Yaa Volga Jarmalka: History of degayaasha Jarmal

Waxay jeelyihiin in ay adag tahay in ogaado kan Jarmalka Volga ah. Qaar ka mid ah khubarada ka fiirsan ka qayb qowmiyadda qaranka Jarmal ah, halka kuwo kale - dhalasho ee asalka ah, taas oo la aasaasay oo ku saabsan soohdinta reer Russia. Sidaas daraaddeed kuwa Jarmalka Volga ah? Taariikhda umadan naga caawin doonaa in ay fahmaan oo ay ethnogenesis.

Sababaha gelida Jarmalka Volga ah

Bal aynu eegno sababaha keentay in xaqiiqda ah in Jarmalka ayaa degan gobolka Volga Hoose.

Dabcan, waxaa jiray doorka ugu muhiimsan ka mid ah laba arrimood. First, dadka reer Empire Ruush uma ay oggolaan in ay fiican loogama dad iyo sida loo isticmaalo si waxtar leh ee dhulka oo dhan ee gobolka. Si aad u magdhabo la'aanta ah ee shaqaale, jiidatay muhaajiriinta dibadda ka. Inta badan, dhaqanka this ayaa codsatay tan iyo Catherine 2. expanses badan ee Empire badan Ruush degeen Bulgarian, dad Gariig ah, Moldovans, seerbiyiin iyo, dabcan, ay Jarmalka, taas oo dheeraad ah ayaa la hadli doonaa. Volga Hoose oo kaliya waxaa loola jeedaa goobaha sida dhif ah ku nool yihiin. More dhawaan, waxaa jiray reer guuraaga Nogai Horde, laakiin Russia ahaa faa'iidada si ay u horumariyaan beeraha ee dalalkan.

The factor labaad muhiim ahayd sababta formation of Jarmalka jinsi ee gobolka Volga ah, u adeegay sidii overpopulation ee Germany, oo wakhtigaas wakiil koox ka mid ah dalalka badan oo madax bannaan, si rasmi ah u midoobeen in loogu yeero Quduuska Roman Empire of Nation Jarmalka. dhibaatada ugu weyn ee dadka Jarmal ahaa la'aanta ah ee dalka, waayo, kuwaas oo doonaya in ay ka shaqeeyaan waxa ay ku saabsan oo dhan. Intaa waxaa dheer, Jarmalka ku soo maray dulmi dhaqaale oo muhiim ah oo ay maamulka deegaanka iyo dawladda Ruush ku bixiyeen faa'iidooyinka aan horay loo arag.

Sayidka, Empire Ruush loo baahan yahay shaqaale in ay la tacaalaan expanses ay u baaxad weyn iyo Jarmalka baahan yahay dal ay baaqbaaq laga yaabaa in ay ku quudiyaan qoysaskooda. beegay in danaha keentay in ka haajirid ballaaran ee dadka Jarmal ee gobolka Volga ah.

manifesto

signal Direct ay barokiciyeen in ka Jarmalka iyo dadyowga kale ee Russia u adeegay sidii manifesto ah Catherine 2, sii daayay dabayaaqadii 1762. Waxa uu ogol yahay ajaanibta ay si xor ah u degaan ee dhulka ee boqortooyada.

xagaaga soo socda, dokumentigan dhameystirey manifesto kale dhigayaa in dadka ajnabiga ah isu dooran karaan meesha ay degan yihiin soohdimaha Russia gudahood.

Waxaa xusid mudan in Catherine nafteeda 2 ahaa Jarmal u dhashay oo hooyo ah oo kibir ah ee Anhalt-Zerbst, sidaas ogaa in dadka reer Germany, la kulma baahida loo qabo dhulka, marka hore in ay ka jawaabaan call ee Boqortooyada dalka Ruushka. Intaa waxaa dheer, oo iyana waxay ahayd ka war stores iyo industriousness ee Jarmalka ma aha malo.

faa'iidooyinka degay

Si aad u soo jiitaan degayaasha, Catherine 2, dawladda iyaga siiyey qaar ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka. In the case of lacag la'aan in ay u guuraan dadka degan Ruush dibadda waxaan lahaa si loo siiyo wax khayraadka tiro ku filan u safrayaan.

Intaa waxaa dheer, degay oo dhan la dhaafi khasnaddii shuruudaha kala duwan ee canshuurta, haddii ay degeen meelaha qaarkood, gaar ahaan gobolka Volga Hoose. Inta badan, dhaafitaan dheer ka canshuuraha ah wuxuu u dhigmaa soddon sannadood.

Arrin kale oo muhiim ah in gacan ka gumaysigii deg deg ah ee shisheeye qaar ka mid ah Empire Ruush ah, waxay ahayd bixinta amaaho dulsaar la'aan soogalootiga muddo toban sanadood ah. Waxaa loogu talagalay dhismaha guryo meelo cusub ee dejinta, outbuildings u tahay horumarka dhaqaalaha.

Mas'uuliyiinta Ruush in la damaanad qaado non-faragelin gudaha arrimaha saraakiisha degay. Si loo abuuro nolol in deegaanada iyo xiriirka ay la leeyihiin meydadka gobolka siiyaa urur gaar ah ka ah guddiga maamulka.

qorista ee muhaajiriinta

maamulka State ayaa aan ku koobnayn oo kaliya fursado u dejinta iyo soo saarista ee tiro ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka soo jiidasho leh si ay u degay ah. Kolkaasay bilaabeen inay ku baaqaan in siyaasad ah ololaha firfircoon. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, gayiga oo ka mid ah dalalkan oo Jarmal bilaabay inuu ku faafay wargeysyada iyo waraaqo qalab dacaayad. Intaa waxaa dheer, in Germany shaqeeya hay'ad la hawlan soo galootiga qoritaanka. Dadkani waxay ahaayeen sida shaqaalaha rayidka ah iyo ganacsato, waxa loogu yeero "yeedhi", kaas oo galay heshiis la hay'adaha dawladda ee la xiriira shaqaalaynta ee la degay.

Wixii afar sano, laga bilaabo 1763, marka u socodka ah ee soo galootiga ahaa ugu daran, sida degay oo ku saabsan 30 kun. Dadka ku yimid Russia. Qiyaastii kala bar oo ka mid ah ayaa la shaqaalaysiiyay by "wacaha". Inta badan diyaar u ah inay tagaan si ay ku nool yihiin Russia ahaa ka Bavaria, Baden iyo Hesse.

Ururka oo ka mid ah degsiimooyinka ugu horeysay

Markii hore, degay ayaa la qaadaa si St. Petersburg (ka dib si Oranienbaum - xaafad ka mid ah magaalada), halkaas oo lagu helay ogyahay nolosha iyo dhaqanka of Russia, iyo sidoo kale siiyey dhaariyey reer binu daacad u gooyo. Markaas oo keliya waxay tageen dalkii reer gobolka South Volga.

Waa in la sheegay in wadada oo intaasu waxay ahayd arrin adag oo khatar ah. Inta lagu guda jiro safar this sababo kala duwan, waxaa lagu dilay in ka badan saddex kun oo qof, ama ku dhowaad 12.5% wadarta.

The degsiimooyinka ugu horeeyay, taas oo abaabulan Jarmalka hadda Ruush noqday gumeysi ee Dobrinka Hoose, wiilka Jarmal yeedhay Moninger. Waxaa la aasaasay xagaagii 1764 dhow Tsaritsyno ah.

Wadar ah 105 deegaanada ee degayaasha Jarmal lagu qabtay Volga Hoose. Kuwaas oo kala ah, 63 deegaanada ku salaysan "yeedhi," iyo 42 kale - xubnaha bulshada.

deegaanada Gen.

Hadda waxa laga bilaabo Jarmalka Volga ku istawooday on ciidda Ruush, wuxuu bilaabay inuu dhiso hab nololeed iyo si tartiib tartiib ah dhex galaan nolosha bulshada ee boqortooyada, halka aan illoobo xidido.

Deganayaasha keenay iyaga la qalab beeraha badan, ilaa wakhtigaas ma ay isticmaali ee Russia. Waxay sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa ah rogista cajaladda saddex-duurka ku ool ah. Dhaqamada ugu muhiimsan yihiin koray Volga Jarmalka waa cereals, waxayga linenka ah, baradho, hemp, tubaakada. Qaar ka mid ah noocyada dhirta ee wareegga baaxad weyn ee Empire Ruush ah ayaa la soo bandhigay si hufan sababta oo ah umadan.

Laakiin ma aha oo kaliya ku nool beeraha Jarmalka Volga ah, inkastoo industry this ahaa aasaas u ah hawlaha ay. degay waxay bilaabeen inay galaan processing warshadaha ee wax soo saarka beeraha ay, gaar ahaan wax soo saarka ee bur iyo saliid gabbaldayaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, ee gobolka Volga waxay bilaabeen in ay si firfircoon horumarinta texeen.

About nolosha sida ku hadhay Volga ka degay Jarmal inta lagu guda jiro qarniyo XVIII-XIX.

Ururka Jamhuuriyadda Madaxa Bannaan

Bolsheviks yimid u yahay xoogga nolosha aasaas is beddelay ee dalka. saamayn wayn dhacdadan lahaa on nolosha Jarmalka Volga ah.

Markii hore u muuqatay in ay ka imanayaan Communists yabooho Jarmalka siinta iyo is-maamulka awoodaha dheeraad ah. In 1918, on qayb ka mid ah gobolladii hore ee Samara oo Saratovka waxaa la abuuray Volga ee Jarmalka Soviet Socialist Republic, kaas oo ilaa 1923 lahaayeen xaaladda gobolka. waxbarasheedkani waxa uu si toos ah in RSFSR ka mid ah, laakiin ku riyaaqay is fursad wayn.

xarunta maamulka oo ka mid ah Volga ee Jarmalka Soviet Socialist Republic ahaa Saratov ugu horeysay, iyo tan iyo 1919 - Marksshtadt (hadda magaalada Marx). In 1922, xarunta waxaa ugu danbeyn u dhaqaaqay magaalada Pokrovsk, taas oo 1931 helay magaca Somalisch.

awood ugu weyn ee ahaa CEC ee Soofiyeedku ee dalka, iyo tan iyo 1937 - Golaha Sare.

Jarmalka waxaa loo isticmaalay sidii luqad labaad xafiiska. Bilowga 1939, saddex-meelood laba ka mid ah dadka waxbarashada ku saabsan ahaayeen Volga Jarmalka.

collectivization

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma sheegi karno in Jarmalka Volga, nolosha ku raaxaystaan yaabaa rajiimkii Soviet. Haddii inta badan ee dadka soo ridayeen of Russia waxay ahaayeen serfs hore iyo ka dib xoraynta ka serfdom, at ugu fiican, noqon yaroow dalka-saboolka ah, waxa ka mid ah Jarmalka ahaa boqolkiiba sare ah milkiilayaasha hodanka ah. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in shuruudaha gobolka Volga ee gumaysigii u malaynayeen in ay dadka siiyaan wadooyin dhul dheeri ah. Sidaa darteed, waxaa jiray qoysas badan in lagu tiriyey inay masuuliyiinta Bolshevik sida a "kulak".

Volga Jarmalka - dadka Russia, kuwaas oo ku dhawaad gaaray inta badan ka "qixin" ee geedi socodka. Xubno badan oo ka tirsan kooxda this qowmiyadaha la xiray, la xiro, iyo xataa toogasho ah ee geedi socodka of collectivization. ay sabab u tahay qaladaadkeyga abaabulay maamulka wadareed aan la boqol share ee tayada leh taas oo baabbi'iyey dhaqaalaha shaqayn karaan shaqeeyay.

Abaarta

Laakiin sidaas maaha wax u xun ee nolosha Volga Jarmalka. In 1932-1933 gobolka duubay abaar aan horay loo arag. Waxa uu ahaa ma ahan oo keliya sababtoo ah dalagga, laakiin sidoo kale xaqiiqada ah in beeraha wadareed qasab ah ku waajib ah in ay soo wareejiyaan hadhuudhka oo dhan gobolka. abaar qiyaasta ah in xaaqan gobolka Volga ah, u dhigma oo kaliya in ay in ka mid ah arrin la mid ah, kaas oo ka dhacay waqti isku mid ah oo ku saabsan soohdinta reer Ukraine iyo Kazakhstan.

Tirada dhabta ah ee dhimashada ka gaajo ee Jarmalka waa mid aad u adag in la ogaado, laakiin waxaa la qiyaasayaa in heerka dhimashada guud ee Jamhuuriyadda goboleedka ee 1933 lacag dhan 50.1 kun. Dadka, halka ay ahayd in 1931, loo siman yahay 14.1 kun. Dadka. Mudo laba sana ah, abaartaa ku qaadeen off, at ugu fiican, tobanaan kun oo nolosha Jarmalka Volga ah.

masaafurinta

dharbaaxo kama dambaysta ah in ka taliskii Stalin wuxu helay Jarmalka Ruush, waxa uu noqday ay masaafurinta qasabka ah.

tallaabada ugu horeysay ee lala beegsaday cadaadis iyaga ka gees ah ayaa bilaabay in qeybtii labaad ee 30-ka, marka xiriirka ka dhexeeya Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Nazi Germany ayaa kululeeyo. Stalin arkay khatar ku ah oo dhan Jarmalka, iyaga ka fiirsaneysa sida wakiilada iman kara Reich ah. Sidaa darteed, dhammaan xubnaha dhalasho siiyey, oo u shaqeeya warshadaha difaaca, ama u adeegaya in ciidanka, in kiiska ugu fiican ayaa meesha ka saaray, oo inta badan la qabtay.

Bilowgii dagaalkii labaad ee dunida loogu tala galay maroojin cusub in qaddar naxdin leh oo ka mid ah dadka muddada silcayey. Intii lagu guda jiray qeybtii labaad ee 1941 - masaafurinta of Jarmalka Volga waxaa laga sameeyey Guryahoodii ee fog qeybtii hore ee 1942 gobollada Kazakhstan, Siberia iyo Central Asia. Iyo si ay u ururiyaan ay maalintii la siiyey, oo loo ogolaaday in ay qaataan oo kaliya qadar kooban oo hantidooda gaarka. masaafurinta ayaa la fuliyay iyada oo ay kormeerayaan NKVD ah.

Inta uu hawlgalka socday, waxaa la dhoofiyo ku dhowaad 1 milyan oo Jarmalka ka soo gobollada kala duwan ee USSR ah, laakiin wax badan oo ka mid ah ay ahaayeen dhab ah oo deggan gobolka Volga ah.

Xaaladda hadda jirta

Cadaadiyo Volga Jarmalka qaybta ugu awood uma yeelan in ay guriga ku soo noqdo. Waxay isku dayeen in ay abaabulaan in ay madaxbannaani in Kazakhstan dhamaadka 70s ah, laakiin la kulmay iska caabin ah ka dadka deegaanka. Isku day in mass soo laabtay gobolka Volga ka dib burburkii taliskii Soviet ayaa sidoo kale lagu xukumay in failure, maxaa yeelay, gurigii ay mar noolaa Jarmalka Volga ah, oo hadda degeen, dadka degaanka ku cusubi, kuwaas oo aan doonayaa inaan ku laabto milkiilayaasha hore. Sidaa darteed, Jarmalka badan qowmiyadaha tagay Germany. Kaliya qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah u suurtagashay in ay magaaladii ku noqotid of Somalisch. Volga hadda ma aha meel deegaan is haysta ee kooxda ayaa sheegay in qowmiyadaha.

Currently, oo ku saabsan 500 kun. Volga Jarmalka deggan gobollada kala duwan ee Russia, oo ku saabsan 180 kun. Continue in ay ku noolaadaan Kazakhstan, laakiinse qaar badan baa u baxay inuu Germany, USA, Canada iyo Argentina.

dhaqanka

Volga Jarmalka leeyihiin dhaqanka arrin gaar ah, taas oo ah in qiyaas siman duwan tahay labada ka caadooyinkii Ruush, iyo dhaqanka ee dadka wadaniga ah ee Germany.

Inta badan quruuntan yihiin Masiixiyiin ah ee hadda kala duwan, inta badan Protestant (Lutheran, Baabtiistyaasha, Mennonites, iyo D. sidaas on.), Laakiin arrin wax yar oo ka mid ah iyo Orthodox iyo Catholics.

Inkastoo sano masaafurinta iyo isa-soociddiisa, dad badan oo Volga Germany wali waxay haystaan dhaqankooda iyo luqadda. Waxaan dhihi karnaa in joogitaanka qarniyo ka baxsan Germany waxay noqdeen koox qowmiyadeed oo gaar ah, taas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ka dhigan tahay dhalashadiisa in, in hadda ku nool yahay dalka hooyo ee taariikhiga ah ee Germany.