Hababka taranta

The salaysan guusha taranta kasta - duwanaanshaha hidde ah waxyaabaha doorashada iyo hababka. Isticmaalka alaabta ceeriin sida ogolaanaya in la helo Beelaha cusub iyo noocyo, iyadoo noocyo kala duwan oo sifooyinka iyo guryaha. Basis of xulasho saaray saynisyahano ugu caansan ee dunida;

- Mendel (dhigay aasaaskii genetics, helay mabda'a discreteness ah);

- Darwin (aragti aasaasay ee asal ahaan, ku qaatay wax badan oo tijaabo on isgoyska);

- T. Fairchild (ee 1717 helay toon ah Beelaha macmal ugu horeysay);

- I. Gerasimov (furay beddelo tirada diirkja iyo isbedelka la iska dhaxlo ee la xidhiidha isbedel);

- M. F. Ivanov (bandhigay mabaadiida hidaha ee taranta xoolaha) ;

- N. K. Koltsov (abuuro saldhig ahaan genetics kelli).

- NI Vavilov (helay sharciga taxane homologous);

- I. V. Michurin (keenay Beelaha badan oo miro).

Hababka aasaasiga ah ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka taranta Waxaa la soo saaray iyadoo ay ku saleysan oo dhan daahfurtay hore iyo hagaagtay tan iyo weligiisba. Breeders in ay shaqo la isticmaalayo habab kala duwan ee xulashada: inbreeding, mutagenesis macmal ah, polyploidy, hybridization. Kuwa soo socda ayaa inta badan la isticmaalo hababka afgembi dhirta iyo xayawaanka noocyada cusub.

Hababka ugu weyn ee taranta warshad: hybridization iyo doorashada. dhirta selektsioniruyut by Cross-pollinated doorashada mass ee dadka in ay leeyihiin sifooyinka suurad wacan. Waayo, khadadka ugu saafi ah, in uu yahay, sinnaanta hidaha ee kala duwan, waxay isticmaalaan xulashada shaqsiga, taas oo is-pollination waxaa lagu gaarayaa by helitaanka xagiisa waxha, ee qof kaliya, taas oo uu leeyahay oo dhan muuqaalada ugu wanaagsan. Faa'iida ee habkan waa in waqti isku mid ah marar badan arkay daliilka loo kasin ee hiddo recessive. Sababta ugu weyn ee waayo, taasu waa inay u soo guuraan tiro badan oo ah hiddo-ee gobolka homozygous. Waqti ka, raasamaal ee hiddo mutant recessive, marayay gobolka homozygous, waxay keeni kartaa isbedel dhaxlo loo kasin. In xaaladaha dabiiciga ah, dhirta is-pollinated yihiin hiddo recessive wareejiyo galaan xaalad ah homozygotes iyo warshad si deg deg ah u dhinto.

Haddii hab is-pollination waxaa inta badan hoos u soo dajinno Biyaha. Si loo hagaajiyo ay anshaxa cross-pollination dhirta is-pollinating kala duwan iyo khadadka yihiin Beelaha sare-oo iniino dhala. hababka doorashada noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo yaqaan hybridization Interlinear. Waxay leedahay dhalidda ugu sareeya oo ka mid ah Beelaha jiilka kowaad. Xaaladdan oo kale, waxaa jira saamayn fiican u yaqaan ee heterosis, sida laga soo xigtay oo ah Beelaha awood helay by gudbaya khadadka 'saafi'. Waxay yihiin adkaysi u waxyeello ka soo gaartey, maxaa yeelay, waxay reebtay waxyeellada daran ee hiddo recessive, iyo ururka xoog hiddo xukuma dhirta waalidka wanaajisaa saamaynta.

Inta badan, doorashada ee dhirta kala duwan loo isticmaalo polyploidy tijaabo ah. dhirta Sayidka helay leeyihiin size a waaweyn, siin go'id wanaagsan iyo kicidda si degdeg ah. polyploids Artificial helay sarkhaansan yihiin walxaha kiimikada in baabi'in dunmiiqa kala qaybinaysa. Sidaas darteed, koromosoomyada Laab sii hal muhiimka ah a.

noocyo cusub oo ka mid ah wax soo saarka iyo isticmaalka mutagenesis aan dabiici ahayn. u shaqeeyo, taas oo sabab u ah Isbedelo leeyihiin guryaha cusub, ayaa koboca daciif ah, sidaas darteed haddii doorashada dabiiciga ah la tirtiro. Waayo, xulashada iyo horumar of noocyo cusub oo ay eyda looga baahan yahay shaqsiyaadka dhif ah in ay leeyihiin a Isbedelo dhexdhexaad ah ama wanaagsan.

Hababka xoolaha dhaqmaadka ah ma kala duwan yihiin hababka aasaasiga ah ee taranta dhirta. Ka shaqaynta iyaga waxaa la jiray - ay dhalmo galmada iyo farcankii yar. Selection of waalidiinta iyo nooca crossbreeding qaadeen oo leh ujeeddooyin gaar ah dhigay by breeder ah. All xayawaanka waxaa mahad ma aha oo kaliya by sifooyinka ay dibadda, laakiin sidoo kale on tayada iyo asal ah farcankii. Sidaa darteed, waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado in ay isirka. The habka taranta doorashada inta badan la isticmaalo 2:

- inbreeding (xiriira si dhow) - gudbeen waalidka, walaalo oo kale, oo walaalo ah. isgoyska Tani ma la qaban karaa muddo aan la cayimin. Waxa loo isticmaalaa, sida caadiga ah, si ay u hagaajiyaan guryaha dhagaxa;

- outbreeding (an ku tacaluqda) - hybridization mid ama wakiillo ka eyda oo kala duwan iyo xulashada adag farcankaaga kula guryaha wanaagsan.

xayawaanka Hybridization waa wax badan ka yar ku ool ah ka badan dhirta hybridization. Beelaha interspecific noocan oo kale ah ayaa inta badan ah oo Nadiif ah.