Waa maxay code hidaha: aasaasiga ah

In kasta oo unug, iyo dhamaan sifooyinka of jidh jidhka, qof morphological iyo functional go'aamiyo qaab-dhismeedka borotiinada, kuwaas oo ka mid ah iyaga oo ku. hantida la kala dhaxlo ee u shaqeeyo waa awood u leh inay synthesize borotiinada gaar ah. The Britain DNA ee acids amino diyaarin Silsilad polypeptide ka kaas oo ay ku xiran tahay sifooyinka nafleyda ee.
cell kasta waxa lagu gartaa ay isku xigxiga ee nucleotides Silsilad polynucleotide ee DNA ah. Tani waa code hidaha ee DNA. Iyada oo uu warbixin qoraal ah oo ku saabsan ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee borotiinada qaarkood. Taasi waa code hidaha ee hantida iyo macluumaadka hidde daboolay this article.

A yar oo taariikh

fikradda ah in laga yaabo in uu jiro code hidaha, ayaa la diyaariyey iyo Dzh.Gamovym A.Daunom dhexe ee qarnigii labaatanaad. Ah waxay ku timaamaan in isku xigxiga oo ka mid ah nucleotides in mas'uul ka yahay ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee acids amino qaar, ka kooban yahay ugu yaraan saddex links. Later xaqiijiyay xaddiga saxda ah ee saddex nucleotides (unit ka mid ah xeerka hidde), oo la yidhaahdo triplet ama codon. Guud ahaan, waxaa jira afar iyo lixdan nucleotides, maxaa yeelay, taagoo of acids, halkaas oo Avv borotiinka ama RNA, ka kooban yahay afar harta nucleotide kala duwan.

Waa maxay code hidaha

Habka saleynayo amino acid of protein sireed isku xigxigta, iyada oo nucleotides caadi ah in dhammaan unugyada nool iyo noolaha. Taasi waxa ay code hidaha.
In DNA, waxaa jira afar nucleotides:

• adenayn - A,
• gu'anayn - G;
• saytosayn - C,
• thaymiin - T.

Iyaga loo soo xarfaha ee Laatiin ama (suugaanta Ruush) Ruush.
RNA ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jira afar nucleotide, laakiin mid ka mid ah waa ka DNA ah oo kala duwan:

• adenayn - A,
• gu'anayn - G;
• saytosayn - C,
• uracil - W.

All nucleotides waxaa lagu abaabulaa silsilad, kaas oo la helay galool labanlaab ah DNA iyo RNA - hal.
Borotiin waxay ku saleysan yihiin labaatan acids amino, waxaa iyagoo ku qabanqaabiyaa siiqo ay go'aamiyeen hantida nafleyda.

The sifooyinka code hidaha

Triplet. unit ee code genetic ka kooban yahay saddex warqado, waa triplet ah. Taas macnaheedu waa in hadda jira saddex iyo labaatan acids amino encoded by nucleotides gaar ah, loo yaqaan codons ama trilpetami. Waxaa jira afar iyo lixdan gaynta in la abuuri karaa laga bilaabo afar nucleotides. Lacagtani waa in ka badan ku filan si ay encode labaatan acids amino.
Degeneracy. Mid kasta oo acid amino u dhiganta in ka badan hal codon, marka laga reebo methionine iyo tryptophan.
Aqonsado. Mid ka mid ah codon baaq fashilayo hal acid amino ah. Tusaale ahaan, in hiddo ah qof caafimaad qaba macluumaad ku saabsan hungaaeada hemoglobin diirada beta triplet iyo GAA baaq glutamic acid. Oo kuwa buka oo dhan la anemia sickle cell-, mid nucleotide waxaa lagu bedelaa.
Collinearity. saleynayo amino acid ayaa had iyo jeer u dhiganta xigxiga nucleotide taas oo ka kooban hiddo ah.
code The hidde waa joogto ah haysta oo, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in uusan "xarakayn". In uu yahay, laga bilaabo codon gaar ah waa gaabnaa joogto ah. Tusaale ahaan, AUGGUGTSUUAAUGUG loo akhriyo sida: Aug, gug, TSUU, AAC, gug. Laakiin ma Aug, UGG iyo wixii la mid ah haddii kale haddii kale.
Miday. Waxa uu ka mid gabi ahaanba loogu talagalay oo dhan organisms tan kuwa dhulkuna waa, ka aadanaha si ay kalluun, fangaska iyo bakteeriyada.

miiska

miiska ma soo bandhigaan oo dhan acids amino. Hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, phosphoserine, iodo tyrosine, cystine, iyo qaar kale aan la heli karin, maxaa yeelay, way ka soo jeeda acids kale amino encoded by mRNA iyo protein keentay ka dib markii ka beddelid iyada oo sababtu tahay turjumaad.
Maxaa yeelay, code hidaha si fiican u yaqaan guryaha in ay awood u hal codon habaynteeda mid amino acid. marka laga reebo waa hawlaha dheeraad ah iyo habaynteeda valine oo methionine, code hidaha. MRNA, halka bilowga codon ah, oo ku biiray tRNA in xanbaarsan formylmethionyl-. Marka la dhameeyo of ereygu wuxuu, oo waxaa la dhegay laftiisa qabsatay for formyl a xagjirka ah, beddelaa hadhay methionine. Sayidka, ka codons kor ku xusan yihiin fikrada polypeptides silsilad Avv. Haddii aysan ahayn bilowga, aad tahay dadka kale ma kala duwan.

macluumaad hidde

Under fikradda waxa ay tilmaamaysaa guryaha barnaamijka, kaas oo la kala qaado ka awowayaashiin ka. Waxaa been hiddo sida code a hidaha.
Hirgeliyo Avv borotiinka code genetic RNAs (acids ribonucleic) :

• Macluumaadka iyo RNA;
• tRNA gaadiidka;
• p-ribosomal RNA.

Macluumaadka waxaa lagu kala qaado feedforward (DNA-RNA-protein) iyo noqonaynin (the-protein-DNA-dhexaad ah).
Noolaha heli kartaa, dukaanka, suuqa kala iibsiga, oo ay u isticmaalaan waqti isku mid ah ugu wax ku ool ah.
Lagu wareejiyo by dhaxalka, warbixin ay go'aamiso horumarinta shaqeeyo ah. Laakiin sababta oo ah is dhexgalka la deegaanka cadaanyo la soo dhaafay waxaa ku margado, oo sidaas horumar iyo horumarinta. Sayidka jirka waxaa la dhigay in macluumaadka cusub.

Xisaabinta sharciyada biology kelli iyo helitaanka code hidaha ayaa lagu muujiyey in ay lagama maarmaan tahay in ay ku xidhmaan genetics la aragtida Darwin ee ku saleysan in ay jirto aragti ah isku dardaro ee horumar - biology aan classical.
Hiddo, kala duwanaanshaha iyo doorashada dabiiciga ah Darwin dhammaystirayaa hiddo go'aamiyo doorashada. Evolution la fuliyo heerka hidde by isbedel random iyo dhaxal, astaamihii ugu qiimaha badan in ay yihiin ugu habboon deegaanka.

Kelmadaha code qof

In sagaashankii ah, waxay bilowday mashruuc ay Human hiddawadayaasha, taasoo keentay in laba kun-jajabkii ahaayeen helay ee hiddawadayaasha ah, oo ay ku jiraan 99.99% ka mid ah hiddo-insaanka. Ku hadhay jajabkii oo aan la garaneyn in aadan ka qayb ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee borotiinada iyo aan la encoded. Doorkooda weli la garanayn.

daahfurtay dhawaan ka dhacay 2006 koromosoomka 1 waa ugu dheer ee hiddawadayaasha ah. saddex boqol iyo konton ka badan cudurada, oo ay ku jiraan kansarka, waxaa sababa cudurada iyo Isbedelo ku jira.

Doorka waxbarashada sida lama quudhsan karin. Markii la furay, taas oo ah code hidaha, waxaa noqday kuwa loo yaqaan xeerarka ay tahay horumarinta, la aasaasay sidii dhisme morphological, maskax, cabista si ay cuduro gaar ah, Dheef iyo cilladaha ee shakhsiyaadka.