Russia ee qarnigii 16aad: horumarinta siyaasada

qarnigii 16aad ee Russia - formation of gobolka dhexe Ruush. Waxa ay ahayd inta lagu jiro xilliga this waa in ay ka gudbaan kala qaybsanaanta dhulgoosadka - geeddi-socodka sifeeyay horumarinta a dabiiciga ah ee feudalism. Cities koraan, sii kordhaya dadweynaha, horumarinta ganacsiga iyo xiriirka dibadda ah. Isbeddelka ku nooca dhaqan-dhaqaale keeni dhiig-miirashada dhaw xoogan ee qastaan iyo enslavement xiga.

Taariikhda Russia 16-17 qarnigii ma sahlana - waa muddada formation of qarannimada, formation of saldhigyada. The dhacdooyinka lagu hoobtay dagaalka, isku dayayaan in ay naftooda ka eg Horde Golden iyo waqtiga xiga ee rabshado looga baahan yahay midnimo dowladda dadka gacanta adag loo ilaaliyo.

Aasaasidda dawlad dhexe

Midaynta DULUCDA of Russia oo laga adkaado tafaraaruqa ku dhulgoosadka soo baxay in qarnigii 13aad. Tani waxa ay ahayd gaar ahaan dareemi kibir Vladimir ah, oo ku yaalla waqooyi-bari. horumarka kala gooyey by duulaanka ah ee Tatar Mongol, oo ma aha oo kaliya hoos u dhac habka of midoobidda, laakiin sidoo kale sababay waxyeello weyn dadka Ruush. soo kabashada bilaabay keliya qarnigii 14aad:. kabashada beeraha, dhismaha magaalooyinka, abuuritaanka xiriir dhaqaale. All miisaankiisu more helay Muscovy iyo Moscow, kuwaas oo dhulka waxaa si tartiib ah u koraya. horumarinta Russia ee qarnigii 16aad raacay Jidka xoojinta is burinaya fasalka. Si hoosaysiiyo qastaan, amiirradii dhulgoosadka ahaayeen in ay ku shaqeeyaan mid ka mid ah, isticmaal foomka cusub ee xiriirka siyaasadeed, la xoojiyo xafiiska dhexe.

Arrinta labaad oo ka qayb qaatay midoobidda ee madaxda iyo dhexe ee awoodda - booska nugul ee siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda. Si aad ula diriraan qalaad ee soo duulay iyo Horde Golden lagama maarmaan ahayd in ay midoobaan oo dhan. Kaliya ee habkan Ruush uu ku guuleysan karo beerta Kulikovo iyo goor dambe oo qarnigii 15aad. si buuxda dib ugu harqood Tatar-Mongol, taas oo qaadatay in ka badan laba boqol oo sannadood.

Geedi socodka ah ee formation of state hal muujiyeen gaar ahaan dhulalka ururka hore dalalka gaar ah galay mid ka mid Muscovy weyn iyo in isbedel ah ee ururka siyaasadeed ee bulshada, nooca qarannimada. Laga soo bilaabo dhibic juquraafi of view, geeddi-socodka lagu soo dhamaystay by bilowgii c 16aad., Laakiin hay'adaha siyaasadeed, waxaa la sameeyay oo kaliya in qeybtii labaad.

Vasily III

Waxaan dhihi karnaa in qarnigii 16aad ee taariikhda Russia bilaabay boqornimadii Vasily III, kuwaas oo kor u carshiga ee 1505 at da'da 26 sano. Wuxuu ahaa wiilka labaad ee Ivan III Weyn. The Emperor of All Russia ayaa la guursaday laba jeer. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee wakiilka ka mid ah qoyska jir boyar Solomonii Saburovoy (hoos ku sawiran - dhiska wajiga of dhaladii). Arooskii ka dhacay on 09.04.1505 jiray, laakiin 20 sano guurka, iyada oo aan ku dhashay dhaxal leh. Walwalsan tahay Prince dalbadeen furriin. Waxa uu si deg deg ah ka helay oggolaansho ah ayaa kiniisaddii iyo Duma Boyar ah. Kiis la mid ah raacay naagood rasmi furiinka tixraacayo keniisad waa loo arag taariikhda Russia.

Haweenaydii labaad gooyo ahaa Elena Glinskaya asal ahaan ka soo jeedaa qoys duug ah Lithuania. Iyana waxay isagii u dhashay laba wiil. Armalooyinka ah in 1533, ayay macno galisay barxadda, iyo Russia ee qarnigii 16aad oo markii ugu horeysay heshay Ninkaas ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma si gaar ah loo jecel yahay la boyars iyo dadka.

Dibadda iyo gudaha Politika Vasiliya III ee, dhab ahaantii, waa in la sii dabiiciga ah ee falalka aabbihiis, oo ahaa gebi ahaanba diiradda on dhexe ee xoog iyo xoojinta awoodda kiniisadda.

siyaasadda gudaha

Vasily III ku dooday in awoodda xad lahayn of madax ah. In halganka ka dhanka qaybsanaanta dhulgoosadka ah rus iyo taageerayaasha ay si firfircoon ku riyaaqay taageero kaniisadda. Laga soo bilaabo kuwa shar miidhan bay ahaayeen, si fudud u gudbaan diraya maxaabiis ahaan ama in ay geeystaan cadaab. Si buuxda u muujiyey dabeecadda dulmi, dareemi xitaa in uu dhalinyarada. Inta lagu guda jiro boqornimadiisa, muhiimadda boyars ee maxkamadda dhaco ama la taaban karo, laakiin abtirsan ee dalka kordhay. Marka la fuliyo, wuxuu doorbiday ku Josephites siyaasadda kaniisad.

In 1497 Vasily III ansixiyay Xeerka cusub ee Law ayaa ku salaysan runta Ruush, Dastuurka iyo Xeerka Garsoorka, go'aanada garsoorka ee qaybaha qaar ka mid ah su'aalaha. Waxay ahayd set oo ah sharciyada, iyo waxaa loo abuuray in nidaaminta iyo dardar jira waqtiga sharciga iyo waa qiyaas muhiim dhexe ee awooda. Emperor si firfircoon taageeray dhismaha, in sannadihii xukunkiisa la dhisay Mikaa'iil Cathedral, Church of loosoo ee Kolomna, degsiimooyinka cusub, qalcado iyo qalcado. Waxaa intaa dheer, isagu waa firfircoon iyo sidoo kale aabbihiis, u baxay inuu "ururiyaan" ee dalalka oo Ruush, fidinta Jamhuuriyadda Pskov ah, Ryazan.

Xiriirka Kazan Khanate hoos Basil III

siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda Ruushka in qarnigii 16aad, iyo in ka badan si hufan, qeybtii hore inta badan waa laga fekerayo ah oo gudaha. Emperor ayaa isku dayay inuu isku daro sida ugu badan ee dalka ay suurtogal tahay, si ay u hoos gelin dawladda dhexe in, dhab ahaantii, waxaa lagu tiriyaa sida qabsashadii of dhulal cusub. Iyadoo la macaamilooday Horde ee Golden, Russia dhow isla markiiba u tegey on weerar ee Khanate ah, la sameeyey iyadoo ay sabab u ah ee ay burburtay. Turkey iyo Krymskoe Hanstvo muujiyey xiisaha ay u Kazan, Russia ku hayso muhiimadda ay leedahay in ay sabab u tahay bacriminta oo ka mid ah dalka oo ay goob istiraatiiji ah oo wanaagsan, laakiin sidoo kale sababta oo ah hanjabaad joogta ah oo weerar. In la eegaayo in dhimashada Ivan III ee 1505 Kazan Khan si lama filaan ah uu ku bilaabay dagaal socday ilaa 1507 ka dib markii dhowr khasaaraha Ruush lagu qasbay inay uga noqda, ka dibna si nabad ka dhigi. Taariikhda laftiisa soo noqnoqda ee 1522-1523 sannad xisaabeedka., Markaas in 1530-1531 GG. Kazan Khanate ma ay siin ilaa carshigii Ivan Grozny uma aan iman.

Ruush Lithuanian-dagaalkii

Sababta ugu weyn ee isku dhac military - doonaya amiir guulaysi Moscow iyo qabsadaan dalka Ruush ahaa oo dhan, iyo sidoo kale isku day reer Lithuania si ay ugu aargudaan ee guuldarada ee 1500-1503 sano ee la soo dhaafay, taas oo iyada ku kici khasaaraha ka mid ah 1-3 qaybo ka mid ah dhulalka .. Russia ee qarnigii 16aad, ka dib markii soo socda si ay awood of Basil III ee, waxay ahayd in xaalad adag halkii siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda. Guuldarro Khanate Kazan ah, iyada lagu khasbay inay waajahaan Duchy of Lithuania, ayaa heshiis la saxiixatay anti-Ruush Crimean khan.

dagaalka ayaa bilowday iyadoo ay sabab u dhalan karta gudasha la'aanta ballantaas ay of Basil III (ka soo laabtay dalkii) xagaagii 1507, ka dib weerarkii lagu qaaday Bryansk iyo Chernigov dalka ciidanka Lithuanian iyo Upper Oka Principalities - Crimean tataarka. In 1508, taliyayaasha ay bilaabeen wadahadalo iyo saxiixday heshiis nabadeed oo hoostiisa kibir ah Lithuanian soo noqday Lyublich xeeran.

War of 1512-1522 sano. Waxa uu noqday in la sii wado macquul ah oo ku saabsan khilaafka hore ku baahsan. Inkastoo nabadda gabagabeeyey u dhexeeya labada dhinac ay ahaayeen mid aad u kacsan, sii boobka, dagaallo xuduudaha. Sababta tallaabo ahaa dhimashada Grand Duchess of Lithuania iyo walaasheed of Basil III ee Helena. Grand Duchy of Lithuania heshiis la saxiixatay Khanate Crimean ah urur kale, ka dib markii taas oo ku bilaabatay xilli dambe in ay sameeyaan weeraro badan ee 1512 Ruush Prince Sigismund aan dagaal oo hore u ay u Smolensk saaray ciidamada ay ugu weyn. SB sannadihii danbe, la darajo ah guul kala duwan ahaayeen taxane ah oo tug. Mid ka mid ah dagaallada ugu weyn ee dhacay meel u dhow Orsha September 8, 1514 ee 1521, labada dhinac isagoo arrimaha kale ee siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda, oo waxaa lagu qasbay in ay nabad muddo 5 sano ah ka dhigi. Sida laga soo xigtay heshiiska, Russia ee qarnigii 16aad heshay dalka Smolensk ah, lakiin waxa uu diiday in Vitebsk, Polotsk iyo Kiev, iyo sidoo kale soo celinta maxaabiista dagaalka.

Ivan IV (Xun)

Vasily III cudurka, markii wiilkiisii curadka ahaa 3 sano keliya yahaya dhintay. Arkay isaga xagga dhimashadiisa ugu dhaw iyo iyada halganka xiga carshiga oo ahayd (waqtiga gooyo wuxuu lahaa laba walaalo yar Andrew iyo Yuri Staritskogo Dmitrov), Wuxuu sameeyey "sedmochislennuyu" guddiga of boyars ah. In ay lahaayeen in Ivan badbaadin ka hor sanad guurada 15aad. Dhab ahaantii, guddiga ka mid ah wakiillo ayaa xoog ah ilaa hal sano, ka dibna wuxuu bilaabay inuu gooni dhici. Russia ee qarnigii 16aad (1545) helay taliyihii buuxa oo ahaa boqorkii dalka ugu horeysay ee taariikhda, in qof ka mid ah Ivan IV, ayaa adduunka ka caan ka yar magaca Ivan Xun ee. In photo kor ku xusan - image dhiska qaabka dhakada ah.

Waa wax aan macquul in aan ku xuso qoyskiisa. Taariikhyahanadu kala duwan ee lambarada, wacaya magacyada 6 ama 7 haween, kuwaas oo loo arko Haweenka boqorka. Qaar ka mid ah ayaa ku dhintay dhimasho dahsoon, qaar kalena waa la musaafuriyay keniisad a. Ivan Grozny saddex carruur ah. Senior (Ivan iyo Fedor) waxaa u dhashay ka naagtiisa ugu horeysay, iyo ugu da'da yaraa (Dmitriy Uglitsky) kuwii ugu dambeeyey - M.F.Nagoy, taas oo door weyn ee taariikhda dalka inta lagu jiro waqtiga dhibaatooyin.

Habeeynta Ivana Groznogo

Siyaasadda gudaha ee Russia ee qarnigii 16aad inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Ivan Xun ee weli diiradda on dhexe ee awoodda, iyo sidoo kale dhismaha hay'adaha dawladda u muhiim ah. Si taas loo gaaro, in lala "Xulay Rada" King, taxane ah oo dib u habaynta. The ugu weyn yihiin soo socda.

• Ururka Sobor Zemsky ee 1549 sida hay'adaha rag &-Wakiilka ugu sareeya. In waxa la soo bandhigay fasalada oo dhan isku duba riday mooyee.
• Adoption of Sudebnik cusub ee 1550, wuxuu sii waday siyaasadda ee fal sharci hore, oo markii ugu horeysay sharciyeeyay isku mid ah oo dhan unit canshuurta ee cabbirka.
• Bayjer iyo dib u habaynta dhulka ee 50s hore ee qarnigii 16aad.
• amarada Formation nidaamka ku t. H. Arjiyada, Streletskii, daabacan, iyo wixii la mid ah. D.

siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda dalka Ruushka ayaa inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Ivana Groznogo loo sameeyay saddex jiho, koonfurta - dagaalka ka dhanka ah Crimean Khanate ah, xagga bari - ballaarinta xuduudaha gobolka iyo galbeed - halganka helitaanka badda bari.

bari

Ka dib burburkii Horde Golden ah, hanjabaad joogto ah dalalka Ruushka abuuray jaaket iyo Kazan Khanate ee gacmahooda waxaa diiradda wadada ganacsiga Volga. Total I. Grozny fulisay saddex ololaha ka dhanka ah Kazan, iyadoo ay sabab u dambaysta ah, waxa loo qaaday by duufaan (1552). Jaaket waxaa ku biiray 4 sano ka dib, in 1557 si iskood ah gobolka Ruush biiray inta badan Bashkortostan iyo Chuvashia, ka dibna ay xiriir la aqoonsan yahay Horde Nogai ah. Sayidka dhamaaday taariikh ku daatay. Russia goor dambe oo qarnigii 16aad ay jidka u furay si ay u Siberia. saarka maalqabeenka kuwaas oo warqadihii boqorka ka heleen inay dalka ku r.Tobol leedahay, kharashka qalabeeyay xulka Cossacks free isaga u gaar ah, madax ka Ermak ahaa.

oo reer galbeed ah

In isku day ah in ay helaan badda bari ee 25 sano ee la soo dhaafay (1558-1583.) Ivan IV keentay a Livonian War galayo. Its bilowgii la socday guul xilli Ruush, waxaa la qaaday 20 magaalo, oo ay ku jiraan Narva iyo Dorpat, Ciidamada ayaa lagu soo socdo ka dhiman iyo Riga. Order Livonian The adkaadeen, laakiin dagaalka ayaa helay nooca daba, sida ay ku lug lahaayeen dalal badan oo Yurub ah. muhiimadda ugu weyn waxaa la ciyaaray by urur shaqaale ee Lithuania iyo Poland ee Commonwealth ee Polish-Lithuanian. Xaaladdu waa tub dhinaca ka soo horjeeda ah, iyo ka dib iswajahaya dheer ee 1582kii heshiis xabbad joojin ah ayaa la soo gabagabeeyey muddo 10 sano ah. heshiis Sannad ka dib waxaa la saxiixay ee plussa kaas oo Russia laga badiyay Livonia, laakiin soo laabtay magaalooyinkii ay qabsadeen Polotsk mooyee.

Koonfurta

Koonfurta, weli dabataagan sameeyay ka dib burburkii Horde Golden ah, Krymskoe Hanstvo. Hawsha ugu wayn ee gobolka jihada tani waxay ahayd in la xoojiyo xuduudaha ka weerarrada of Crimean tataarka. Ujeedada this, tallaabada u tahay horumarka duurka Wild ayaa la sameeyey. Markaasay waxay bilaabeen inay u muuqdaan line difaaca ugu horeysay, ie. E. line difaaca alwaax haraaga burburka, ee u dhexeeya oo taagan warmaha alwaax (xoog) gaar ahaan iyo Tula Belgorodskaia.

Fyodor ayaan boqorka

Ivan Grozny dhintay March 18, 1584. The xaaladaha cudurka reer boqor waxaa la yiraahdaa galay shaki by taariikhyahan ilaa maantadan la joogo. Waxa uu ku guuleystay by wiilkiisa Fyodor Ivanovich, aad u hesho xaq dhimashada wiilkiisii weynaa Ivan ka dib. In erayadii Ivan Xun ka, wuxuuna ka mid ahaa dheeraad ah oo ka mid ah door biday in, iyo soon, ku haboon adeeg kaniisadda badan boqor. Taariikhyahanadu guud ahaan muuqdaan in ay aaminsan yihiin in uu ahaa in caafimaad darro iyo maskaxdaada. In maamulka dadweynaha, boqor cusub oo aan ku filnayn. Waxa uu marka hore hoos ka mid ah boyars iyo kuwii gobta ahaa, ka dibna walaalkiis-in Boris Godunov adventurous. boqornimadii hore oo kale, oo kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa - orday, iyo qof walba ogayn. Fyodor waan dhintay January 7, 1598, taasoo ka dhigeysa Faracoodii jirin, oo uu kala gooyey ee guri ammaan Moscow Rurik.

Russia ee Warega of 16-17 qarniyo, soo maray dhibaato qoto dheer dhaqan-dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed, kaas oo gacan ka koritaanka a oprichnina muddada dheer Livonian War iyo duulaankii Tatar. Dhammaan cunsurradan waxa ay ugu danbeyn keentay in waqti dhibaatooyin, laga bilaabo dagaalka ee carshiga madhan.