Boqortooyada iftiimiyey in Russia

"Boqortooyada iftiimiyey" ee Russia yeedhay siyaasadda gobolka, kaas oo la sameeyay by Catherine Empress ah II, kaas oo xukumi jiray ee 1762-1796 GG. In style ee uu hoggaanka dalka loo diiradda on heerarka markaas reer galbeedka. Maxay ahayd in siyaasadda ee absolutism iftiimiyey? Prussia, Boqortooyada ee Habsburg, France - dhammaan dalalkaas, sida Russia, waxaa markaas hogaansamey koorsada. Waxay ka koobnayd fulinta dib u habaynta, casriyeeyo nidaamka dawliga ah iyo la baabiiyo of qaar ka mid ah survivals dhulgoosadka.

Power hadhay guud ahaan ay gacanta taliyaha diktatoori ah ee dalka. Habkaani waa khilaaf ugu weyn ee wax kala siyaasadda ee absolutism iftiimiyey. Habsburg Monarchy, Russia iyo awoodaha kale ee Yurub ugu waaweyn bilowday waddada dib u habaynta iyadoo ay sabab u kaca ee shuuciyad. Isbaddalada ayaa si adag gacanta ugu sareeya ka, oo sidaas daraaddeed ma ay noqon a soo guuri-full

madax

Boqortooyada iftiimiyey Ruush sarkhaansan yihiin dhaqanka Faransiis yimid, sameeyay aragtida Catherine II, iyada ambabaxay iyo qayb weyn oo ka mid ah dadka wax bartay ee dalka. Dhinaca mid, waxa uu ahaa fashion ee aadaab laandheere ah, dharka Yurub, timaha iyo koofiyadaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku-rogga Faransiis ah ayaa ka muuqata cimilada ruuxiga ah ee ku abtirsan.

baayacmushtariyaasha Rich iyo farsamayaqaan, iyo sidoo kale saraakiil sare oo waxay bilaabeen inay bartaan galbeedka Yurub bani'aadamnimada dhaqanka, taariikhda, falsafada, fanka iyo suugaanta hoos Peter I. In Zaman ee Catherine habka gaadhay heer sarreysa. Waxaa la aasaasay by aristocracy - waa saldhigga bulshada ee Boqortooyada ee muddada absolutism iftiimiyey. Buugaagta iyo martida ajnabiga ah in ay ku abtirsan saareen fikrado horusocod ah. dadka Rich u leeyihiin in ay si joogto ah u safri Europe, sahamiyo dunida, inay is barbar dhigaan si ay reer galbeedka iyo anshaxa la Ruush ah.

Catherine "Tilmaamaha"

Catherine II in ay awood u yimid in 1762. Waxay ahayd Jarmal u dhashay, oo wuxuu lahaa oo waxbarasho Yurub iyo caadooyinka Dirk la faylosuufiinta weyn Faransiis. Tani "Alaabtoodii caqliga" saameeyeen style ee dawladda. Empress waxa uu doonayay inuu dib u habeeyn gobolka oo aad u ool ah oo casri ah. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaa ku Boqortooyada ah iftiimiyey Catherine 2.

Horeba la mid ah 1762-taliye Nikita Panin Empress wuxuu iyadii siiyey dibuhabaynta qabyada ah ee Golaha Imperial ah. Statesman ku dooday in nidaamkii hore ee dowladda ma aha wax ku ool ah ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in ay u saamaxdo ka ah ee hogaamiye. guurka ka absolutism in Boqortooyada iftiimiyey jiifay ee xaqiiqda ah in Catherine ka soo horjeeda taliyayaashii hore ee Zaman postpetrovskoy marka siyaasadda garoomada ka timi kala duwan.

Guud ahaan Panin soo jeediyay abuuritaanka urur la-talinta. Catherine diiday inuu mashruuca, ay go'aansadeen in ay ku darsato dokumentigan. Sayidka ayaa ku dhashay qorshe Manhajkooda dhamaystiran sharciga hore. Waxa ugu muhiimsan waa waxa aan rabay in aan gaaro Empress ah - amarka in lagu maamulo dalka. Ujeedada this waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay si buuxda u su'alaha sharciyadii hore iyo kuwa cusub ku dar ahaa.

Soon Catherine aasaasay Commission for abuurka ee Xeerka cusub. Sida talo iyada Empress ka kooban a "Waajibaadka". Waxaa jiray in ka badan 500 articles, kuwaas oo la diyaariyey mabaadii'da aasaasiga ah ee nidaamka sharciga ee Russia. document Catherine gudbiyo qoraaladii ay aqoon yahanno badan oo waqtiga: Montesquieu, Beccaria, Justus, Bielefeld. In the "Tilmaamaha" muuqataa in ay ahayd boqortooyo ah loo iftiimiyey in Russia oo dhan. Features, content, muhiimadda uu qoraalkani u taagan dib u tageen inay fikirka sare kutub ah.

Catherine dood teori ahaayeen aad u deeqsi ah oo sidaas daraaddeed ma khuseeyaan waxa markaas ahayd xaqiiqada dhabta ah ee Ruush, sida dhabarjab ku ah danaha abtirsan mudan - taageerada ugu weyn ee awoodda dawladda. Mid ka mid ah ama qaab kale, laakiin qaar badan oo ka mid ah doodaha madax ka hadhay oo kaliya gudahood rabitaanka wanaagsan. Dhinaca kale, ee "Tilmaamaha" Catherine ayaa sheegay in Russia - awood Yurub. Sidaas daraaddeed waxay la xaqiijiyay koorsada siyaasadeed, aasaasay by Peter I.

The lakab oo dadweynaha Ruush

Catherine II rumeysan yahay in Boqortooyada iftiimiyey in Russia ay ku salaysan tahay qeybinta fasal ee bulshada. gobolka fiican waxay u bixisay model absolutist. Empress sharaxay iyada daacad u ah xaq "dabiiciga ah" oo ay keli u talin, iyo kuwa kale - waa in la gacanta. Catherine postulates xaq tixraacayo taariikhda Russia, halkaas oo -Raaxaysta- ahaa oo xididdada ugu qadiimiga ah.

Boqortooyada aan loo yeedhin oo kaliya il awoodeed, laakiin sidoo kale tirada a in adkeynaysa oo dhan ee bulshada. Wuxuu ma lahayn wixii xannibaad, marka lagu daro anshaxa ah. Boqortooyada, maleeyay in Catherine, waxay lahaayeen in ay gutaan samirkiisa iyo si loo hubiyo in "Naciimo ee kasta iyo mid kasta oo." Boqortooyada iftiimiyey loola dan lahaa in aan la xaddido xorriyadda dadka, iyo jihada of tamartaa iyo hawlahooda si loo gaaro barwaaqo caam ah.

Empress bulshada Ruush kala qaybiyey saddex ceegaagta waaweyn: abtirsan jiray, bourgeoisie ee yar yar iyo isku duba riday. Freedom waxay u bixisay xaq u leeyahay inuu sameeyo wixii waa sharciga gudahood. qalab ugu weyn ku dhawaaqay sharciyada gobolka. Waxay la dhisay oo la diyaariyey sidii ay ahayd "ruuxa dadka", in uu yahay maskaxda. All of this ahayd si ay u bixiyaan Boqortooyada ah iftiimiyey ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XVIII ah. Catherine II ahaa taliyayaashii ugu horeysay Ruush ka hadlay baahida loo qabo in humanize sharciga dembiga. Waxay ku fikiray goolkiisii ugu weyn ee gobolka ma waxaa u sugnaaday Caddibaadda dambiilayaasha, iyo ka hortagga dambiyada ay.

dhaqaalaha

tiirarka dhaqaalaha on taas oo nastay Boqortooyada ah loo iftiimiyey, lahaa xaq u leedahay in hantida iyo beeraha. Xaaladda ugu weyn ee barwaaqada dalka ee Catherine yeedhay shaqo adag dhammaan fasalada Ruush. Wicitaanka beeraha ku saleysan dhaqaalaha, Empress ma dissemble. Russia ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XVIII ka ahaa dalka qoto dheer beerolay, halkaas oo si weyn u warshadaha ka danbeeya Yurub.

tuulooyin badan oo boqornimadii Catherine II ayaa lagu dhawaaqay in magaalo ka mid ah, laakiin dhab ahaantii ku jiray oo dhan tuulooyinka isku shaqo isku mid ah iyo muuqaalka. In khilaaf this been Russia ee beerolay iyo raggu. Xitaa magaalooyinka khayaali ah ee dadka reer magaalka ah ee dalka ma ahaa in ka badan 5%.

warshadaha Ruush, sida beeraha, ayaa ku hadhay dhulgoosadka. Warshadaha iyo manufactories loo isticmaalo hawl, maxaa yeelay, shaqaalaha shaqada rayidka ku kici shirkadaha si aad u dalbato ka badan. Dhanka kale, ee England, ayaa mar hore bilaabay Revolution warshadaha. Russia dhoofiyo alaabta inta badan semi-dhammeeyayna iyo alaabta ceeriin dabiiciga ah. dhaqaalaha alaabta dhammeeyey ku dhowaad ma ka dhigi suuqa shisheeye.

Maxkamadda iyo Diinta

cutubyada ugu danbeysay ee "Tilmaamaha" Catherine ayaa loo soocay in ay maxkamadaha. Boqortooyada iftiimiyey in Russia, ee gaaban, oo aan ula falgalaan karaa dadweynaha oo aan garsooraha this. Dacwadaha ayaa muhiim, taas oo aan guul darreysan karaa si ay u fahmaan Empress ah. Catherine ayaa wakiishay hawlaha badan ee hay'adaha. Gaar ahaan, maxkamadda ayaa difaacay mabda'a xorriyadda diinta khusaysaa dhammaan dadka reer Russia. mawduuca Diinta Catherine saamaysay iyo in uu waraaqo. Waxay ahayd horjeeda diinta lagu qasbay in ay diinta masiixiyadda, dadyowga aan Ruush ee dalka.

Boqortooyada iftiimiyey - waa xaalad xeeldheer in u hogaansanaanta shuruucda iyo xeerarka. Taasi waa sababta Guddiga ayaa mamnuucday dhigay Catherine haysta dhagaysiga degdegga ah. Empress sidoo kale ka soo horjeeda Dulmiga xoriyadda hadalka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani ma ka hortagi iyada dejin aargoosi on kuwa, iyada oo opinion, publications uu lo on si dadweynaha.

su'aasha soo ridayeen

dhibaato ugu weyn ee soo food saaray boqortooyada iftiimiyey in Russia, waxay ahayd mustaqbalka serfdom. In Zaman ee Catherine II meel adag ee yaroow iyo waxa aan la baajiyay. Laakiin waxaa la hoos geliyey wax serfdom dhaleeceyn badan ee qaybaha oo horusocod ah ee bulshada. sharkan bulshada ayaa shayga Nikolaya Novikova weeraro majaladaha garneel ( "jeebka", "Drone", "rinjiile"). Like Radishchev, ayuu dulqadan isbedel weyn ugu sareeya ka bilaabay, oo waxaa xabsi ku jiray dhufayskii Schlisselburg.

reer xamarku ee serfdom may ahayn oo kaliya booska addoon ka baxsan ee qastaan, laakiin in ay caqabad ku tahay horumarka dhaqaale ee boqortooyada. Freedom of xaafadaha ahayd lagama maarmaan in ay ka shaqeeyaan ay lacagta u gaar ah. Shaqeeyaan mulkiilaha, qaado ka goosashada iyo dakhliga ku soo gala, ahmiyadda a ma noqon karaan kuwo wax ku ool ah. kobcinta The duba ahayd oo kaliya ka dib markii uu sii daayo ee 1861. Boqortooyada iftiimiyey Catherine 2, ee gaaban, kuma uu dhicin in ay qaataan talaabo si ay u ilaalin lahaa xasilooni gudaha ah, waa maqnaanshaha khilaafka u dhexeeya dawladda iyo dadka dhulka ku. diinta ka soo hadhay Empress Village hadana toosnaaday muuqaal kaliya. Waxa ay ahayd inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada iyada - Zaman ee enslavement ugu weyn ee qastaan. Horeba ee ina Catherine ee Paul waxaan boon sii dhinmaan, noqday saddex maalmood ah.

Naqdiga of -Raaxaysta- ah

rationalism Faransiis iyo fikradaha Nuurin tilmaamay in darrada foomamka dhulgoosadka ah ee dawladda. Sayidka ayaa ku dhashay dhaleeceyn ugu horeysay ee -Raaxaysta- ah. Boqortooyada iftiimiyey, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ahayd oo kaliya nooc ka mid ah awood aan xad lahayn. Mareykanka ayaa soo dhaweeyay dib u habaynta, laakiin waxay lahaayeen to top ka soo hana saamayn wax ugu weyn ee - -Raaxaysta- ah. Taasi waa sababta Zaman ee Catherine II iyo saffarro u yeedhay Zaman ee absolutism iftiimiyey.

Midkii kowaad wuxuu si cad u dhaleeceeyo qoraa -Raaxaysta- ee Alexander Radishchev. Uu ODE "Liberty" waxa uu ahaa gabay ugu horeysay kacaan Russia. Ka dib markii daabacaadda "Journey ka St. Petersburg in Moscow» Radishchev soo diray maxaabiis ahaan. Sayidka, boqortooyada iftiimiyey Catherine 2, inkastoo taagan gobolka horusocod ah, lama oggola in la beddelo habka siyaasadeed ee freethinkers.

formation

Siyaabo badan, guurka ka absolutism in Boqortooyada iftiimiyey yimid shuqulka saynisyahano u fiican. ak tirsan Chief of qarnigii XVIII sayniska Ruush ahaa Mikhail Lomonosov. In 1755 wuxuu aasaasay Jaamacadda Moscow ee. Isla mar ahaantaana utopianism waxbarasho dallacsiiyey in qolladaheedii jooggo, kuwaas oo ka mid ah dadkii ku abtirsan noqon mid aad loo jecel yahay.

In qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XVIII ah, network cusub ee dugsiyada gaarka ah ee ay carruurtu ku bartaan kuwii gobta ahaa, baayacmushtariyaasha, wadaadada, askari, raznochinstva. Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah ayaa waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa qof fasalka. Halkan, sida meelo kale, faa'iido waxay ahayd in ay gacanta u abtirsan. iyaga u furay dhammaan noocyada guryaha, halkaas oo waxbarid la sameeyay by heerarka galbeedka Yurub.

burburto dib u habaynta

hawl-dejinta ee Catherine II guddiga ugu fiican muujinaysaa xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya fikradaha "Boqortooyada buuxda" iyo "absolutism iftiimiyey." Empress The isku dayeen in ay abuuraan xaalad in uu noqon doono sida kuwa lagu daydo in lagu tilmaamay aqoon yahanno waaweyn Yurub ee qarnigii XVIII ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khilaaf ka been in xaqiiqda ah in waxbarashada iyo Boqortooyada sixun ma noqon karaan kuwo la jaan qaada. Haysashada awoodda maroorsi, Catherine nafteeda oo kharribma horumarinta hay'adaha dowladda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dib u habaynta xagjirka ah ayaa aan la xalin wixii Boqortooyada Yurub kutub ah.

Waxaa laga yaabaa in Catherine, oo waxaan aadi lahaa on Isbadal dheeraad ah, haddii aan wax yar oo ka mid ah dhacdooyin aad u waaweyn ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XVIII ah. Midkii kowaad wuxuu ka dhacay Russia laftiisa. Waxaan ka hadleynaa kacdoonkii Pugachev in xaaqan oo ku Urals iyo gobolka Volga ee 1773-1775 GG. Mudaaharaadka ka bilowday deegaanka Cossack. Markaasuu wuxuu ku daboolay layers qaranka iyo ridayeen. Serfs Sidukiinta dubaan, burburin, lagu dilay shalay dulma. At height of kacdoonkii gacanta Emelyana Pugacheva ahaayeen magaalooyin badan oo waaweyn, oo ay ku jiraan Orenburg iyo Ufa. Catherine ayaa waxaa si dhab ah cabsi ah ugu weyn ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay dadka caasiya. Marka ciidamada adkaaday Pugachev, yimid falcelinta ee maamulka iyo dib u habaynta ku joojiyeen. In mustaqbalka, Zaman ee Catherine noqday "da'da oo dahab ah" ee abtirsan jiray, markii ay gaadhay inta ugu badan ee mudnaan gaar ah.

Dhacdooyin kale oo in ay saameeyeen aragtida Empress ah, waxay ahaayeen laba kacaanka: dagaal ee madaxbannaanida oo ka mid ah deegaanada American iyo Revolution Faransiis ah. Last rogay Boqortooyada ee Bourbons ah. Catherine ahaa bilaabaha oo ka mid ah isbahaysiga la dagaalanka burcad-Faransiis, oo ay ku jiraan dhamaan awoodaha Yurub ugu waaweyn ee la si la mid ah absolutist nolosha.

Cities iyo muwaadiniinta

In 1785 waxaa lagu faafiyey magaalooyinka patent Waraaqaha meesha Catherine nidaamiyo xaaladda dadka degan magaalooyinka. Waxay la qaybsan dhowr qaybood oo ku saabsan xaaladda bulsho iyo hantida. fasalka koowaad ee "gobta dabeecad deggan magaalooyinka dhab ah 'yaa iska leh hantida maguurtada ah, iyo sidoo kale wadaadada iyo officialdom. Taasi waxaa xigay baayacmushtariyadii Guild, farsamo farsamada, ajaanibta Madeggene, dadka degan Poseda. Dhanka kale loo qoondeeyay muwaadiniinta Gaalowday. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen dadka qaba shahaadooyinka jaamacadeed, milkiilayaasha caasimadaha waaweyn, kuwa baangiga jooga, milkiilayaasha markabka.

Xaaladda oo ka mid ah mudnaanta qof ku tiirsan. Tusaale ahaan, muwaadiniinta Madaxdii Gaalowday oo la siiyey xaq u leedahay in beerta, dayrka dalka gaar loo leeyahay iyo tababare. Sida ku qeexan xeerka dadka xuquuqda codbixinta. Burgesses iyo baayacmushtariyadii helay ugu horreeya oo dowladda. Diploma qoray markii uu abaabulo kulamo ka mid ah muwaadiniinta ugu taajirsan iyo ugu saameynta badan 3 sano. Hay'adaha la doorto Aasaasay garsoorka - Xaakinnadii. booska uu soo sameeyay iyada oo qorista, socotay ilaa 1870, taas oo ah, ilaa dib u habaynta of Alexander II.

mudnaanta sharaf leh

Isla la Charter ee magaalooyinka waxaa la daabacay ka sii muhiimsan Charter si abtirsan. Qoraalkan waxa uu noqday calaamad u ah Epoch oo dhan Catherine II iyo Boqortooyada iftiimiyey oo dhan. Waxa uu horumariyo fikradaha ku jira Maanafesto ee xoriyadda abtirsan jiray, korsaday ee 1762 ka yar Peter III. Charter in Catherine ayaa sheegay in dadka dhulka ka - Kooxaha kaliya ee sharciga ah ee bulshada Ruush.

Knighthood la sameeyey la iska dhaxlo, aaya iyo codsan in ay sharaf leh qoyska oo dhan. Waayaya aristocrat waayeen oo kaliya in ay dhacdo fal dambiyeed. Sidaas Catherine fadhiya on dhaqanka adiga kuu gaar ah fikradda ah in dhaqanka oo dhan, iyada oo aan marka laga reebo, dadkii ku abtirsan lahaa u dhigma ay meel sare.

By kugula dadka dhulka leh ay "sharaf leh dhalashada" ka ciqaabta jirka laga dhaafin. Waxay lahaanshaha kordhiyay noocyada kala duwan ee hantida iyo, ugu muhiimsan, in serfs ah. Gobta karin doonistiisa si ay u noqdaan ganacsatada, tusaale ahaan, ku hawlan ganacsiga badaha. Dadka of sharaf leh dhalashada loo ogolaaday in ay warshado ku. On dabaqadda sare ma kordhiyo cashuurta shakhsiga ah.

Kuwii gobta ahaa waxay abuuri kartaa ay bulshada u gaar ah - Golaha Sharafta leh, ee la xiriira xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo dhaqaale oo u gaar ah. Ururada noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo ogol yahay in ay u diraan mashaariicda Boqortooyada ee dib u habaynta iyo transformations ah. Golaha qotomiyey ku salaysan dhul iyo ku xidhan gobolka. Dawladaha Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen madaxda abtirsan jiray, ujeedada taas oo waxaa u xil saaran Guddoomiyaha.

Charter si loo soo afjaro geedi dheer oo guryaha kireeya uuga. Qoraalka waxa lagu diiwaan geliyay in ay ahayd gobta ah loo tixgeliyaa xoog ugu weyn wadista ee bulshada ee Russia. Waxay ku salaysan this mabda ', oo dhan Boqortooyada iftiimiyey qoyska. Saamaynta ay ku abtirsan jiray si tartiib tartiib ah waxay bilaabeen inay hore u hoos hoos bedelka ah ee Catherine Paul I. boqor Tani, sida kii dhaxalka lahaa, isku dhaceen hooyadiis, isku dayeen in ay baajiso dhan ah tabo cusub ay. Paul ogol yahay in aad dalbato in dadkii ku abtirsan ee ciqaabta jirka, ka reebnay in isaga shakhsi ahaan la xiriir. xalal badan ayaa la baajiyay Paul wiilkiisa Alexander I. hoos Laakiin qarnigii XIX cusub, Russia ayaa hadda galay talaabo cusub oo dhinaca horumarinta. absolutism iftiimiyey ahayd calaamad u ah marxalad ah - boqornimadii Catherine II.