Akhrinta liiska Brodsky: dib u eegista

List Brodsky - waa maxay? Tani ma aha oo kaliya liiska buugaagta, waxa uu ku dhashay stroke ah qalinka Abwaan fiican iyo essayist. Waa hab isaga u gaar ah barashada suugaanta. Waxaa la filaayo in qofka ku nool 70-mada ay qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Ka dib oo dhan, dadka waa in akhriyey badan oo buugaag wanaag ka hor noqdo gabayaa ama qoraa. Brodsky tixgeliyo qiimaha iyo wanaaggiisa ka mid ah aesthetes of Daa'uud markuu qarnigiisa in dadka uu jilitaanka "kaliya dareen," jidka u bannaysay for abuurka ah ee aadanaha colaadeed, in mabda, jawi keligii.

Doisprezece Aleksandrovich - qofka la yaab leh. Waa mid gaar ah oo uu Biography. Sow ma aha, waxay u muuqataa wax si gaar ah - in ay gabayaa iyo essayist kuwaas oo isku mar abuuraa laba dalalka ka soo hor jeedda, ee USSR iyo USA, oo maraayay Abwaan ilaa ugu dambaysta, in la aasay Venice, ku dhashay ee Renaissance iyo gobolka X of Boqortooyada Roomaanka ah !

Nadezhda Mandelstam, qof dumar ah oo dadka waayeelka ah, kuwaas oo mar isku dayay in la saadaaliyo qaddar ee Brodsky dhallinyarada ahaa: "Waxa uu - fiican ... yar, laakiin waxaan ka cabsanaa in si xun ay dhammaan doonto." Oo sidaas daraaddeed waxay la Iosifom Aleksandrovichem ahaa: in USSR ah, wuxuu joogsaday si ay u daabacaan, ka dibna waxa uu ahaa oo dalka Mareykanka ah.

aqoonsi Brodsky dibadda

List Brodsky la og yahay in ay la qoray isaga by dhexe ee ku todobaatanaadkii ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay, inta lagu guda jiro guuritaanka ku qasbay in ay dalka Mareykanka. In ka badan Badda, ayuu ku hadhay oo ku saabsan xaalada shan professor Maraykanka college. shaqo ee horyaal waxbarasho ee qofka ku hawlan is-waxbarashada ilaa 15 sano, waxay ahayd tallaabo horseed ah oo ah aqoonsi uu caqli awood badan.

In Mareykanka, Professor joogto ah ku noolaa saddex magaalo, horeysay ee Ann Arbor, ka dibna New York iyo ugu dambeyntii - in South Hadley.

Faraj ee doorashada ee buugaagta ee liiska Brodsky

macalinka uusan si fudud aan damcay inuu soo noqdaan ardayda dad yaqaanna suugaanta ku. Waxa uu isku dayay in uu u beddesho ay ka aaminsan tahay luqadda.

Ujeedadu waxay upka uu horumariyo Roadmap ee Saxaabada (liiska Brodsky) waa oraah ka gabay by William ee British ah Auden ee "In Memory ee U. B. Yeytsa", kaas oo uu sheegayaa in kaliya dareen horumaray ee luqadda karaa "mashqoolay", "kicin" nin ee farshaxanka gabay.

Oo ku dhammayn lahaa tallaabo ruuxiga ah, ma kicin jecel yihiin is-waxbarashada, wax aan macquul aheyn. professor American ah ardayda asal ahaan Soviet iibsaday ka yimid xagga ammaanta lala yaabo. Wuxuu ahaa macallin ka mid ah u gaar ah, waxay u baahan tahay ardayda hal abuur reading hannaanka qaybo, kasta oo ka mid dadka dhallinyarada ah ay leeyihiin inay haleelaan sharraxaadda qoraaga. Qiimee Professor qalabka waxbarashada oo xigmad leh waa in aanay noqon ka barta of view of ardayba, iyo eegaysana ee ku Abwaan-dhaqanka.

Sense of luqadda sida Alfa iyo Oomeega noqdo gabayaa

Yaa lahaa waayo-aragnimo shakhsi ah oo weyn ku ladhan oo dheer si ay u sii taliska dhaqanka dunida, doisprezece Aleksandrovich rumeysan ku dooday in formation of Abwaan kama iman "harraad-abuurka" oo aan lagu faham cad oo shuruucda abuurista gabayada. feature ugu muhiimsan ee qofka noocaas ah, sida ay Brodsky, waa uun "dareen ah afka." isaga oo aan, gabayada waa dhintay.

-Hadlayay Ruush dadka isticmaala Internet mararka qaarkood muujiyaan dhacdhaco u kacaya ay sabab u tahay maqnaanshaha in liiska shuqullada Abwaan Pushkin, Lermontov, goortay ogaadeen sida nooc ka mid ah gusan siyaasadeed. Sida xaqiiqda ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa lagama yaabo waayo, waxaa iyaga ku lug laga yaabaa.

Indeed, liiska Brodsky qoray macalin American ardayda uu. Iyo ardayda qaar ka mid ah kuwa hadlayaa hooyo Ingiriisi. Sidaa darteed, liiska kor loogu bixiyey by Abwaan, qorayaasha soo bandhigay, gravitating qiyamka reer galbeedka. In dhamaadka, aan loo aanayn: Gabayaana, "oo caga cad Socda laayeen mandiil ee" iyo "goynta dhiigga naftiinna nool," waa in la maqlay guriga, gartay, fahamsan yahay waxa ay ahayd dadka iyada. Markaas lahaa Brodsky la xiray iyo dibad, oo wuxuu ku qori lahayd liis loogu talagalay ardayda Ruush-ku hadla. Iyo in dambaysta ah sida xaqiiqada ah waxay noqon lahayd Pushkin, Lermontov, iyo kuwo kale oo badan ...

Brodsky iyo bilowgii hawl gabay

Doisprezece Aleksandrovich ma aysan samayn wax qarsoodi ah oo hoos qufulka iyo furaha jidkooda galay gabayada. Waxa uu u sheegay ardayda in uu dhallinyarada, da'da 15, wuxuu gabayada baahsan iyo kala sooc lahayn ku qoray. Marka, markii uu ahaa 16, ayuu iska diiwaangeliso duulaan ka dhulka. Waxa aan ka shaqeeyey u dhow xadka dalka Shiinaha, degmada xagga woqooyi. Amur.

duulaan The, wuxuu akhriyey mugga ah gabayo Baratynsky, gabayaa ee qarnigii XIX ee (associate Pushkin). Waa gabayo ee Yevgeny Abramovich in raadka ay ku leeyihiin Brodsky ku shaqeeya uu "dareenka luqadda." Aragtida of abuurka Baratynsky isaga dhalisay in aan horumariyo, hogaaminayo Abwaan u qoro gabay aad u fiican.

Later Petersburg ee qoraaga dhallinyarada qaaday note ka mid ah talooyin badan oo saaxiibkii sare, Abwaan Evgeniya Reyna, kuwaas oo ilaa dhimashadiisii loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ugu wanaagsan ee Russia.

By habka, in uu link ugu horeysay laygu soo diray doisprezece Aleksandrovich maxaa yeelay, wuxuu ahaa gudbikaraa oo garoomada ka mid ah adeegyada khaaska ah (waxay si joogto ah waxaa lagu daawaday dhiba Ahmatovoy, kuwaasoo la Abwaan kulmay).

The macalinka ugu asalka ah oo uu liiska

Uu ardayga, Sven Birkerts, oo noqday caan naqdiya suugaanta, ayaa sheegay in fasalka uu Brodsky xusuustay sida labada macalin ugu xumaa, oo gacanta ku hal, ugu burjiga iyo - oo dhinaca kale ah.

Maxaad ugu xumaa (aan caadi ahayn oo uu eraygii in macnaha guud ee magaca Abwaan caan maqli)? Sven si fiican ugu jawaabo su'aashan. Xaqiiqada ah in Joseph A. gabi ahaanba waxba ma in lagu dhiirrigeliyo bulk jidhka ardayga ee suugaanta sameeyey.

Wuxuu ahaa shakhsiyaadka ah, iyo liiska Brodsky jeediyay horumarka uu sameeyay shaqsi wanaagsan kasta. Laakiin kuwa ardayda weli dhibaato in uu kitaabka ku akhriyey, ayaa tilmaamay mar walba ku tiirsanaan karin talo, la Master hadlaan. Sida laga soo xigtay-qorka ee saffarro, cod Brodsky ahaa midabo aan caadi ahayn kahaayeen. Waxa uu ka hadlay wax yar on sanka, iyo u sheegay waxa ay had iyo jeer waa mid xiiso leh. Friends si kaftan ah ugu yeerayay "band nin-naxaas ah."

Minutes of hadalkiisa bashaash la ardayda qiimaha ma ahaa.

Waxbarashada Joseph Alexandrovich, sida ay xusuusihii ee Sven Birkerts, waxay ahayd mid gaar ah. Macallimow halkii aan baray suugaanta, iyo isku dayay in uu u gudbiyo aragti.

khayaal ah ee bilowga ah ee suugaanta

Isagu waa bilowga ah ee labada kooban soo bandhigay mid ka mid ah shuqullada aad u fiican, oo waxaa ka buuxsamay argagax ardayda qaar ka mid ah liiska caajis Brodsky. Ka dibna waxaan weydiiyay dareenka ay sababtay gabay Akhmatova ama Montale inaan ka dhaansado ardayda galay garoonka, innagoo ka quote Sergeya Dyagileva caan ah: ". Igu yaab leh" Waxa aan ahaa fudud wiil American ama gabar si ay u sharxaan, tusaale ahaan, haddii si guul leh u suurtagashay sawir goobta dabka Akhmatova ama muujin sawirka "Iliad."

Ma aha qof kasta waxaa ka hadlay ugu sareeya Brodsky ammaantaada erayga Single. "cajiib ah" Inta badan, ardayga celcelis ahaan waa banal la faydi uu ismaandhaaf. Brodsky waqtigan qallocan oo ku jira gacanta sigaar ah shidnayn ...

Laakiin ka dambeeya oo dhan ficilkan ahaa share a badan ee kaftan. Ka dib markii la dhageysto dadaalka ardayga, doisprezece Aleksandrovich wuxuu kaga afuufay neeftii qoto dheer caanka ah soo saaray, u muuqataa agagaarka fasalka oo dhan ka dibna bilaabay inuu hadlo. Markaasuu wax weyddiiyey su'aalo iyo wuxuu ugu jawaabay. Waxa uu hogaaminayo kuwa raacsan ay dhex kayn ah ee dhawaaqa iyo ururo malaha wacyi dhagaystayaasha uu awoodda yaab luqadda ka buuxsamay. Sven Birkerts iyo ardayda isaga oo kale ah, u baxay inuu kulan la dareen ah ciidamada la arki karin socdeen warar ku wareegsan, laakiin sheegan in nolosha caadiga ah.

US Humanities liiska mahad

Liiska Reading Brodsky muuqatay tallaabo cusub ee formation of dhalinyaro ah Americans. Waxay marka hore u tababaran by nidaamka Dzhona Dyui, waxay leeyihiin xirfadaha fikirka madax banaan, awooda si dhab ah loo qiimeeyo ifafaale bulshada. Laakiin doisprezece Aleksandrovich garan waayeen nidaamka this. At cashar ugu horeysay ee uu ardayda uu siiyey liiska cajiib ah si kooban war dhaggan in labada sano ee soo socda ee ay noloshooda waa in heegan u xeerkoodu this.

Indeed, laga bilaabo liiska fiican qoraalo qaadanin Brodsky akhriska iyo dhamaado artis 70-mada ay qarnigii la soo dhaafay.

Sida iska cad, liiskan lagu dari karaa si ardayda maanta. Ka mid ah badda ee suugaanta, muuqashada sanad kasta oo faro badan on khaanadaha, waa in aad doorato buug, isagoo qiimaha dhab farshaxanka. Xusuustaa shuruudaha ugu weyn ee this waa in ay dareen ah luqadda, si farsamo fasiray by Brodsky.

Tusmada Brodsky liiska. "Bhavati Gita", "Mahabharata"

Liiska Iosifa Brodskogo ku bilaabmaa "bhavati-gita" (ilaah of song). Qiimaha shaqada this been in ay diiradda ku saabsan horumarinta ruuxa aadanaha. Waxay kaa caawinaysaa in isaga si ay u xalliyaan su'aasha hoose: "yaa waxaan ahay", ay qayb ka qaadataa guusha ee xaaladda gudaha loo baahan yahay si loo gaaro qiimaha ruuxiga ah. The "bhavati Gita" waxaa ka mid ah in ay ka nolol maalmeedka in nolosha ruuxiga ah, iyo ula lala xaqiiqada.

shaqada labaad waxay in loola jeedaa liiska reading lagama maarmaan Brodsky, waa "Mahabharata". Waxay qabsatay Tacaddi ah, oo muujineysa dhibaatada nuxurka bulshada ee qofka, ratio ee ay xoriyada iyo aayaha (qaddar). Mahabharata, oo gacanta ku hal, oo soo dhaweeyay unselfishness ah, iyo mid kale - gana renunciation dhamaystiran oo faa'iidooyinka nooca shakhsi.

Old Testament

Doisprezece Aleksandrovich booska saddexaad ka mid ah buugaagta ugu sareeya, furitaanka liiska caanka Brodsky sheegaye qorniinka Kiristanka iyo Yuhuudda - Axdiga Hore. Sida aad ogtahay, waxaa markii hore lagu qoray Cibraaniga. qayb falsafada iyo fikirka Central waxaa ka mid ah waa axdiga Siinay - waajibaadka soo rogay by Ilaah on quruunta reer Israa'iil, oo wuxuu noqday ku saleysan oo Tawreed ah (Law ee fulinta).

Waxaa jiro liis ku Abwaan si fiican u yaqaan iyo waxa noo yimid in loo iibsado ugu horeysay adduunka ee la - buug ku saabsan geesiga ah ee dunida oo dhan qadiimiga ah, dalxiisto, guul iyo boqorkii burjiga Gilmageshe.

suugaanta ee qadiimiga ah

List Brodsky - liiska asaasay suugaanta in loo kala saari karaa. Abwaan ma ahaa qofka ugu horreeyey oo diyaarisay liiska noocan oo kale ah. liiska loo yaqaan ee Lva Nikolaevicha Tolstogo aad u miisaaman oo ku saabsan taariikhda ee saamaynta on jihada reading. List sidii Yuusuf Alexandrovich looga golleeyahay in lagu taageero "wada hadalka aasaasiga ah."

Just ka baxsan shuqullada ruuxi ah, sida ay macquulka ah ee Brodsky, waa isku wareejiyeen block a of suugaanta qadiimiga: Sophocles, Homer, Herodiyiintu, Horace, Mark Avrely, Aristophanes ... liiska Tani waa dhamaystirnayn, waxa uu leeyahay oo ku saabsan 20 magacyada. Brodsky isaga qudhiisa ayaa wareysi uu ku tilmaamay inuu uga go'an tahay in suugaanta ee qadiimiga dunida horumarinta "dareen waqtiga." Markaasuu u yeedhay oo uu fahamka dabeecadda waqti iyo saamaynta ay dadka.

Maxaad sidaa ugu dareenka badan ku bixisay Greek iyo suugaanta Roman doisprezece Aleksandrovich? Waxaa si qarsoodi ah lahayn in wareegyada suugaanta waxaa loogu yeedhay Roman. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaan ku raaxaysan conceptualized xoraynayaa maaskaro suugaanta. Doodaan Midowga Soofiyeeti, ayuu qoloyinka waxa loo yaqaan "Rome".

faham qoto dheer oo nuxurka ee boqortooyada (cibaadada nidaam Kaysar, awood is korraysiiya ah) ahaa hanti isaga u, isaga qudhiisu tilmaamaysaa la Abwaan adoo Caayan oo la musaafuriyay Ovid.

Sayidka ma leedahay wax badan by madaxda Soviet (Roman), sida waxgaradka, inaad u dulqaadataan la'aanta ah ee xorriyadda.

Liiska Brodsky ku jira vosled buugaagta oo qaraami ah dhowr blocks oo isku xigta. Next - suugaanta ee Renaissance ah. Soo bandhigay kitaabka Fransua Rable iyo Dante Alighieri, geesigeeda a jacaylka kiciyo.

Suugaanta reer galbeedka iyo Ruush

block soo socda ee liiska waa suugaanta West Yurub dhismaha ganacsade bulshada iyo Ruush gabayo of Age Silver ah. Qorayaashu waxay doortayna iyagoo dhadhan, sida ay tayo iyo muhiimadda ay dhaxalka suugaaneed:

• Ruush Anna Akhmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, Boris Pasternak, Osip Mandelstam, Nikolay Zabolotsky, Vladislav Khodasevich;
• British iyo American Thomas Hardy, Tomas Eliot, Robert Frost, Marianna Mur, Uisten Oden, Elizabeth Bishop;
• Jarmal, Rainer Rilke, Ingeborg Bachmann, Georg Trakl, Gottfried Benn,
• Spanish: Federico Garcia Lorca, Antonio Machado, Rafael Alberti, Juan Ramon Himenos;
• Polish: Zbigniew Herbert, Czeslaw Milosz, Leopold Staff, Wislawa Szymborska;
• Faransiis: Zhyul Syupervel, Blez Sandrar, Giyom Apolliner, Maks Zhakob, Anri Misho;
• Greek: Giorgos Seferis, Konstantin Kavafis, Yannis Ritsos;
• Swedish: Harry Martinson, Gunnar Ekellef.

gunaanad

Ilaa iyo hadda, resonance ee sababa liiska Brodsky. Reviews of waxa kitaabkan ku caashaqay kala tagsan yihiin in isagoo sheegay in liiskan uu yahay dhab ahaan mid istaahila in dareenka, ku salaysan hanad ee Brodsky.

Iyo khilaafaadka kac. akhristayaasha Individual loolan Bulshda ee akhriska soo diyaariyeen a badan ee suugaanta qadiimiga ah. Qaar kale ayaa ugu jawaabay in qiimaha suugaanta qadiimiga ah waa khafiif ah (hadda sidaa darteed ha ku qorin) caddaynta ee xiriirka aadanaha.

comments akhristayaasha badan yihiin rasmi ah. Qof Yeeray in dhismaha "bhavati Gita" waa qayb ka mid ah "Mahabharata". Kii shakiyaa xaqiiq tahay ee liiska, sharxaya booskiisa by joogitaanka waxaa in shuqullada Nikolai Klyuev, anti-Semitic iyo propartiynoy hanuuninta aadanaha.

Isku soo duuboo, waxaa xusid mudan waxa ugu muhiimsan: buug ka mid ah liiska of Brodsky adeegay sidii lugaha-u gurteen inay hal-abuurka reer Yuusuf Alexandrovich. Waa si ay wacyi ee quruxda gabayada Brodsky bixisaa akhristayaasha ay liiska.

Waayo, kaasu faa'iido la taaban karo? dadka oo dhan ma laha waxbarasho philological iyo suugaanta gaar ah. Laakiin qaar ka mid ah qarsoon tayo gabay ama dayri. Sidee in ay isaga soo toosin? Jawaabta cad ay tahay in la akhriyo buugaag badan oo wanaagsan. Oo ka this of view liis dhamaystiran oo Brodsky - ma doorasho xun si ay u bilaabaan.