Borotiinada fudud oo adag. The qaab-dhismeedka, hawlaha, guryaha, astaamaha, tusaalooyin borotiinada adag

Mid ka mid ah Qeexidda nolosha waa sida soo socota: "Life waa hab ka mid ah jiritaanka hay'adaha protein." On dhulkeenna, iyada oo aan marka laga reebo noolaha ku jira qalabka organic sida, sida borotiinada. Maqaalkani waxa uu u sharxi doono borotiinada fudud oo adag oo loo aqoonsaday kala duwan ee qaab-dhismeedka kelli, iyo hadlayaa hawlaha ay gacanta.

Waa maxay borotiin

Marka laga eego dhnaca ee Kiimikada noole - miisaanka sare kelli polymers organic, monomers kuwaas oo 20 noocyada kala duwan ee acids amino. Waxay way isku wada dheggan by bonds kiimikada covalent, peptide kale loo yaqaano. Tan iyo monomers protein yihiin xeryahooda amphoteric, waxay ka kooban labada koox amino iyo kooxda carboxyl functional ah. bond Chemical CO-NH u dhaxeeya dhacdaa.

Haddii polypeptide ka kooban yahay links harta amino acid, u yeela protein fudud. The taagoo of polymer ah, dheeraad ah oo ka kooban udhigo biraha, vitamins, nucleotides, carbohydrates - waa borotiinada adag. Next, waxaanu ka fiirsan qaabka aan ollogga ah ee polypeptides.

Heerarka urur ee u taagoo protein

Waxay waxaa lagu soo bandhigay in afar gaadmada ah oo kala duwan. Dhismaha ugu horeysay - toosan, waa waxa ugu sahlan oo uu leeyahay qaab silsilad polypeptide ah inta lagu guda jiro ay faraha ka formation of bonds hydrogen dheeraad ah. Waxay xasilinta galool ah, oo la yidhaahdo dhismeedka sare ah. hay'adaha Tertiary leeyihiin borotiin fudud oo adag, inta badan ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka unugyada. The dambe qaabeynta - quaternary baxdo dhexgalka dhowr taagoo of dhismeedka hooyo, coenzymes midaysan, kuwaas oo borotiin sida ay leeyihiin qaab-dhismeedka kakan, shaqeeyaan hawlaha jidhka kala duwan.

kala duwan oo ka mid ah borotiinka fudud

Koox Tani ma aha polypeptides badan. taagoo ay ka kooban tahay oo keliya ku harta amino acid. Si ka mid ah borotiinka, sida histones iyo globulins. Kii u horreeyey ayaa ku matalayay dhismeedka asaasiga ah, oo ay weheliso taagoo DNA ah. Kooxda labaadna - globulins - waa qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee plasma dhiigga. protein a noocan oo kale ah sida globulin gamma, fuliya hawlaha difaaca difaaca jirka oo waa antibody ah. xeryahooda Kuwani sameysmi karaa kaxeynayo, kuwaas oo ka kooban carbohydrates adag iyo borotiinada. borotiinada noocan oo kale ah oo fudud fibrillar sida collagen oo elastin, waa qayb ka mid ah connective unugyada, carjawda, seedaha, maqaarka. Shaqadooda ugu weyn - dhismaha iyo taageero.

protein Tubulin waa xubin ka mid ah microtubules, kuwaas oo ka kooban cilia iyo flagella noolaha unicellular sida ciliates, Euglena, flagellates Dulin. isla protein Tani waa xubin ka mid ah noolaha multicellular (spermatozoa flagella, cilia ridani, epithelium ciliated xiidmaha yar).

albumin Protein u adeegta si ay u oolin shaqo ah (tusaale ahaan, protein ah ee ukunta digaagga). In endosperm ee miraha dalagga - galley, bariis, sarreen - taagoo protein isku uruursadaan. Waxaa loo yaqaan inclusions gacanta. Waxyaabahani waxaa loo isticmaalaa in embriyaha farcankii bilowga ah ee ay horumarka. Intaa waxaa dheer, content protein sare ee weevil sarreen ku jira waa tilmaamaha aad u muhiim ah tayada bur. Rooti laga bur gluten-hodan dubay leeyahay tayo dhadhan sare ah iyo in ka badan oo faa'iido leh. Gluten ku jira ee loo yaqaan sarreen adag. The qoto-badda kalluun plasma dhiigga ku jira borotiinno in looga hortago in ay dhimasho ka qabow ah. Waxay hantiyi guryaha qabow ka hor taga ah, ka hortagga dhimashada u shaqeeyo marka heerkulku biyo yar. Dhinaca kale, in sidiisa derbiga unugyada bakteeriyada thermophilic in ilo-dhuleedka ku jira borotiinno awood u hayn ay qaabeynta dabiiciga ah (qaab-dhismeedka jaamacadeed ama quaternary) oo aanu denature marka heerkulku ka bilowda +50 in + 90 ° C.

proteid

Kuwani waa borotiinada adag, oo waxaa lagu gartaa kala duwanaanshaha weyn ee la xidhiidha hawlaha kala duwan lagu sameeyaa iyaga by. Sida hore kuxusan, koox ka mid ah polypeptides, marka laga reebo qayb borotiinka ku jira group laga bedalay. Under saameynta ay waxyaabo kala duwan sida heerkulka sare, cusbada biraha culus, ku urursan borotiinada adag alkali iyo acid bedeli ay qaab da'ayeen, waxaa fududeeyo. Tani waxay ifafaale waxaa lagu magacaabaa denaturation. Dhismaha borotiinada adag waxaa khalkhal bonds hydrogen waa jajaban yihiin, oo u taagoo Khasaari guryaha iyo shaqooyinka. Sida caadiga ah, denaturation waa laga bogsoon. Laakiin qaar ka mid ah polypeptides u dhaqmaan sidii qaar kaaliya, wadidda iyo digayaan hawlaha, waa renaturation suurto gal ah - soo celinta qaab-dhismeedka dabiiciga ah ee proteids ah.

Haddii wax tallaabo ah waa arrin amni darro socday muddo dheer, Britain protein la gabi ahaanba la burburiyay. Tani waxay keenaysaa in dillaac ah ee bonds peptide ee qaab dhismeedka hoose. Soo Celinta protein iyo shaqo ma aha suurto gal ah. Tani waxay ifafaale waxaa la odhan jiray baabba '. Tusaale waxaa ah wax lagu karsado ee ukunta: protein dareere - albumin, oo ku yaalla dhismaha jaamacadda waxaa gabi ahaanba la burburiyay.

biosynthesis protein

Mar labaad, xusuustaa in ee polypeptides of noolaha ka kooban yahay 20 acids amino, qaar ka mid ah kuwaas oo la bedeli karin. Tani lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, iyo wixii la mid ah. D. Waxay gasho dhiigga ka soo xiidmaha yar ka dib tageynaa alaabta borotiin. Si synthesize acids amino lagama maarmaan ah (aminotransferase, proline, serine), fangaska iyo xoolaha isticmaali xeryahooda nitrogen-ka kooban. Geedaha, isagoo autotrophic, si madax banaan u sameeyaan a monomers loo baahan yahay dastuurka oo wakiil ka ah borotiinada adag. Waayo, reactions milmaan iyagu waa Nitrate used, ammonia, ama nitrogen-free. In noocyada qaar ka mid ah sheyga isu siiyaan go'an dhamaystiran oo amino acid, halka kuwo kale oo kaliya qaar ka mid ah waxaa ku dhexsameeysmo monomers. Marxaladaha biosynthesis borotiinada dhaca unugyada noolaha oo dhan. At muhimka ah ee qoraal dhacdaa, iyo in cytoplasm ee gacanta - warbaahinta.

Tallaabada ugu horreysa - ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee maamaan mRNA ku dhacdaa by polymerase RNA eulayska. Wuu jebiyaa bonds hydrogen u dhexeeya silsilado DNA ah, oo mid ka mid ah oo ku saabsan mabda'a complementarity ururiya Britain pre-mRNA. Waxaa la kulmin slaysingu waa u bislaaday, ka dibna soo baxa xuduntii in cytoplasm ah, la xirrira Rasuul ribonucleic acid.

Si loo fuliyo marxaladda labaad u baahan oo gaar ah organelles - ribosomes iyo macluumaad kelli iyo wareejiyo acids ribonucleic. xaalad kale oo muhiim ah waa joogitaanka ATP, sida cadaanyo ku -shiid caag ah, oo waxaa iska leh biosynthesis ee borotiinada kaaga nuugista ee tamarta.

Ensaymes, ay qaab-dhismeedka iyo shaqada

Tani waa koox weyn oo borotiinada (qiyaastii 2000), kaalintaa fulinteeda ah ee walxaha saameeya heerka of reactions lagmamaarmaanna u ah ee unugyada. Waxay noqon kartaa mid fudud (trepsin, pepsin) ama adag. borotiinada Complex ka kooban apoenzyme iyo coenzymes. cayimayo ee borotiinka loo eego xeryahooda ee kaas oo u dhaqmo, go'aamiso coenzymes ah, iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa proteids lagu arkay oo keliya in kiiska halkaas oo qayb borotiinka ku xiran apoenzyme ah. Waxqabadka horseed ee enzyme waa ka madax banaan Britain ee, laakiin kaliya by xarunta firfircoon. Its qaab-dhismeedka dhiganta dhismeedka kiimikada walxaha catalyzed by mabda'a "-fure qufulka", si tallaabo ee falgalka waa adag gaar ah. Hawlaha borotiinada adag tahay in ka qaybgalka geeddi socodka dheefshiidka in iyaga oo isticmaalaya sida acceptors iyo.

Fasallada borotiinada adag

Waxay waxaa sameeyey Kimisteriga yaqaan, oo ku salaysan 3 shuruudaha: guryaha physico-kiimikada, muuqaalada iyo astaamaha dhismaha proteids cayimayo. Kooxdu waxay ugu horeysay ka mid ah polypeptides of kala duwan guryaha electrochemical. Waxay kala qaybsan yihiin aasaasiga ah, dhex-dhexaad iyo acidic. Qaraabo borotiinka biyaha noqon kartaa hydrophilic, amphiphilic iyo hydrophobic. kooxda labaad ee ensaymes in la tixgeliyo hore. Kooxda ayaa saddexaad waxaa ka mid ah polypeptides kala duwan ee Halabuurka kiimikada group bedalay (waa chromoproteids, nucleoproteins, metalloproteins).

Tixgeli sifooyinka borotiinada adag in faahfaahin dheeraad ah. Sidaas darteed, tusaale ahaan, protein acidic in uu yahay qayb ka mid ah ribosomes, ka kooban 120 acids amino iyo waa wejiyo badan. Waxay ku taalaa ee organelles protein-synthesizing ah, labada unugyada prokaryotic iyo eukaryotic. xubin ka mid ah kooxda this - protein S-100, waxay ka kooban tahay laba silsiladood lala calcium ra'iyi. Isagu waa xubin ka mid ah neurons iyo glia - taageeraya unugyada ee habka dareemayaasha jirka. hantida guud ee protein acidic oo dhan - content sare ah acids dicarboxylic: glutamic iyo aspartic. By borotiinada xumadoodu ka mid ah histones - borotiinada uu ka samaysan yahay RNA iyo DNA acids nucleic. peculiarity ee Halabuurka kiimikada waa xaddiga badan oo lysine iyo arginine. Histones, wada jir ah ula foomka nuclear chromatin koromosoom - muhiimka ah hiddo-dhismeedka gacanta. borotiinada Kuwan waxaa ku lug lahaa geedi socodkii qoraal iyo turjumidda. borotiinada Amphiphilic ballaaran matalayay in xuubka unug, la xirrira bilayer lipoprotein ah. Sayidka, kooxda bartay ee borotiinada adag kor ku wada hadleen, waxaan yaqiinsanaa guryaha physico-kiimikada ay sabab u tahay qaabka qayb protein iyo kooxaha bedalay.

Qaar ka mid ah borotiinka xuub gacanta adag ay awoodaan in ay aqoonsadaan noocyo kala duwan oo kiimiko ah, sida cudur iyo fal iyaga. Tani digayaan proteids shaqo, waxaa aad muhiim u ah habka nuugista xushay, walxaha ka deegaanka dibadda, iyo in ay ilaaliyaan.

Glycoproteins iyo proteoglycans

Waxay yihiin borotiinka adag in kala Halabuurka lagmamaarmaanna u ah kooxaha bedalay. Haddii bonds kiimikada dhexeeya qayb ka protein iyo qaybta carbohydrate - covalently-glycoside, walxaha sida waxa loo yaqaan glycoproteins. Apoenzyme ay soo bandhigay taagoo of mancaha iyo oligosaccharides, tusaalooyin borotiinada oo kale waa prothrombin, fibrinogen (borotiinada ku lug xinjirowga dhiigga). hormoonnada Kortiko- iyo gonadotropic, interferons, ensaymes iyo xuub waa glycoproteins. In taagoo qayb protein proteoglycan waa% oo kaliya 5, ka dhiman iyagoo koox laga bedalay (geteropolitsaharid). Labada qaybo ku xiran yihiin by dhigaalka glycosidic ee group-threonine iyo arginine kooxaha OH iyo NH₂-glutamine, iyo lysine. taagoo Proteoglycan ka ciyaaraan door aad u muhiim ah in unugyada-shiid biyo-cusbo. Hoos waxaa ku miis ka borotiinada adag, waxaan bartay.

metalloproteins

qalabka waxaa ku jira qayb ka mid ah ay ra'iyi kelli ah ee hal ama ka badan biraha. Ka fiirso tusaale u ah borotiinada adag ka tirsan kooxda kor ku xusan. Waxaa oo dhan ensaymes sida oxidase cytochrome kor ku xusan. Waxaa ku taal cristae ee mitochondria iyo shidaa ka Avv ee ATP. Ferrin iyo transferrin - proteid kooban udhigo bir ah. iyaga kayd soo jeedo ee unugyada, iyo tan labaad waa gaadiidka borotiinka dhiigga. metalloproteins kale - alfaamelaza waxa ku jira udhigo calcium waxaa ka mid ah in ay ka kooban oo ka mid ah candhuufta iyo juice ganaca, ka qayb qaybsama istaarijka. Hemoglobin waa metalloproteins sida iyo hromoproteidov. Wuxuu u adeegaa sida protein gaadiidka qaada ogsajiinta ah. Natiijadu waxay tahay xarunta ah oxyhemoglobin. Neefsasho ah carbon monoxide, ama carbon monoxide-ka loo yaqaan, taagoo hemoglobin ay sameeyaan erythrocytes xarunta aad u deggan. Waxaa si deg deg ah ku fidaa si xubnaha iyo unugyada, keenaya sumowga cell. Sidaas darteed, neefsasho ka dib markii dheer oo dhimasho carbon monoxide dhacdaa ka jirid cabbur. Hemoglobin qayb ahaan xanbaarsan iyo carbon dioxide sameeyay habka catabolic. Laga soo bilaabo dhiigga ee carbon dioxide inay sambabada iyo kelyaha, iyo iyaga oo ka - deegaanka dibadda. crustaceans iyo molluscs protein gaadiidka Qaar ka mid ah in xanbaarsan yahay oksijiin, waa furaha ah. Halkii bir ah uu ka kooban yahay udhigo copper, waaba intaasoo dhiig xayawaan ma aha casaan, iyo buluug.

function chlorophyll

Sida aynu hore u soo sheegnay, borotiinada adag sameysmi karaa kaxeynayo la pigments - walxaha organic midab. Waxay ku xiran tahay midabka kooxaha hromoformnyh in eegista nuugo spectra qaar ka mid ah iftiinka qoraxda. In unugyada dhirta ayaa plastids cagaaran - chloroplasts kooban Midabka chlorophyll. Waxay ka kooban yahay atamka magnesium iyo khamriga a polyhydric, phytol. Waxay ku xiran yihiin taagoo protein, oo waxay isku ku jira thylakoids chloroplasts (taarikada), ama xuub la xidhiidha ee ku dagtay - khuseeya. Waxay yihiin pigments photosynthetic - chlorophyll - iyo carotenoids dheeraad ah. Halkan waxaa ku qoran oo dhan falgalka loo isticmaalay dareenka photosynthetic. chromoproteids, oo ay ka mid chlorophyll Sayidka, qabtaan hawlo muhiim in dheef, kuwaas oo in reactions dhexgalkooda iyo dissimilation.

borotiinada viral

Waxaa ka mid ah wakiilo ka foomamka aan gacanta nolosha, gelin boqortooyada VIR. Fayrusyada aadan haysan iyaga u gaar ah qalab protein-synthesizing. acids Nucleic, DNA ama RNA, u abaari karaa ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee Qurub ugu unugyada u gaar ah qaba fayraska. fayrusyada Simple ka kooban yahay oo kaliya ee u taagoo protein, compactly soo ururay in qaab helical ama qaab polyhedral, sida virus mahrajaan tubaakada. fayrusyada Complex leeyihiin xuub dheeraad ah qayb ka mid ah xuub plasma ee gacanta ciidanka ku xirrira. Sida ay ka mid noqon kara glycoproteins (fayraska hepatitis B, fayraska furuqa). Shaqada ugu weyn ee glycoproteins ah - aqoonsi ah receptors gaar ah xuub gacanta ciidanka. Halabuurka The xuubka viral dheeraad ah iyo borotiinada ka mid ah ensaymes bixinta reduplication ee DNA ama qoraal RNA. Iyada oo ku saleysan ku qorani, mid soo gunaanadi karo, kuwan soo socda: viral qolofka borotiinka walxaha leedahay qaab gaar ah, taas oo ku xidhan borotiin xuub ee gacanta ciidanka ku.

In this article aan la siiyey dabeecadaha borotiinada adag, bartay ay dhismaha iyo shaqada unugyada ee kala duwan.