The sahamiyayaal ugu caansan oo daahfurtay in ay

Safrida ayaa had iyo jeer soo jiitay dadka, laakiin ka hor, ma ay joogaan oo kaliya oo xiiso leh, laakiin sidoo kale aad u adag. Territory aan la bartay, iyo, socday Safar ah, qof kasta wuxuu noqday cilmibaadhe. Maxay yihiin safra ugu caansan oo si gaar ah in la furay mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah?

Dzheyms Kuk

Loo yaqaan England wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah cartographers ugu fiican ee qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad. Waxa uu ku dhashay ee waqooyiga England, oo hadda saddex iyo toban sannadood waxay bilaabeen inay aabbihiis shaqeeyaan. Laakiin wiilka uu awoodi waayay in ganacsiga, sidaas darteed ay go'aansadeen in ay soo qaato oo u dhoofaysa. Oo waagaas, oo dhan ee socotada dunida yaqaan diray dalalka fog on maraakiibta. James wuxuu noqday xiiso arrimaha badda iyo si dhakhso ah ka soo baxay, wuxuu la weydiiyey si uu u noqdo kabtanka a. Wuu diiday wuuna u baxay inuu ka Navy Royal ah. Horeba in 1757 uu noqday cunto kariye tayo leh si loo xakameeyo markabka. Uu guusha kowaad wuxuu ahaa horumarinta asaastay St. Lawrence River. Waxa uu helay uu Navigator tayo iyo cartographer. In 1760s uu bartay Newfoundland, waxa ay soo jiidatay of Society Royal iyo Admiralty ah. Wuxuu waxaa la baray in ay u safraan guud Pacific, halkaas oo uu ka gaadhay xeebaha dalka New Zealand. In 1770, wuxuu sameeyey wixii ugu horeysay wuxuu doonayay safra caanka kale - helay qaaradda cusub. In England ee 1771-m Cook soo noqday horyaal caanka ah ee Australia. Uu safar ugu danbeysay uu ahaa duulaan ay ku leeyihiin goobidda ee marinka isku xidha badwaynta Atlaantigga iyo badwaynta Pacific. Maanta, xitaa iskuul ah ogyahay qaddar murugo of Cook, oo la dilay barbariyiintiina waa cannibals.

Hristofor Kolumb

sahamiyayaal caan ah oo daahfurtay in ay mar walba saamayn badan on koorsada ah taariikhda, laakiin kuwo yar ayaa caan ku ah sidii nin this. Columbus wuxuu noqday geesi qaranka ee Spain, go'aan ballaarinta map ee dalka. Christopher waxa uu ku dhashay 1451. Wiil The si deg deg ah ay guusha, sidii ay ahayd dadaala a iyo sidoo kale-bartay. Horeba at 14 jir wuxuu u kacay badda. In 1479th ee, uu la kulmay oo uu jacaylka iyo nolosha bilaabay in Portugal, laakiin dhimashadii naxdinta lahaa xaaskiisa iyo wiilkiisa ka dib u tageen inay Spain. Markuu helay taageerada boqorka Spain, ayuu u tegey on duulaan, kuwaas oo ujeedada ahayd in la helo jidka loo maro Asia. Saddex maraakiibta xeebaha ee Spain galbeed dhoofay. Bishii Oktoobar 1492 kii labaad waxay u helay in ay Bahamas. Tan iyo America la helay. dadka deegaanka Christopher si qalad ah ay go'aansadeen in ay soo wac Hindi ah, oo rumaysan in ay gaareen Hindiya. Isaga oo warbixin ayaa taariikhda beddelay: laba qaaradood cusub oo gasiirado badan, helay by Columbus, waxay ahaayeen jihada ugu weyn ee safarka ee guumaystayaashii ee qarniyo yar ee soo socda.

Vasco da Gama

socotada ugu caansan, kuwaas oo ku dhashay Portugal, Sines. Taariikhda dhabta ah ee uu ku dhashay lama yaqaan. Laga soo bilaabo da 'yar, waxa uu ka shaqeeyay Navy iyo caan kabtanka is-kalsooni iyo cabsi la'aan ah. In 1495 ee Portugal yimid si ay awood Korol Manuel, kuwaas oo doonayay in ay horumariyaan ganacsiga India. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, waxaan loo baahan yahay jidka badda, in search of taas oo ahayd in si Vasco da Gama tagaan. Waxaa jiray sahamiyayaal more caan ah iyo Socdaalba, laakiinse boqorkii sabab qaar ka mid ah waxa ay doorteen. In 1497, afar markab oo u baxday xagga koonfureed, soo koobay ee Cape of Good Hope iyo dhoofeen Mozambique. Waxaa lahaa si loo joojiyo muddo bil ah - kooxda qeybtii wakhtigaas ahaa xanuunsan cadho. Ka dib markii nasashada, Vasco da Gama gaadhay Calcutta. In India, waa in la dhiso xiriirka ganacsiga saddex bilood, oo sannad ka dib ku soo laabtay Portugal, halkaas oo uu noqday geesi qaranka. helitaanka wadada badda, kuu ogolaanaya in aad si aad u hesho in Calcutta by xeebta bari ee Africa, waxay ahayd in uu guusha ugu weyn.

Nikolai Maclay

safra Ruush caan sidoo kale arinta daahfurtay in sameeyey badan oo muhiim ah. Tusaale ahaan, isla Nicholas Mihluho-Maclay, kaasoo ku dhashay 1864 ee gobolka Novgorod. Waxa uu ahaa awoodin in ay ku dhameysan St. Petersburg Jaamacadda, sida ka qayb bannaanbaxyo ardayga, oo uu ku eryey. Waayo, in la sii wado waxbarashada Nikolay u tageen inay Germany, halkaas oo uu kula kulmay Haeckel - naturalist kuwaas oo lagu casuumay Maclay ee uu duulaan sayniska. Sidaas Wareerisay dunida kor u furi waayeen. Noloshiisa oo dhan u huray in safri iyo cilmi-baarista. Nicholas ku noolaa Sicily, ee Australia, bartay New Guinea, embodying mashruuca of Society Ruushka dhuleed, booqday Indonesia, Filibiin, Peninsula Malay iyo Oceania. In 1886, saynisyahan in ay Russia ku soo laabtay iyo soo jeediyay in ashtakooday in la helay gumeysi a Ruush dibada. Laakiin mashruuca la New Guinea ayaa heshay taageero reer boqor, iyo Maclay noqday si xun u xanuunsan oo dhintay, sidaa darteed ma buuxiso hawsheeda on buug ku saabsan safarka.

Ferdinand Magellan

sahamiyayaal badan oo caan ah iyo Socdaalba ku noolaa Da'da ah ee Discovery. Magellan waa laga reebo lahayn. In 1480 wuxuu ku dhashay Portugal, in Sabroza. Diray inay u adeegaan at maxkamadda (waqti in uu ahaa sano oo kaliya 12 jir ah), waxa uu bartay oo ku saabsan iska hor imaad u dhexeeya dalka guriga iyo Spain, ayaa u safri doonta xiray Bariga iyo dariiqyada ganacsi. Tan iyo markii ugu horeysay ee uu noqday xiiso badda. In 1505-m Fernand ka dhacay markabka. Toddoba sano ka dib markii uu usoo badaha, ka qayb guutadii in Hindiya iyo Afrika. In 1513 Magellan u tageen inay Morocco, halkaas oo uu ku dhaawacmay dagaalka. Laakiin ma aysan dhiman Tuttosport safarka - uu qorsheeyay duulaan uunsiga. King diiday inuu codsi, iyo Magellan u tageen inay Spain, halkaas oo uu helay taageerada lagama maarmaanka ah. Sayidka bilaabay safar uu dunida ku baahsan. Fernand ka fikiray, waxa laga yaabaa in gaaban Jidka xagga galbeed inay Hindiya. Waxa uu u tallaabay Atlantic ah, gaareen South America oo helay cidhiidhi ah, taasi oo markii dambe loogu yeedhi lahaa oo magiciisa by. Ferdinand Magellan ahaa European ugu horeysay oo arkay Badweynta Pacific. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, uu gaadhay Filibiin iyo ku dhowaad gaareen goolka - Moluccas ah, laakiin waxaa lagu dilay dagaal la qabiilooyinka maxaliga ah, ku dhaawacmeen arrow sumeeyay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sodcaalkiisii buu ayaa furay Bad cusub Europe iyo fahamka in meeraha waa ka sii badan intii saynisyahano hor u maleeyay.

Roald Amundsen

Norwegian dhashay dhamaadkii xilligii taas oo caan ku safra caan ah oo badan. Amundsen ahaa kii ugu dambeeyay oo ka mid ah ragga baxriyiinta ah, kuwaas oo isku dayaya in ay dalka ogeyn heli. Tan iyo yaraantiisii on adkeysiga iyo diimaha kala duwan ee awoodooda in isaga sahlay in ay ka adkaan baallaha South juqraafi. Laga bilaabo wadada ay sabab u tahay sanadka 1893, markii wiilka tagay jaamacadda iyo ka qaaday badmaaxa ah. In 1896 wuxuu noqday co-darawalka, iyo sanadka soo socda ayuu ka tegey oo uu duulaan ugu horeeyay ee Antarctic ah. Markabka ayaa laga badiyay ee barafka, kooxda isagoo buka ayaa cadho, laakiin Amundsen ma quusan. Markaasuu wuxuu soo kaxaystay amarka naftooda, in lagu daaweeyo dadka, ee uu waxbarashada caafimaadka, iyo doonnida oo keenay dib u Europe. Noqoshada Kabtanka ee 1903, ayuu u tegey oo raadinaya Gudbinta Northwest ee Kanada. laba sano gudahood kooxda ayaa ka soo kabsaday jidkii xagga bari ee qaarada American si ay galbeed - sahamiyayaal caan ah oo isaga ka horreeyey ay marnaba wax sidaas oo kale ka dhigtay. Amundsen noqday kuwa loo yaqaan dunida oo dhan. Ka dib markii duulaan labo bilood bilaabay inuu dhinaca koonfureed oo lagu daray, oo hadda dambayn - Search Nobile, inta lagu guda jiro taas oo uu ku waayay.

David Livingstone

safra caan badan oo la xiriira badaha. David Livingstone noqday cilmibaadhe ka mid ah dalka, kuwaas oo qaaradda Afrika. Tababaraha reer Scotland caan ku dhashay March 1813. At 20 jir ayuu wuxuu goostay inuu noqdo adeegayaasha ah, ayaa la kulmay Robert Moffat oo u rajeeyay in ay si tuulooyinka Afrika tagaan. In 1841 wuxuu gaaray Kuruman, halkaas oo uu baray beeraha ee dadka deegaanka, u adeegay sidii dhakhtar oo ay bartaan inay wax akhriyaan. Waxaa uu ka bartay luuqadda Bechuanas, kaas oo isaga ka caawisay in ay ku safraan Africa. Livingston bartay si faahfaahsan nolosha iyo caadooyinkii dadka deegaanka ah, ayaa qoray buugaag dhowr ah oo iyaga ku saabsan oo u tegey on duulaan in search of ilo ka mid ah Nile, halkaas oo buka oo ku dhintay ka mid ah qandho.

Amerigo Vespucci

The safra ugu caansan dunida oo inta badan ka yimid Spain ama Portugal. Amerigo Vespucci ku dhashay Italy oo waxay noqdeen mid ka mid ah Florentines ugu caansan. Waxa uu si fiican u bartay oo u tababaran sida maalgeliyaha ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1490 waxa uu ka shaqeeyay Seville, in xafiiska iibka ee Medici ah. Isaga oo nolosha ayaa la xidhiidha safarka badda, tusaale ahaan, uu maalgaliyo duulaan labaad ee Columbus. Christopher fajac isaga ku fikirka ah inuu gacantiisa isku dayaan sidii nin socdaal ah, iyo in 1499th Vespucci u tageen inay Suriname. Ujeedada daraasadda uu ku dabaalanayay inay aritani ah. Waxaa uu helay dejinta ah oo lagu magacaabo Venezuela - Little Venice. In 1500, uu guriga ku soo laabtay, oo waxay keeneen 200 addoomo. In 1501 iyo 1503 sano. Amerigo soo noqnoqda sodcaalkiisii buu, hadlaya navigation ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale cartographer ah. Waxa uu helay gacanka ee Rio de Janeiro, kaas oo siiyey magaca laftiisa. Laga soo bilaabo 1505 wuxuu u adeegi jiray oo ahaa boqorkii dalka Castile, oo waxaa lagu ma ku hawlan ololayaasha kaliya suurawdo baxay kale duulaan.

Frensis Dreyk

sahamiyayaal caan ah oo badan iyo daahfurtay in ay u dhashay faa'iideysan aadanaha. Laakiin iyaga ka mid ah waxaa jira kuwa ka tagay on xusuus iyaga u gaar ah oo xun, sababtoo ah magacyadooda ayaa la xiriira dhacdooyin si caddaalad ah rabshado. Waxa aan ahaa marka laga reebo iyo Frensis Dreyk, Ingiriisi Protestant, iyo laba doomood oo ku dhoofnay. Wuxuu qabsaday deegaanka ee Caribbean, iibinta addoommadii Spain, weeraray maxkamadda iyo Catholics la dirireen. Waxaa laga yaabaa in mid ka mid ma qaadi karin ilaa la Drake on tirada maraakiibta shisheeye qabsaday. safarada uu maalgaliyo by Queen of England. In 1577 wuxuu aaday inuu South America, in laga adkaado dejinta Spain. Intii lagu guda jiray safarka, wuxuu helay del Tierra ku Fuego iyo Strait, taas oo markii dambe la odhan jiray ka dib. Albaaka Argentina, Drake dhaceen dekedda Valparaiso, iyo laba weel oo Isbaanish. Markii ay gaareen California, oo uu kula kulmay Aborigines kii hadiyado lagu soo bandhigay in tubaakada Ingiriiska oo baadad. Drake gudbay badweynta Hindiya iyo Taribo soo laabtay, noqoto hooyo ugu horeysay ee UK ayaa dalxiis oo dunida ah. Waxa uu qirtay inuu ku House of Commons oo lagu abaalmariyey horyaalka ee Sir. In 1595 wuxuu ku dhintay xilli ciyaareedkii hore ee Caribbean.

Athanasius Nikitin

safra caanka dhowr Russia gaari meelaha la mid ah sida hooyo u ah dalka Tver. Athanasius Nikitin noqday Yurub ugu horeysay in ay soo booqdaan Hindiya. Waxa uu u safray ah gumeystayaashii reer Portugal oo ku qoray "Journey Beyond Saddex Bado" - taallo qiimo suugaanta iyo taariikhiga ah. Guusha duulaan lagu siiyey baayacmushtariga xirfado: Athanasius ogaa dhowr luqadood oo ahaa awoodaan in ay la xaajooto dadka. In sodcaalkiisii buu, uu booqday Baku, ku noolaa Faaris ku dhawaad labo sanno oo waxay gaadhay tan Hindiya by markab. Kadib markii uu booqday dalka qalaad dhowr magaalo, oo wuxuu aaday inuu Parvat, halkaas oo uu joogay muddo lix sano ah. Marka gobolkii Raichur, oo wuxuu aaday inuu Russia, xaaraya wadada maraya Gacanka Carbeed iyo Soomaali ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Athanasius Nikitin marnaba sameeyey guriga, sida xanuunsan oo ku dhintay meel u dhow Smolensk, laakiin qoraalada uu la dhawray oo la siiyo warkiisiina wuxuu gaadhay dunida baayacmushtarka ku socotay ah.