Warshad taranta

Plant taranta waxaa loo yaqaan sayniska ee la abuuro horumar tayo cusub oo ka mid ah cultivars jira. The salaysan doorashada waa ay hababka ugu muhiimsan - xulashada iyo hybridization. saldhig u teori xulashada - sayniska ee genetics.

Features of taranta dhirta ay sabab u tahay xal guul hawlaha waxaa soo food saartay. Baadhitaan aad u muhiim ah oo tayo sare leh-, genera iyo kala duwanaanshaha noocyada dhaqamada, saameynta deegaanka ku saabsan horumarinta ah qaababka ugu muhiimsan ee nidaamyada dhaxal ka mid ah calaamadaha hybridization, iyo sidoo kale muuqaalada hannaanka xulashada iyo istaraatijiyad doorashada aan dabiici ahayn.

kala duwan oo mid kasta oo dhirta ku habboon xaaladaha gaar ah, oo sidaas daraaddeed meelaha kala duwan, waxaa jira xarumo gaar ah oo kala duwan iyo beeraha taranta imtixaanka iyo isbarbardhigga of noocyo dhirta cusub.

Si dhirta taranta ayaa guul, breeder ah waa in ay leeyihiin kala duwanaanta varietal ee wax isha ku. saynisyahanka NI Vavilov in uu waqti ururiyey ururinta weyn ee kala duwan ee dhirta iyo Aabayaalkood oo dhan ka meeraha dhulka, taas oo hadda si guul leh updated iyo waxaa loo arkaa inay aasaas u ah shaqada on doorashada ee dhaqanka kasta.

N. I. Vavilov cadeeyeen todoba xarumood oo asal ahaan ka mid ah dalagyada: South Asian kulaylaha, Bariga Asian, Mediterranean, South-Western Asian, NFD, South American, Central American. gobolka ugu qanisan tirada dhaqamada - xarumaha qadiimiga ah ee ilbaxnimada. Meelaha sida, dhaqanka beeraha horrayn, siday u kala horreeyaan, iyo taranta dhirta iyo xulashada macmal ah ku qaadeen muddo dheer. Ha ka fikiro si aynu si faahfaahsan waxa uu yahay waxan hadiyado fikradda.

Waxaa jira kuwo hababka taranta dhirta, xulashada iyo hybridization. Xallinta jeedo noqon kartaa qofka iyo mass.

xulashada Mass waxaa la yiraahdaa qaab xulashada macmal ah oo loo isticmaalo doorashada ee loogu yeero dhirta "cross-pollinated" (galley, hadhuudhkii, gabbaldayaha). Xaaladdan oo kale, fasalka waa dadka in kooban yahay shaqsiyaad heterozygous, halkaas oo iniin kastana xanbaarsan genotype gaar ah. Sababo la xiriira doorashada mass kaydiyaa iyo sifooyinka varietal waxaa hagaagay, laakiin natiijada doorashada sida ay yihiin kuwo aad deganayn sabab u indefinite cross-pollination.

xulashada Qofka loo isticmaalo in taranta dhirta, kuwaas oo si madax-bannaan pollinated (shaciir ah, oo sarreen ah). Farac oo dhan xajisto, iyada oo aan marka laga reebo, calaamadaha foomka waalidka, iyo waxaa loo yaqaan khadadka saafi ah (wax-u xagiisa waxha, is-pollinated of a shaqsiyaadka homozygous hal). Tan iyo geedi socodka mutational si joogto ah ay dhacaan, dhab ahaantii, shakhsiyaadka homozygous waa mid aad u dhif ah. Under control ee aan dabiici ahayn oo doorashada dabiiciga ah, ayay u soo iman oo kaliya ka dib markii guurka ah ee gobolka homozygous.

Habka taranta Plant ee doorashada dabiiciga ah door aad u muhiim ah. Warshad kasta oo ay nolosha oo dhan waa sarkhaansan arrimood qaarkood dibadda, sidaas darteed waa in adkaysi u cudurada iyo cayayaanka, iyo ku habboon si heer kulka biyaha.

Inbreeding - inbreeding. Tani waxay ifafaale ku dhacaa dhirta iskutallaabta-pollinated by is-pollination. Waayo, habka doorashada waxaa loo soo xulay dhirta sida, Beelaha oo ay awoodaan in ay siin saamaynta ugu badan ee heterosis. Dhirta noocan oo kale ah ku xiran yihiin sannado badan oo lagu qasbay in is-pollination.

Waxaa sidoo kale jira hab sida hybridization fog. Sidaas yeedhay crossbreeding dhirta in iska leh noocyada kala duwan. Sida caadiga ah, Beelaha fog yihiin oo Nadiif ah, si gametes loo sameeyay.

Plant taranta kale oo uu leeyahay habab sida isticmaalka Isbedelo degaaankaaga, mutagenesis tijaabo ah iyo nidaamka doorashada soo jeediyay IV Michurin. Kuwani iyo habab kale oo aad wax dheeraad ah ka baran karaa by reading shaqo ee saynisyahano kuwan.