Bilow daabacaadda

alifay ee daabacaadda, shaki la'aan ay sabab u tahay abuurista saxaafadda daabaco. dhacdo waxaa loo arkaa kacaan taariikhda ganacsiga buugga. Start daabacaadda dar dar geliyay wayn horumarinta qorista. Tani waxa ay ahayd sabab u ah faafinta deg deg ah ee ah xigmadda dadka, qarniyo kopivsheysya of curiyay dhaqanka. Waxaa ka mid ah Dadka dunida ku nool ayaa soo sara kacay maratay harraad akhriska, taas oo qeyb ka ah horumarinta aqoonta nidaam ah.

Waa in la ogaadaa in been abuurtay uusan daabacaadda dhacdo jaraa'id ahaa lama filaan ah. Dhamaan xubno ay si tartiib tartiib ah sameeyay. Waqtiyo kala duwan ka shaqeynayaan of mishiinka qaadataa noocyo kala duwan oo noocyo.

Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo macluumaad ah oo ku saabsan kuwaas oo bilaabay daabaco. Sheekadu waxay qeexayaa tijaabo ugu horeeyay ee ganacsi ee buugga Korea, Mongolia, Japan, China, durba 10-11 qarniyo. Laakiin, nasiib daro, runtii by buugga, jeer aad u badan ku tilmaamay, ilaa hadda ma gaarin. Sidaa darteed Waxaa loo arkaa in bilowga daabacaadda la bilaabay by Johannes Gutenberg (1399-1468). By isku farsamooyinka kala duwan, ka dibna jira ee wax soo saarka, ayuu abuurtay jidka ku qumman ugu waqtiga la daabacay buugga. Waa midda koowaade, Guttenberg noqday aasaasihii font cusub. Halkii characters shaqsi ayaa codsatay in image muraayad tuuray biraha dhinto. Waxay ku raran u saxan copper, koriya waxaa ka buuxsamay daawaha gaar ah, taas oo ka kooban midabyo, hogaanka iyo waxa daasadda. Hadaba, waxa suurto gal ahayd in ay habee erayada iyo warqado badan.

Guttenberg ee 1450 bilaabeen inay daabacaan version buuxa ee Kitaabka Quduuska ah (ugu horeysay ee Europe). Inta u dhaxaysa 1452 m iyo 1454-m (sida ay ilo kala duwan), wuxuuna ahaa awoodaan in ay daabacdo edition 42-line ah. Kitaabka Quduuska ah waxaa loogu yeero ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in on page kasta (pages ku jiray oo dhan 1282) ayaa 42 khadadka in laba tiirar.

Ardayda Gutenberg (Pannartst iyo Svengeym) bilaabay inuu wareejin technology daabacaadda la alifay ee Europe. Sayidka, bilowgii daabacaadda ka qayb qaatay abuurka ah ee laan cusub ee dhaqanka iyo wax soo saarka waqti isku mid ah - warshadaha daabaco. Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in fikradda ah "daabacaadda" ka maqnaa waqtiga, la wareegay aragti ah ganacsiga takhasuska cusub oo gebi ahaanba, oo ay ku jiraan iibinta buugta ee dukaamada ugu macsarada daabaco.

In taariikhda warshadaha daabacaadda ee 1500 waxaa loo arkaa durkin ah. Halkaa marka ay marayso, wax soo saarka kitaabkii waxa uu noqday mid baahsan, inkastoo qiimaha halkii sare. Isla mar ahaantaana la daabacay ka hor 1500 daabacaadan loo yaqaan "incunabula" - saaray in ay "u ishaartay" ee buugga, ka dib sii daayay sannadkan, waxaan ka helnay magaca "palaeotypes" - "buugaag jir ah."

Bilow daabacaadda ee Russia taariikhda dib 1550 sano. Inkasta oo taliyaha ahaa Ivan Grozny, oo haystay taageero weyn horumarinta farshaxan. Laakiin, nasiib daro, buugaagta ugu horeysay la sii daayay, "si qarsoodi ah" (kuma jiraan macluumaadka wax soo saarka). Sidaa darteed, taariikhda aan la diiwaan xogta ku saabsan daabacaadda ugu horeysay.

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in Ivan Fedorov noqday printer ugu horeysay ee Russia. iyaga la sii daayay, "Rasuulka," March 1, 1564 waxa uu noqday nooc ka mid ah daabacaadda tahay waqtiga. Buugan waxaa la sii daayay ka yar horsed iyo tilmaamaha ee Metropolitan Macarius. daabacaadan waa fasiraadda a classic ee taabacsan waxbaridda Christian Masiixa. Waxaa loogu talagalay buugga a for culumada diinta.

In 1565, Fedorov meel la kaaliyaha Petrom Mstislavtsem sii daayay noqday buugga more popular "Breviary." Sidaas darteed, waxay ahayd bilowgii farshaxan Ruush. Followers Fedorov ka dib markii la sii daayay "Psalms." Qarnigii sagaal iyo B16 guud buugaag la daabacay ee guriga daabacaadda Moscow ee. Ka dibna, guriga gobolka daabacaadda ayaa la ballaariyay. Waxay bilaabeen in ay ka shaqeeyaan proofreaders, tifaftireyaasha iyo xirfadlayaasha kale.