The dhiganta mass gaws

Sida laga soo xigtay erayadii Halabuurka ee niyo sharciga, xarunta kasta oo kiimikaad saafi ah ayaa weli ku jira Halabuurka la mid ah tirada gudaheedana sinaba uma ay ku xiran habka ay wax soo saarka, sida marka hore u sheegay cilmiga dunida J. Proust ee 1801-1808 GG. sharcigan ayaa sabab u ah khilaafka ka farmashiye Faransiis Proust iyo Jean K. Berthollet. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah la rumeysan yahay in xiriirka ka dhexeeya xubno ka mid ah xeryahooda keentay leeyihiin dabiiciga ah si joogto ah, kii labaadna wuxuu arkay tirayn ee xidhiidhada. NS Mid ka mid ah boqol sano ka dib, ku dhawaad 1912-1913. Kurnakov aasaasay jiritaanka xidhiidh la leeyahay nooca variable ka kooban, taas oo uu ugu yeeray "berthollides". Kooxdan waxaa loo gudbinayaa xeryahooda crystalline: phosphides, oxides, carbides, iyo kuwa kale. Halabuurka ee xarunta leh dabeecad joogto ah oo ku saabsan NS saynisyahan soo jeedinta Kurnakova noqday kuwa loo yaqaan "daltonides". Sharcigu waxa uu had iyo jeer waa ansax ah marka la eego walxaha gaseous oo dareere ah.

Sharciga diyaariyey niyo Halabuurka waxaa soo socota macquul in walxaha waxyaalaha ku xiran yihiin midba midka kale in a Joogaba, si adag u xadidan. Marka tan la eego, waxaa jira fikradda ah in u dhiganta chemistry, taas oo ka soo Laatiin turjumay ka dhigan tahay "siman." In eray, u dhigma - a walxaha walxaha shuruud taas oo at tiro cayiman oo jeer ka yar unugyada ay caanaha u dhigma. Tirada kasta oo u dhiganta u dhiganta nooca reactants, heerka iyo nooca ah ee diyaarinta reaction kiimikada. Waa sababta oo ah tirada u dhiganta kala saaro element gaar ah oo sideeda oo xeryahooda ku - kooxaha la yaqaan ee atammada ama u taagoo. In dareenka ah nooca is-dhaafsiga, tusaale ahaan, mass ka gaws ee walax u dhiganta waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa maraya stoichiometry falcelinta.

Sida caadiga ah, qaar badan oo xubno ka ah awood u sameynta xiriir kala duwan u dhaxeeya. Sidaa darteed, u dhigma ee element ah, iyo sidoo kale miisaan u dhigma gaws, waxaa laga yaabaa in qiimaha kala duwan, ka kooban ee xarunta imtixaanka raadinayaa loo aqoonsaday. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in kiisaska noocaas ah, dhigma kala duwan ee element isku xiran karaan midba midka kale sida a abyoonayaasha yar. Tusaale ahaan, mass ka gaws ee u dhigma carbon in qaab dhismeedka helay dioxide iyo xabagta carbon kala duwan oo ku saabsan yahay 3 grams / bar, iyo 6 g / mol, oo saamiga qiimaha helay waa loo siman yahay si cabirku yahay 1: 2. Sida caadiga ah, inta badan xeryahooda wuxuu ka kooban yahay tiro gaws ee u dhigma hydrogen loo siman yahay mid ka mid ah, iyo oxygen - siddeed garaam halkii jirjirroolaha. U dhigma - waa xaddiga lacagta ee mukhaadaraadka ku lifaaqan halkaas oo mid ka mid bar ah electrons valence.

Waxaa jira dhowr hab si ay experimentally ogaado sida weyn u dhiganta mass gaws ee element kasta oo:

• habka Direct. Waxay ku salaysan tahay xogta ka helay by Avv hydrogen iyo oxygen xeryahooda ee element la doonayo.
• hab aan toos ahayn. Halkii ay isticmaasho hydrogen iyo oxygen waxyaabaha kale ee u dhigma la yaqaanno.
• Habka barakaca. Waxay ku lug leedahay ka saarida hydrogen ka xal acidic iyadoo la isticmaalayo muunad biraha qaarkood.
• Habka gorfaynta. Iyadoo ku salaysan xisaabinta ee qayb mass oo ah walaxda ee mid ka mid ah xarumaha ay.
• Habka Electrochemical isticmaalaya xogta electrolysis.

u dhigma mass gaws waxaa loo isticmaalaa si ay u qabtaan xisaabinta tirada inta lagu guda jiro isdhexgalka kiimikada ka mid ah walxaha loo yaqaan. Faa'iidada A weyn halkan waa in ay u xaliyaan dhibaatada waxaa uma baahna in la isticmaalo isla'egta cadaanyo kiimikada, kaas oo sidoo kale adag tahay in la qoro. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah oo kaliya in la ogaado in kiimikada dhaqmaan lug, ama walaxda - wax soo saarka ee reaction kiimikada.