Aluminum, kiimikada iyo jirka guryaha

Mid ka mid ah ugu sahlan waa in biraha qalabka processing. iyaga ka mid ah sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin madaxda ay. Tusaale ahaan, guryaha aasaasiga ah ee aluminium waxaa lagu yaqaan in dadka muddo dheer ka hor. Waxay si ku haboon isticmaalka guriga waa, in biraha this uu noqday mid aad loo jecel yahay. Maxay yihiin guryaha aluminium sida walax fudud iyo sida la eb ee, waxaan ka fiirsan in this article.

Sheekada furitaanka aluminium

Laga soo bilaabo markii nin xusuusan ayaa loo yaqaan xarunta of biraha - alum potassium. Waxa loo adeegsaday sida hab awood bararin iyo link ayaa qayb ka ah isku dar ah, waxa ay ahayd lagama maarmaan iyo warshadaynta maqaar. Jiritaanka saafi alumina noqday kuwa loo yaqaan qarnigii XVIII ah, qeybtii labaad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waxaa walax saafi ah ma aydin helin.

Uu highlight ee ay chloride biraha saynisyahan horeysay H. Oersted. Waxaa baaraandegi cusbo potassium nuguli iyo isku dar ah oo ah budada cawl, taas oo ahayd aluminium saafi go'doonsan.

Markaasaa waxaa u caddaatay in guryaha kiimikada ee aluminium yihiin muujiyey in ay hawl sare, adkeysiga xoog leh. Sidaa darteed, waqti dheer isaga oo leh mar dambe la shaqeeyay.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 1854, France Deville awoodaan si ay u helaan goosimo bir la shubay by electrolysis. Habkani weli waa khuseeya ilaa maantadan la joogo. Gaar ahaan wax soo saarka ballaaran ee wax qiimo leh ku bilaabay qarnigii XX ah, marka dhibaatooyinka ayaa la xalliyo si aad u hesho xaddi weyn oo xoog goobta shaqada.

Si aad u taariikhda, biraha - mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan oo loo adeegsado dhismaha iyo warshadaha guriga.

sifooyinka guud ee la eb aluminium

Haddii aan sifaha element ee su'aasha ku saabsan xaaladda ka jirta nidaamka wareegsan, waxaa suurtagal ah in ay doortaan alaabta kala duwan.

1. Tirada Serial - 13.
2. Waxay ku taalaa in muddo saddexaad hoose ee koox hoosaadka ugu muhiimsan kooxda saddexaad.
3. mass Atoomikada - 26,98.
4. Tirada electrons valence - 3.
5. qaabeynta of daaha dibadda la siiyo by ² 3 3p ^1.
6. Magaca element ah - aluminium.
7. guryaha Birta badan yihiin fahmayaan.
8. Isotopes ma aha ee dabiiciga ah, waxaa jira hal nooc oo kaliya, tirada mass of 27 a.
9. Astaanta kiimikada - AL, in qaaciidooyinka akhriyo sida "aluminium".
10. qayilo oo keliya, waa loo siman yahay ilaa saddex.

guryaha The kiimikada ee aluminium si buuxda u xaqiijiyay by ay qaab-dhismeedka elektaroonik ah la eb, isagoo ku gacan qaaradda waaweyn oo xidhiidh ah electron yar, waa inay awoodaan inay u dhaqmaan sida wakiilka xoog yareeyo, iyo sidoo kale dhammaan oo ka mid ah macdanaha oo firfircoon.

Aluminum sida walax fudud: guryaha jirka

Haddii aan ka hadlo aluminium sida arrin sahlan, waa biraha waxaa usugnaaday silvery-cad. Waxaa si degdeg ah oxidizes hawada waxaana la daboolay by xabagta filim cufan. wax la mid ah waxay dhacdaa marka tallaabo ee acids urursan.

Joogitaanka muuqaalada sida ka dhigaa bir this adkaysi u daxalka, kaas oo, Dabcan, aad u sahlan, waayo, dadka. Sidaa darteed, tani waxaa si balaadhan loo adeegsado dhismaha waa aluminium. Guryaha oo ah walaxda sidoo kale weli xiiseynaya in xaqiiqda ah in biraha waa mid aad u iftiin, la raagaya iyo jilicsan. Isku mid ah qaababka kuwan waxaa laga heli karaa aan ka fogayn walax kasta.

Waxaa jira dhowr guryaha aasaasiga ah jirka ku jira oo caan ku aluminium.

1. degree sare ee malleability iyo ductility. From biraha this saaro miisaanka yar, xoog iyo bireed aad u dhuuban, waxaa soo galay silig.
2. barta barafku - 660 ⁰ C.
3. Karkaraya dhibic - 2450 ⁰ C.
4. Mugga - 2,7 g / cm ^3.
5. Face-xuddun u mugga daaqaddii crystal, biraha.
6. Nooca xiriir - biraha.

guryaha jirka iyo kiimikada ee aluminium qeexo meelaha codsiga iyo isticmaalka. Haddii aan ka hadlo dhinaca qoyska, in ka ciyaaraan door muhiim ah, hore ayaa loo arkaa by na sifooyinka kor ku xusan. Sida bir ah oo khafiifa, raagaya iyo anti-xoqe, aluminium waxaa loo isticmaalaa in diyaaradaha iyo maraakiibta. Sidaa darteed, guryaha kuwani waa mid aad u muhiim ah in la ogaado.

guryaha Chemical aluminium

Marka laga eego dhnaca kiimikada, biraha loo arkaa - xoog yaraynta wakiilka taas oo awood u muujiyo waxqabad kiimikada sare, sida walax saafi ah. Waxa ugu weyn ee - waa in meesha laga saaro filimka xabagta ku. Xaaladdan oo kale, hawshu si weyn u kordhiyaa.

guryaha Chemical aluminium sida walax fudud waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa awooddiisa ah inuu fal la:

• acids,
• alkalis;
• halogens;
• cawl.

Tan iyo markii aysan fal biyo ku hoos jira xaalad caadi ah. Sayidka ka halogeen aan kulaylinta kaliya sameynayso la iodine. Waayo, inta kale ee dareen diidmo oo loo baahan yahay heerkulka.

Waxaa jira tusaalooyin muujinaysa guryaha kiimikada ee aluminium. Isleegyo reactions dhexgalka:

• acids - AL + HCL = AlCL ₃ + H _2;
• alkalis - 2Al + 6 saac ₂ O + 2NaOH = Na [Al ( OH) _4] + 3 H _2;
  
• halogeen - AL + Hal = ALHal _3;
• baaruud - 2AL + 3 = AL ₂ S _3.

Guud ahaan, guryaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax ka - awooda sare inuu ka soo kabsado waxyaabaha kale ee ka xeryahooda ay.

awoodda Regenerative

The guryaha yaraynta aluminium si fudud ogan in ay dareen-celin la oxides biraha kale. Waxa si fudud iyaga saaro walxaha iyo u ogolaanaya in ay jiraan hortiisa Caraabaah. Tusaale ahaan: CR ₂ O ₃ + AL = AL ₂ O ₃ + CR.

In warshadaha waxa jira hab dhan diyaarinta walxaha ku salaysan celintan. Waxaa la magacaabay aluminothermy. Sidaa darteed, in industry kiimikada element this waxaa loo isticmaalaa biraha kale.

Qaybinta ee dabiiciga ah

Sida laga soo xigtay baahsanaanta ee xubno kale oo bir ah aluminium marka hore jabshay. Wuxuu ka kooban yahay 8.8% oo ka mid ah dhulka udubyadiisa. Haddii aan la is barbar nonmetals, ay meesha waa kii saddexaad, ka dib markii oxygen iyo Silicon.

Maaddaama ay falcelin sare ma dhici karto in foomka saafi, laakiin kaliya oo qayb ka ah xeryahooda kala duwan. Tusaale ahaan, hannaanka ah loo yaqaan senti, macdanta, dhagaxyada, taas oo ka kooban waxaa ka mid ah aluminium. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, keliya ee uu soo saaray ka bauxite, content ee aan ahayn mid aad u weyn ee dabiiciga ah.

Walxaha ugu badan oo ay ku jiraan biraha ee su'aasha:

• feldspars;
• bauxite,
• granites;
• silica,
• silicates aluminium;
• basalts iyo kuwa kale.

Qadarka yar ee aluminium qasab ku jira unugyada noolaha. Qaar ka mid ah noocyada ajada iyo badda xayawaan ay awoodaan in ay isku uruursadaan element this ee jirkaaga u ah nolosha.

soo dhaweynta

guryaha jirka iyo kiimikada ee aluminium u ogolaanaya in ay helaan waddo kaliya: by electrolysis of dhalaalid ah ee xabagta u dhigma. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habkan waa teknoolajiyada adag. barta barafku: AL ₂ O ₃ waa ka weyn yahay 2000 ⁰ C. Maxaa yeelay of this, waxaa si toos ah u sakhiray in ay electrolysis aan helay. Sidaa darteed wadi sida soo socota.

1. bauxite miino.
2. iyaga daahirisay nijaasta ahaa, taasoo ka dhigeysa alumina kaliya.
3. Markaas cryolite dhalaalay.
4. Oxide lagu daray daraa.
5. Isku dar ah Tani waxay ku siin elekrolizuyut aluminium oo saafi ah, carbon dioxide.

Dhalidda: 99.7%. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diyaarinta iyo in xitaa biraha nadiifiye oo la isticmaalo ujeeddooyin farsamo.

codsiga

The guryaha farsamo ee aluminium sidaas ma aha wax wanaagsan si ay u isticmaalaan in ay foomka saafi ah. Sidaa darteed, ku salaysan Alloys walax this inta badan loo isticmaalaa. Waxaa jira dad badan, oo la odhan karaa ugu aasaasiga ah.

1. Duralumin.
2. Aluminum iyo manganese.
3. Aluminum-magnesium.
4. Aluminum iyo copper.
5. Silumin.
6. Avial.

Farqiga ugu muhiimsan - waa, dabcan, a wakiilada dhinac saddexaad. aasaas oo dhan waa uun aluminium. Biraha kale sidoo kale wax ka badan waarta, daxalka u adkaysta, xirtaan adkaysi iyo baxda ee processing.

Waxaa jira dhowr meelaha ugu waaweyn ee codsiga of aluminium qaab saafi ah ama foomka xeryahooda ay (Alloys).

1. Wixii soo saaridda ee xarigga iyo bireed isticmaalo nolol maalmeedka.
2. Production ee galaasyada.
3. Diyaaradaha.
4. Dhismaha maraakiibta.
5. Dhismaha iyo naqshadaha.
6. warshadaha Space.
7. Abuuritaanka tigoodu.

Wada jir ah ula bir iyo aluminium Alloys - biraha ugu muhiimsan. Waa labadan wakiillada nidaamka wareegsan helay codsiga ugu ballaaran warshadaha ee nin gacmihiis oo kale.

Guryaha ee hydroxide aluminium

Hydroxide - xarunta ugu badan kuwaas oo foomamka aluminium. kiimikaad waxaa ka mid ah waa la mid ah sida in of biraha laftiisa - waxaa amphoteric. Taas macnaheedu waxa weeye in ay tahay awoodaan in ay jimicsi dabiiciga ah dual, in fal la acids iyo alkalis labadaba.

keligeed, hydroxide aluminium - a soo dadajin gelatinous cad. aad u hesho foomka cusbo aluminium fudud la alkali ama hydroxide ammonium. In falcelinta ee hydroxide la acid ah edbiyey cusbo u dhigma caadi ah iyo biyo. Haddii dareen-celin ka soo baxa la alkali ah, hydroxo ee aluminium sameeyay kaas oo qaar badan ay isuduwidda waa 4. Tusaale: Na [Al (OH) _4] - sodium tetragidroksoalyuminat.