Formation, Waxbarashada dugsiga sare iyo dugsiyada
Waa maxay falcelinta caadiga ah ee alkanes
fasalka kasta oo kiimiko ah muujiyaan karaa sifooyinka ay sabab u tahay in ay qaab-dhismeedka electronic. Waayo, alkanes reaction bedelay caadiga ah, cholesterol ama lagu qayilo kelli. All hababka kiimikada leeyihiin socodka gaar ah u gaar ah, kaas oo la sii hadli doonaa.
Waa maxay alkanes
Tani cokan xeryahooda shidaalka, kaas oo loo yaqaan la shito. taagoo Kuwani waxay ka kooban yihiin oo kaliya carbon iyo hydrogen atamka, waa toosan ama jahaysteen silsilad acyclic, taas oo ay jirto kaliya hal xarunta a. Marka la eego sifooyinka of fasalka, aad xisaabi kartaa waxa dabeecad u reaction of alkanes ah. Waxay adeeca formula ee fasalka oo dhan: H 2n + 2 C n.
Qaab dhismeedka kiimikada
Britain ayaa la shito ka kooban atamka carbon soo bandhigista sp 3 hybridization. Waxay dhamaan afartii orbitals valence leeyihiin isku qaab, tamarta iyo jihada in meel bannaan oo. size ee xagal u dhexeeya heerarka tamarta ee 109 ° 28 'ka.
Joogitaanka bonds hal taagoo go'aamisa waxa reactions mid caan ku ah alkanes. Waxay ka kooban σ-xarunta. Xiriirka ka dhexeeya carbons waa nonpolar iyo imaanshada polarizable, waa wax yar ka dheer C-H. Sidoo kale, cufnaanta electron ee wareeg ah in la eb carbon ah waa ugu electronegative. xarunta keentay waxa lagu gartaa C-H polarity hooseeyo.
falcelin la bedelay
paraffins fasalka Muqaadaraadka leeyihiin hawl kiimikada hooseeyo. Tani waxaa lagu sharaxi karaa xoogga bonds dhexeeya C-C iyo C-H, taas oo ay adag tahay in jebiyaan sababtoo ah-polarity non. Ku saleysan oo ay u halligmaan waa hab homolytic, kuna waari dhexdeeda nooca xagjirka ah oo lacag la'aan ah ku lug leh. Taasi waa sababta alkanes waxaa lagu gartaa reaction bedelay a. walxaha noocan oo kale ah ay awoodaan in ay la macaamilaan taagoo biyo ama udhigo sideyaasha amarka.
Waxay falan bedelay xagjirka ah oo lacag la'aan ah oo atamka hydrogen waxaa lagu bedelay xubno halogeen ama koox kale oo firfircoon. Waxyeellada waxaa ka mid ah geedi socodka la xiriira halogenation, sulfochlorination iyo nitration. Kuwaas oo u wadin inuu soo diyaarinta taagayo alkane.
- Hab-bilaabmaa bilowga ah nucleation ama silsilad, taas oo xagjirka lacag la'aan ah loo sameeyay. Xoojiya waa ilo iftiinka ultraviolet iyo kuleylka.
- Markaas uu yeesho silsilad, taas oo qayb ka firfircoon oo isku xigta qaadeen dhexgalka taagoo firfircoonayn. Ma ay diinta ka galay taagoo iyo xag, siday u kala horreeyaan.
- Talaabada ugu dambaysa jebin doonaa silsiladda. recombination Waxaa ama lumay oo ka mid ah qayb firfircoon. Sayidka joojiyo horumarinta reaction silsilad.
Geedi socodka ah ee halogenation
Waxay ku salaysan tahay hab ay of nooca xagjirka ah. reaction halogenation Alkane qaadataa meel by cindiga iftiinka ultraviolet iyo kuleylka ee isku dar ah ee halogens iyo Consort.
Dhammaan marxaladaha kala duwan ee geedi socodka ku xiran yihiin xeerka in sheegay Markovnikov. Wuxuu sidoo kale dhigayaa in laftiisa la bedelay by halogeen, gaar ahaan hydrogen, taasoo iska leh carbon ah hydrogenated. Halogenation meel isku xigxiga ee soo socda: ka hoose a in la eb ah carbon jaamacadeed.
Geedi socodka qaadataa meel fiican u taagoo alkane silsiladdan shidaalka ugu weyn ee muddo dheer. Tan waxa u sabab hoos u dhac ah ee tamarta ionizing jihada this, walaxda electron dhegay fudud.
Tusaale waxaa ah koloriin ah ee u taagoo methane. tallaabo ee shucaaca sababa chlorine qaybsama noocyada a xagjirka ah in lagu fuliyo weerar lagu qaaday alkane ah. Kala dhacdaa iyo formation of H hydrogen qaaradda 3 C · ama methyl a xagjirka ah. walxaha noocan oo kale ah, oo iyana, weerari chlorine ku kelli, taasoo keentay in burbur qaab-dhismeedkooda iyo formation of kiimikada cusub.
At heer kasta habka bedelay ee waa la fuliyay oo kaliya mid ka mid ah la eb hydrogen. falcelinta halogenation of alkanes keenaysaa in dhismaha tartiib ah hlormetanovoy, dichloromethane, iyo Britain tetrahlormetanovoy trihlormetanovoy.
Schematically, geeddi-socodka waa sida soo socota:
H 4 C + cl: cl → H 3 CCL + HCL,
H 3 CCL + cl: cl → H 2 CCL 2 + HCL,
H 2 CCL 2 + cl: cl → HCCl 3 + HCL,
HCCl 3 + cl: cl → CCL 4 + HCL.
Marka la barbardhigo koloriin ah ee u taagoo methane waday nidaamka noocan oo kale ah la alkanes kale lagu gartaa helo walxaha isagoo bedelay hydrogen ma aha mid la eb carbon, iyo in yar oo. Ay saamiga tirada la xidhiidha tilmaamayaasha heerkulka. In xaaladaha qabow, hoos u dhac in heerka of formation of taagayo qaab jaamacadaha, dugsiyada sare iyo hoose.
Iyada oo sii kordhaya heerkulka xawaaraha target of formation of xeryahooda sida waxaa barbareeyay. In habka halogenation waxaa ay saameyn ku leeyihiin factor ee ma guurto ah oo waxay muujinaysaa siday suuragal u ah oo kala duwan oo isku dhac ah oo xagjir ah oo la eb carbon ah.
halogenation Hab-la iodine ma dhici hoos jira xaalad caadi ah. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la abuuro xaalado gaar ah. Markii loo feydo methane dhacdaa Sida halogeen iodide hydrogen dhacdo. Waxay saamayn ku iodide methyl iyadoo ay sabab u istaagaan soo baxay reactants hore methane iyo iodine. cadaanyo noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo arkaa inay karo.
reaction Wurtz of alkanes
Waa hab loo helo Consort la dhismeedka cokan symmetrical. Sida reactants ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa biraha sodium, bromides alkyl ama chlorides alkyl. Iyada oo ay dhexgalka diyaariyey halide sodium iyo kordhay silsilad hydrocarbon taas oo wadarta labada xag shidaalka. Schematically, ereygu waa sida soo socota: R-cl + cl-R + 2Na → R-R + 2NaCl.
reaction Wurtz of alkanes ayaa suuragal ah keliya haddii halogens ee u taagoo ay yihiin eb ee carbon hoose. Tus, CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 br.
Haddii inta lagu guda jiro play of galogenuglevodorododnaya dar laba xeryahooda, in uumiga saddex silsilado kala duwan la sameeyay wax soo saarka. Tusaale ka mid ah cadaanyo this uma shaqayn karo sidii sodium dhexgalka alkane la chloromethanes iyo hloretanom. wax soo saarka waa isku dar ah oo ka kooban butane, propane iyo ethane.
sodium Ka sokow, ay suuragal tahay in la isticmaalo biraha kale alkali, oo ay ka mid lithium ama potassium.
habka sulfochlorination
Waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan reaction Reed ah. Waxaa waddaa on mabda'a bedelka free. Noocan ah cadaanyo waa caadiga ah ee alkanes in ay tallaabo ka mid ah isku dar ah baaruud dioxide iyo chlorine kelli in joogitaanka shucaaca.
Geedi socodka bilaabmaa bilowga ah ee farsamo silsiladda, kuna waari dhexdeeda chlorine ka laba xag helay. Mid ka mid ah alkane weerarkii in siinayaa asaasmeen qayb alkyl ah oo u taagoo of chloride hydrogen. By hydrocarbon xagjirka ah ku lifaaqan si ay u sameeyaan baaruud dioxide qayb ka adag. Si xasilin qabashada dhacdaa mid ka mid ah la eb chlorine ka Britain kale. Qoraalkani wuxuu ku final waa chloride sulfonyl alkane, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee xeryahooda dusha-firfircoon.
Schematically, habka uu u muuqdo mid sidan oo kale:
CLCL → HV ∙ cl + ∙ cl,
HR + ∙ cl → R ∙ + HCL,
R ∙ + OSO → ∙ RSO 2,
∙ RSO 2 + ClCl → RSO 2 cl + ∙ cl.
geedi socodka la xiriira nitration
Alkanes fal la nitric acid in xal 10% iyo xabagta nitrogen tetravalent ee gobolka gas. Xaaladaha ay dhacdo waa qiimaha sare ee heerkulka (oo ku saabsan 140 ° C) iyo qiimaha cadaadis hoose. At nitroalkanes saarka soo saaray.
Geedi socodka ah ee nooca free-xagjirka ah ka dib markii saynisyahan ku magacaaban Konovalov, furay Avv nitration: CH 4 + 3 HNO → CH 3 NO 2 + 2 H O.
farsamo ee cholesterol
Waayo, dehydrogenation alkane caadiga ah iyo qoslaan. Britain methane Oo Qaliin ah kala daatay kaamerada dhamaystiran.
farsamo aasaasiga ah ee dareenka kor ku xusan waa cholesterol ee atamka ka alkanes.
habka dehydrogenation
Marka kala atamka hydrogen on lafaha carbon of paraffins ah, marka laga reebo methane waxaa laga heli xeryahooda roodhida. falgalka kiimikada noocan oo kale ah ee alkanes tijaabiyey heerkulka sare (400 600 ° C), oo hoos Sheelare ficilka sida platina, nickel, oxides chromium iyo aluminium.
Haddii ka qayb falcelinta ee ethane ama propane taagoo, markaas waxyaabaha ay ethene doonaa ama propene la mid bond double.
dehydrogenation ee lafaha afar ama shan-carbon ka helay xarunta Diene. From sameeyay butadiene butane-1,3 iyo 1,2-butadiene.
Haddii la joogo in walxaha falcelinta 6 ama in ka badan atamka carbon, benzene waxaa la aasaasay. Waxay leedahay giraanta ah leedahay beduliyum la saddex bonds double.
Geedi socodka la xidhiidha kala daatay
Under heerkulka sare reaction of alkanes leh bonds carbon farqiga iyo formation of noocyada firfircoon ee nooca xagjirka ah u gudbin karaan. Hababka noocaas ahi waxaa loo yaqaan arrinkaas ama pyrolysis.
Kulaylinta reactants si kul aad iyo aad 500 ° C, natiijooyinka kala daatay ee u taagoo, taas oo loo sameeyay isku dhafan ee xag nooca-alkyl.
Hirgalinta hoos kululaynta xooggan oo pyrolysis ee alkanes dherer silsilad carbon ay sabab u hesho xeryahooda kahaayeen iyo roodhida. Waxaa lagu magacaabaa arrinkaas kaamerada. Nidaamkan waxaa loo isticmaalaa ilaa qarnigii 20-ka.
khasaare waxay ahayd in la helo Consort oo leh lambarka falkaas yar yahay (ka yar 65), sidaa darteed waxaa la bedelay arrinkaas Hannaan. Geedi socodka qaadataa meel heerkul in ay ka hooseeyaan 440 ° C, iyo cadaadiska ka yar 15 atmospheres, iyadoo ay wada joogaan ee ah alkanes xawaaraha sii daayo aluminosilicate isagoo qaab jahaysteen. Tusaale waxaa ah pyrolysis ee methane: 2CH 4 → t 2 ° C H 2 + 2 3H. sameeyay hydrogen The alxamaad iyo kelli lagu jiro dareen-celinta.
Britain ayaa laga yaabaa in lagu beddelaad methane. Si aad u reaction waxay u baahan tahay biyo iyo Hannaan nickel ah. wax soo saarka waa isku dar ah ee carbon monoxide iyo hydrogen.
hababka lagu qayilo
The falgalka kiimikada in ay yihiin alkane caadiga ah ee la xidhiidha saamaynta electron.
Waxaa auto-qayilo ee paraffins. Waxay ku lug leedahay qaab xor ah xagjirka ah ee lagu qayilo ee Consort cokan. Inta lagu guda jiro dareen, wajiga dareere hydroperoxide alkane helay. Markii hore Britain ayaa la shito sameynayso la oxygen ee xag firfircoon loo qoondeeyey. Next, walxaha alkyl macaamila Britain kale O 2, heli ∙ Roo. Tan iyo markii ay peroxy xagjirka ah ee acid dufan la xiriiray Britain alkane, ka dibna la sii daayay hydroperoxide. Tusaale waxaa ah autooxidation ee ethane:
C 2 H 6 + O 2 → ∙ C 2 H 5 + Hoo ∙,
∙ C 5 H 2 + O 2 → ∙ OOC 2 H 5,
∙ OOC 2 H 5 + 2 C H 6 → HOOC 2 H 5 + ∙ C 2 H 5.
Waayo, alkane lagu gartaa falcelinta ee sari in inta badan yihiin guryaha kiimikada, go'aaminta Halabuurka shidaalka ah. Waxay oxidative ee dabiiciga ah waa la warshadu hawada ku of kulaylka, 2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2 → 4CO 2 + 6 saac 2 O.
Haddii habka lagu arkay qadar yar oo ah ogsijiin, wax soo saarka ugu dambaysta waxaa jiri kara carbon monoxide divalent ama carbon ah, wixii la goostay by fiirsashada of O 2.
In lagu qayilo ee alkanes sarkhaansan yihiin walxaha horseed iyo ciribtirmaan kuleelka ilaa 200 ° C waxaa laga heli Britain khamriga, aldehyde ama carboxylic acid.
ethane TUSAALE:
C 2 H 6 + O 2 → C 2 H 5 OH (ethanol),
C 2 H 6 + O 2 → CH 3 Cho + H 2 O (ethanal oo biyo ah)
2C 2 H 6 + 3o 2 → 2CH 3 COOH + 2 saac 2 O (acid ethanoic oo biyo ah).
Alkanes la oxidized karaa tallaabada of peroxides xilliile trinom. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid dioxirane dimethyl. Natiijadu waxay tahay qayilo ee Britain paraffins khamriga.
Wakiilada paraffins aadan ka jawaabin KMnO 4 ama -KP, iyo sidoo kale biyo bromine.
isomerization
On alkanes lagu gartaa reaction nooca bedelay leh qaab ku electrophilic. Tani waxaa loo gudbinayaa isomerization of silsilad carbon ah. Catalyzes habkan chloride aluminium, kaas oo ka jawaabay shito ah cokan. Tusaale waxaa ah isomerization ee Britain butane, taas oo ah 2-methylpropane: C 4 H 10 → C 3 H 7 CH 3.
habka iidaan
walxaha cokan, taas oo silsilad weyn carbon ka kooban lix ama in ka badan atamka carbon, oo awood u leh qabashada dehydrocyclization. Waayo, taagoo gaaban ma ah mid caan ku ah cadaanyo this. Natiijadan ayaa waxa ay had iyo jeer waa giraan ah lix membered sida cyclohexane iyo taagayo oo dhanba.
In joogitaanka Sheelare reaction, oo ag maraaba dehydrogenation dheeraad ah ee diinta ka galay giraan ah benzene ka xasilloon. Waxay dhacdaa diinta Consort acyclic in xabakta ama saaxadda. Tusaale waxaa ah dehydrocyclization ee hexane:
H 3 C-CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 -CH 3 → C 6 H 12 (cyclohexane)
C 6 H 12 → C 6 H 6 + 3H 2 (benzene).
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