A. D. Saharov: Biography A, cilmi-baarista iyo u doodidda

saynisyahano Soviet Great waxaa loo yaqaan oo dunida ku. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah - Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov, jirka dadka iyo tirada dadweynaha. Wuxuu ka mid ahaa, oo shuqulladaadii hore on hirgelinta falcelinta thermonuclear qoray, sidaas darteed waxaa la rumeysan yahay in sonkorta - "aabbe" bam hydrogen ee dalkeenna. Saharov Anatoliy Dmitrievich waa academician ah oo ka mid ah Academy of Sciences ah USSR, Professor, Doctor ee Jirka iyo Xisaabeed Sciences. In 1975 wuxuu helay Nobel Peace Prize.

saynisyahan The mustaqbalka uu ku dhashay ee Moscow on May 21, 1921 Ninkani aabihiisna wuxuu ahaa Saharov Dmitriy Ivanovich, jirka dadka ku. Shantii sano ee hore ee Andrei Dmitrievich bartay guriga. Taasi waxaa xigay 5 sano waxbarasho dugsiga, halkaas oo Sakharov hoostiisa hanuun aabbihiis ahaa dhab ah ku hawlan physics, uu sameeyay tijaabo badan.

Waxbarashada jaamacadda, ka shaqeeya warshad dhufays

Andrei Dmitrievich 1938, waxa uu galay Jaamacadda Department Moscow State of Physics. Dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka ka dib markii, wada jir ah ula Jaamacadda Sakharov u tageen inay qaxidda ee Turkmenistan (Ashgabat). Andrei noqday xiiso aragtida of relativity iyo galmada farsamo. In 1942 wuxuu ka Moscow State University qalin sharaf. Ardaygu wuxuu jaamacadda Sakharov waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay sida ugu fiican oo dhan kuwa abid bartay at awood this.

By dhamaadka Andrew Moscow State University ee D. aan diiday in aan sii joogo dugsiga ka qalin in uu kula taliyay by A. Professor A. Vlasov. A. D. Saharov, noqoto khabiir ku ah oo duurka ku ah difaaca metallurgy, oo waxaa loo diray in ay warshad military ee Kovrov (gobolka Vladimir), ka dibna Ulyanovsk. Aad u adag waxay ahaayeen xaaladaha nolosha iyo shaqada, laakiin waa in sannadahan, Andrei sameeyey uu alifay marka hore. Wuxuu soo jeediyay qalab u ogolaanaya in la xakameeyo loo demin ah ee hubka u dusaya muhiimka ah.

Guurka Vihirevoy ka

Haddii ay dhacdo muhiim ah in nolosha gaarka ah ee Sakharov ahayd 1943 - saynisyahan a guursaday Vihirevoy Klavdii Alekseevne (sannadaha cimrigaaguna - 1919-1969). Waxay asal ahaan waxay ka bilaabatay Ulyanovsk, ka shaqeeyay warshad la mid ah sida Sakharov ah. Lamaanahan ayaa saddex carruur ah - wiil iyo laba gabdhood. Sababtoo ah ee dagaalka, oo ka dib sababta oo ah dhalashada carruurta Sakharov naagtiis qallin-jebiyeen jaamacadda. Sababtan awgeed, ka dibna, ka dib markii dhaqaaqin Sakharov ee Moscow, way adag u ahayd iyada oo si aad u hesho shaqo fiican.

waxbarashada wadashada ph.d.

Sakharov soo laabtay Moscow ka dib markii dagaalka, 1945, wuxuu waxbarashadiisa ka sii watay. Waxa uu ku qornaa dugsiga ka qalin si E. I. Tammu, jirka si fiican u yaqaan af, baray ee Institute of Physics. P. N. Lebedeva. A. D. Saharov doonayay in ay ka shaqeeyaan dhibaatooyinka asaasiga ah ee sayniska. In 1947, uu sha PhD ayaa lagu soo bandhigay. theme of shuqullada u noqday gudubka nuclear non-radiative. In waxa cilmiga la soo jeediyey xeer cusub waa in la fuliyaa by doorashada ee sinnaanta xukun. Waxa uu sidoo kale soo bandhigay hab lagu xisaabiyo is dhexgalka ee electron iyo Sawirid lammaanaha at dhalashada.

Shaqo on the "wax" imtixaanka qarax hydrogen ah

In 1948, A. D. Saharov waxaa ka mid ahaa in hoc group ad ka, kuwaas oo uu hoggaaminayay I. E. Tamm. Ujeeddadiisu waxay ahayd in dib loo eego mashruuca bam hydrogen ah, koox ka mid ah Ya. B. Zeldovicha sameeyey. Andrei ugu dhaqsaha badan soo bandhigay uu qabyo qarax, kuwaas oo layers of uranium dabiiciga ah iyo deuterium kaalinta hareeraha ah nuclei qaaradda caadiga ah. Marka xuduntii ka qaraxdo uranium ionized si weyn u kordhiyaa cufnaanta ee deuterium. Waxa kale oo ay kordhisaa heerka ay ka reaction isuga, iyo sarkhaansan neutrons degdeg ah uu bilaabo inuu kala qaybiyaan. fikrad Tani dhammaystirayaa V. L. Ginzburg, kuwaas oo soo jeediyay isticmaalka Qarax lithium-6 deuteride ah. waxaa ka soo hoos saamaynta neutrons gaabis ah, tritium waxaa la aasaasay, taas oo shidaal thermonuclear aad u firfircoon.

In guga ee 1950 la fikradahan oo ka tirsan kooxda Tamm ayaa waxaa la dhowaad si toos ah xoog ku saabsan "wax" - xarun ganacsi nuclear qarsoon ee magaalada Sarov. Halkan, tirada saynisyahano ka shaqeeya mashruuca, ayaa si weyn u kordhay iyada oo sabab u ah soo qulqulaya ee cilmi-dhalinyaro ah. shaqo kooxeed ee keentay imtixaanka koowaad ee bam hydrogen ah ee USSR, kaas oo si guul ah lagu qabtay on August 12, 1953 Qarax Tan waxaa loo yaqaan "jiiddo Sakharov".

Horeba sanadka soo socda, January 4, 1954, Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov noqday Hero a of Socialist Labour, oo helay billad "Hammer oo jiran." Sannad ka hor, sanadkii 1953, saynisyahan a noqday academician ah oo ka mid ah Academy of Sciences ee USSR.

imtixaanka cusub iyo raadadkii

Kooxda ayaa, kaas oo uu madax u A. D. Saharov ka dib, shaqeeyeen riixo ee shidaalka isuga isticmaalaya shucaaca ka dhashay qaraxa la'aan ah qaaradda. Bishii November 1955, waxaa lagu fuliyay imtixaan guul bam hydrogen cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa la hadhaysay by dhimashada askari iyo gabadh, iyo dad badan, oo joogay meel fog ka badan goobta ku dhaawacmay. Tani waxay, sidoo kale ka saarid mass ee deggan meelaha ku xeeran keentay Sakharov si dhab ah u malaynayso oo ku saabsan cawaaqibka naxdin leh in oo keeni kara in qarax nuclear. Waxa uu la yaabay, waxa dhici lahaa haddii awood this cabsi badan si lama filaan ah u dhaco faraha ka baxeen.

fikradaha Sakharov ee aasaaska cilmi baaxad weyn oo la dhigay

Isla shaqada on Qarax hydrogen ku Sakharov wada jir ah ula Tamm 1950 uu soo jeediyay fikrad ah oo ku saabsan sida si ay u hirgeliyaan gabbasho ah plasma magnetic. Seynisyahanno ka dhigay dejinta a asaasiga ah ee arrinta. Sidoo kale waxa uu leeyahay fikrad iyo xisaabinta si ay u sameeyaan beeraha magnetic xoog leh, by yareynta ka daadanayo magnetic qabashada qolof cylindrical. saynisyahan The bartay arimahan 1952. In 1961, Andrei Sakharov soo jeediyay isticmaalka riixo laser si ay u helaan cadaanyo gacanta thermonuclear. fikradaha Sakharov ee aasaas u sahan oo baaxad weyn oo la sameeyey oo duurka ku tamar isuga dhigay.

Laba Sakharov ee article ah oo ku saabsan waxyeellada daran ee shucaaca

In 1958 Sakharov soo bandhigay laba articles on waxyeellada daran ee shucaaca ka dhashay qaraxyo, iyo saamaynta ay ku hiddo. Sidaas darteed, sida uu u sheegay saynisyahan ah, hoos u dhererka celceliska ah ee nolosha dadweynaha. Sida laga soo xigtay Saharova qiyaasay mustaqbalka megaton dilaaca kasta waa 10 kun oo xaaladood oo kansarka.

Andrei Dmitrievich 1958 juuq isku dayeen in ay saamayn ku yeelan go'aanka ah in la kordhiyo USSR ku dhawaaqay darsigii on qaraxyo nuclear. In 1961, darsigii ka kala gooyey by baaritaan aad u awood badan bam hydrogen ah (50-megaton). Waxay lahaa halkii siyaasadeed ka badan muhiimadda ciidamada. Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov March 7, 1962 waxay ahayd billadda saddexaad "Hammer oo jiran."

Cayaaraha bannaanka

In 1962, Sakharov galay colaad af badan la masuuliyiinta dawladda iyo dhigooda ku saabsan horumarinta hub iyo baahida loo qabo in la mamnuuco baaritaan ay. khilaafka lahaa natiijo wanaagsan - 1963 ee Moscow saxiixay heshiis mamnuucaya tijaabinta hubka nuclear ee dhammaan saddexda deegaan.

Waa in la ogaadaa in danaha Andrei Dmitrievich durba sano kuwaas oo aan keliya ku koobnayn physics nuclear. saynisyahan ayaa horseeday nolol bulsho firfircoon. In 1958, Sakharov hadlay kana soo horjeestay qorshaha Khrushchev ee, kuwaas oo la qorsheynayo in la yareeyo muddada waxbarashada dugsiga sare. A dhowr sano ka dib, wada jir ah ula asxaabta Andrei ay in laga takhaluso saameynta ay T. D. Lysenko genetics Soviet.

Sakharov sanadkii 1964, ka hadlay ee Academy of Sciences hadal ah oo uu ka soo hadleen wax ka gees doorashada nin cilmiga nafleyda barta academician NI Nuzhdina, kaas oo ugu danbeyn wax uusan iyaga u noqdaan. Andrei dareemay in nin cilmiga nafleyda barta, sida T. D. Lysenko, mas'uul ka culus, bogga ceeb in horumarka sayniska Ruush.

Saynisyahanka ee 1966, warqad u Congress of CPSU ah 23 th saxiixay. Warqadan ( "25 caanka ah") Dad caan ka soo horjeeda dayactirka Stalin. Waxay sheegtay in "musiibada ugu weyn" waayo, dadku waxay u noqon lahaa isku day kasta oo in uu soo nooleeyo dulqaad, ismana khilaafin - siyaasadaha kaas oo Stalin qaatay. Isla sanadkaas, Sakharov la kulmay R. A. Medvedevym, oo qoray buug ku saabsan Stalin. Waxaa si weyn u saameeyay fikradaha Andrei Dmitrievich. Bishii Febraayo 1967, cilmiga uu soo diray ay warqad ugu horeeyay ee Brezhnev, kaas oo difaacay afarta mucaaradkiisa. jawaab adag ee maamulka la diiday Sakharov mid ka mid ah labadii tiir oo uu ku qabtay in ay "wax".

Qodobka manifesto, ganaax shaqada on the "wax"

In warbaahinta shisheeye daabacday maqaal by Andrei Dmitrievich, taas oo uu ka muuqataa on horumarka xorriyadda xagga maskaxda iyo nabadgelyo wada noolaansho ee June 1968. cilmiga la hadlay oo ku saabsan khataraha deegaanka is-sumowga, burburinta thermonuclear, socdaba aadanaha. Sakharov ayaa sheegay in loo baahan yahay wada oo ka mid ah nidaamka raasammaaliyade iyo hantiwadaag. Waxa uu sidoo kale qoray oo ku saabsan fal dambiyeedka ay Stalin, in USSR waxaa dimuqraadiyadda lahayn.

In this article, saynisyahan-manifesto ku baaqay in la baabiiyo of tijaabooyin siyaasadeed iyo faaf-ka dhanka ah gelinaya mucaaradka ee isbitaalada dhimirka. Jawaabta madaxda 'ayaa si deg deg ah by Andrei Dmitrievich raacay la joojiyay shaqada xarunta qarsoodi ah. Waxa uu badiyay posts oo dhan, mid ka mid ah ama qaab kale ee la xiriira in siraha ciidamada. Shirkii A. D. Saharova A. I. Solzhenitsynym lagu qabtay August 26, 1968 Waxaa la soo shaaca ka qaaday in ay qabaan aragtiyo kala duwan oo ku saabsan isbeddelka bulshada, taas oo dalka uu u baahan yahay.

Dhimashada oo uu naagtiisa, shuqulka FIAN

Taasi waxaa xigay dhacdo naxdin leh in uu naftiisa shakhsi Sakharov - bishii March 1969 uu naagtiisa ka dhintay, tegaayo cilmiga ku jira xaalad ah kuwo Quusan, taas oo markii dambe bedelay sprawled sanado badan wax aan waxba tarayn ruuxiga ah. I. E. Tamm, kuwaas oo mar madax Department tiyoriga ah ee FIAN, warqad u Keldysh, Madaxweynaha USSR ku qoray. Sidaas darteed of this iyo cunaqabatayn badan tahay in ka badan Andrei Dmitrievich June 30, 1969 ayaa la dhigay Waaxda machadka. Halkan inuu sameeyo shuqulkiisa sayniska bilaabay, inuu noqdo cilmi baare sare oo ka tirsan. Taas ahaa kii ugu hooseeyey oo dhan, waxa ka heli karto academician Soviet.

doodidda Continued

In muddo ah ka soo 1967kii si 1980, saynisyahan ah ayaa ku qoran in ka badan 15 waraaqaha sayniska. Dabadeed wuxuu bilaabay inuu Hogaaminaya nolosha bulshada firfircoon, iyo aad u badan oo aan u hoggaansamaan ha siyaasadda ee wareegyada rasmi ah. Andrei bilaabay rafcaanka daayo difaacayaasha xuquuqda aadanaha ZH. A. Medvedeva iyo P. Grigorenko ka isbitaalada dhimirka. Wada jir ah ula R. ku A. Medvedevym iyo jirka dadka V. Turchin saynisyahan daabacay a "Memorandum of dimuqraadiyadda iyo xorriyadda xagga maskaxda."

Sakharov in Kaluga yimid, inay ka qayb qaataan joogsiga barxadda meesha jirrabaadda kuwa mucaaradka ku qaadeen B. Weill iyo R. Pimenov. Bishii November 1970, Andrei, oo ay la socdaan physicists Tverdokhlebov A. iyo B. Chalidze aasaasay Guddiga Xuquuqda Aadanaha, oo shaqadoodu ahayd in ay hirgeliyaan mabaadiida by Baaqa Caalamiga ah ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha jideeyey. Wada jir ah ula Academician Leontovichem M. A. 1971, Sakharov hadlay kana soo horjeestay isticmaalka maskaxda ujeedooyin siyaasadeed, iyo sidoo kale xaq u laabashada ee tataarka Crimean ah, waayo, xoriyada diinta, waayo haajirayo Jarmal iyo Yuhuudda.

Guurka Bonner E. G., xilli Sakharov ee ka dhanka ah

Guurka Bonner Elene Grigorevne (sannadaha cimrigaaguna - 1923-2011) ka dhacay 1972. Saynisyahanka la kulmay naagtan 1970 ee Kaluga, markii uu u tegey oo ku saabsan maxkamadda. Noqoshada saaxiibka iyo saaxiib daacad ah ninkeeda, Elena G. diiradda hawlaha Sakharov si loo ilaaliyo xuquuqda dadka. Hadda waxa laga bilaabo waraaqaha barnaamijka Sakharov loo tixgeliyaa sida maadooyinka doodo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 1977, jirka dadka af weli saxiixay warqad wadajir ah, hagaajiyaa Soviet Sare Presidium, taas oo ka hadlay baahida loo qabo in la baabi'iyo ciqaabta dilka, cafis ah.

In 1973, Sakharov siiyey wareysi Mareykanka Stenholmu, ayaa u sheegay Radio Sweden. In waxa, uu ka hadlay nooca nidaamka markaas Soviet. Ku-xigeenka Xeer-ilaaliyaha Guud ee Andrei Dmitrievich samatabbixiyey digniin ah, laakiin, inkastoo taasi, saynisyahan ku qabtay shir jaraa'id oo loogu talagalay kow iyo toban wariye Western a. Wuxuu cambaareeyay hanjabaad cadaadis. Response to falalka ay ka midka ahayd warqaddii 40 aqoonyahano, oo lagu daabacay wargeyska "Pravda". Waxay ahayd bilowgii olole xaasidnimo ka dhanka ah hawlaha bulsho ee Andrei Dmitrievich. At in kooxdiisa ay u dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda aadanaha, iyo culimada reer galbeedka iyo siyaasiyiinta. A. I. Solzhenitsyn jeediyay abaalmarinta cilmiga Nobel Peace Prize.

The cuntojoojin ugu horeysay, kitaabkii Sakharov

Bishii September 1973, oo ay sii waddo si ay ula dagaalamaan xuquuqda qof walba si ay u haajiraan, Sakharov warqad u Congress Maraykanka, kaas oo ay taageerayaan Jackson diray. sanadka soo socda, Richard Nixon, Madaxweynaha Mareykanka, ayaa soo gaaray magaalada Moscow. Intii uu booqashada Sakharov qaatay goolkii uu u dhaliyay gaajo ugu horeysay. Waxa uu sidoo kale siiyey wareysi television ah si ay u soo jiitaan inay dhibaatada haysata maxaabiista siyaasadeed dareenka dadweynaha.

E. G. Bonner ku saleysan Award Faransiiska Humanitarian helay Sakharov, aasaasay Foundation ee reer maxaabiista siyaasadeed. Andrei Dmitrievich 1975 kula kulmay Mr. Bell, qoraa Jarmal caanka ah. Isaga, wuxuu u sameeyey racfaan loogu talagalay difaaca maxaabiista siyaasadeed. Sidoo kale 1975, saynisyahan a ee West soo saaray buug cinwaankiisu yahay "Waddanka iyo dunida." Waxaa Sakharov horumariyo fikrado dimuqraadiyadda, hub ka dhigista, wada ee dib u habaynta dhaqaalaha iyo siyaasadda, hoganaya istiraatiiji ah.

Nobel Peace Prize The (1975)

Nobel Peace Prize ayaa lagu abaalmariyey academician u qalmay in October 1975. Abaalmarinta waxaa la joogayaa naagtiisa, oo lagu dibadda loola dhaqmo helay. Waxay ku dhawaaqday in Sakharov diyaariyey ah ee xafladda. In waxa saynisyahan ayaa ku baaqay in a "hub ka dhigis dhab ah" iyo "détente run", cafis siyaasadeed ee adduunka, iyo sidoo kale in la sii daayo baahsan dhammaan maxaabiista damiirka. Maalintii xigtay, Sakharov naagtiisii u dhaqmeen iyadoo uu Nobel muxaadaro "Peace, Horumarka, Xuquuqda Aadanaha". Waxaa academician ku dooday in dhamaan saddexda gool, kuwaas oo ay si dhow u la xiriira midba midka kale.

EEDEYNTA link

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in Sakharov si firfircoon uga soo horjeeda taliska Soviet, amarka rasmi ah isaga ka gees ah lama soo oogay ilaa 1980 Waxaa la Yimaadeen sida cilmiga ah u cambaareeyay duulaanka ay Soviet of Afghanistan. January 8, 1980 laga xayuubiyey uu helay abaalmarinta dowladda horaantii Sakharov oo dhan. Link waxaa bilaabay on January 22 markii uu u soo diray inuu Gorky (hadda Nizhny Novgorod), halkaas oo uu xabsi guri jiray. Hoos waxaa wakiil guriga photo ee Gorky, taas oo Academician noolaa.

Sakharov ee cuntojoojin waayo xaq u leedahay in E. G. Bonner inuu ka tago

In xagaagii 1984 Andrei Dmitrievich qabtay cuntojoojin xuquuqda uu naagtiisa safar uu ku tago Maraykanka ee daaweynta iyo shirarka la qaraabada ah. Waxay ahayd mid la socda quudinta daran khasabka ah iyo isbitaal, laakiin ma uusan soo bixin natiijada.

In April-September 1985, academician la soo dhaafay cuntojoojin, eryadeen ujeeddooyinka jir. Kaliya ee July 1985 E. G. Bonner la siiyey fasax ah inuu ka tago. Tani waxay dhacday ka dib markii Sakharov warqad si Gorbachev oo ballan la diray si ay u joojiyaan saftay dadweynaha si ay si buuxda xoogga shaqada sayniska, haddii safarka la oggolaan doonin.

Sanadkii la soo dhaafay ee nolosha

Bishii Maarso 1989, Sakharov noqday ku xigeenka a qoon ee Soviet Sare ee USSR. Sayniska fikirka badan oo ku saabsan dib u habaynta qaabka siyaasadeed ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Bishii November 1989, Sakharov soo bandhigay dastuurka qabyada ah, kaas oo ku salaysan ilaalinta shakhsiyaadka iyo xaqa dadka si qarannimada.

Biography Andreya Saharova dhamaado December 14, 1989, markii maalin mashquul ee Congress of xigeenadiisa Dadka ka dib, dabadeedna wuu dhintay. Sida ka muuqatay by qaliin ah, qalbiga academician la si buuxda u dhiban daallanna. In Moscow, on Vostryakovsky qabuuro ku dul "aabbe" bam hydrogen, iyo sidoo kale dagaalka u fiican xuquuqda aadanaha.

Sakharov Foundation

xusuustiisu saynisyahan weyn oo tirada dadweynaha ku nool quluubta badan. In 1989, dalka waxaa la aasaasay by Andreya Saharova Foundation, kuwaas oo ujeedada - ilaalinta ee xasuusta of Andrée Dmitrieviche, kor u qaadida fikradaha uu, iyo sidoo kale ilaalinta xuquuqda aadanaha. In 1990, Foundation u muuqday oo dalka Mareykanka ah. Elena Bonner, naagtii academician ah, ayaa muddo dheer guddoomiyaha labada hay'adood. Waxay on June 18, 2011 ka mid ah wadne dhintay.

In photo kor ku xusan - taallo in Sakharov, aasaasay St. Petersburg. meesha waxaa ku yaal, waxaa loo magacaabay in uu sharaf. Kooxda ku guuleysatay Soviet Nobel Prize aan la illoobi doonin, sida laga arday ubax lagu meeleeyay dhawaanshaha ka taxadiri iyo Qubuuraha.