oo hadlaya Talyaani.

Intaa waxaa dheer, ku saabsan 1% dadweynaha waa Romansh.

diinta

Inta lagu guda jiro qarniyadii dhexe iyo jeer casriga ah, Switzerland ayaa noqday saaxadda dhab ah halganka u dhexeeya Brotestanka iyo Catholics. Haddaba damacyo ka dantay iyo ma iska hor imaad diimeed ee dalka, ma sameeyo. About 50% dadweynaha waa Protestant, iyo 44% - Catholics.

Intaa waxaa dheer, in Switzerland waxaa jira bulshooyinka yar Yuhuudda iyo Muslim.

sifooyinka Guud

Waxaan bartay in aagga of square Switzerland. km, dadweynaha iyo taariikhda dalka this. Sida aad arki karto, waxay ku dhaceen jidka dheer ka isbahaysiga burbursan ee gobolada dowlad midaysan. Taariikhda Switzerland ayaa tusaale u ah sida ay dhaqan ahaan, diin ahaan, bulshooyinka qowmiyadaha iyo luqad ahaan go'doonsan la midoobin karaa hal quruun.

Guusha model ah Swiss horumarinta xaqiijin tilmaamayaasha ay dhaqaalaha iyo in ka badan 150 sano oo nabad ee dalka.