Consort Halogenated: helitaanka, guryaha kiimikada, isticmaalka

Consort - fasalka aad u badan oo ah xeryahooda la xiriira organic. Waxaa ka mid ah dhowr kooxood oo waaweyn oo ah walxaha, ka mid ah taas oo ku dhawaad qof walba uu ogaado codsiga ballaaran in industry, nolosha, dabeecadda. Muhiimad gaar ah waa Consort halogenated, kaas oo looga hadli doonaa maqaalka. Waxay kaliya ma ahan qiimo sare oo ganacsi, laakiin sidoo kale qalab muhiim ah sida xawliga ah u syntheses kiimikada badan, diyaarinta medicaments iyo xeryahooda kale oo muhiim ah. Waxaan bixin in ay qaab-dhismeedka kelli, guryaha, iyo sifooyinka kale fiiro gaar ah.

Consort Halogenated: sifooyinka guud

Eegaysana ee kimistari, fasalka this xeryahooda ka mid ah dhammaan kuwa Consort, taas oo ka mid ah ama ka badan atamka hydrogen lagu bedelay mid ka mid ah ama halogeen kale. Tani waa category ah oo aad u ballaaran oo walxaha, tan waxaa ka mid ah muhiimadda ay leedahay warshadaha weyn. Muddo muddo cadaalad ah gaaban ee dadka wakhtiga ay barteen in synthesize shiidaa oo dhan Consort halogenated, isticmaalka taas oo loo baahan yahay in daawo, warshadaha kiimikada, warshadaha cuntada iyo nolol maalmeedka.

Habka aasaasiga ah ee diyaarinta ah waxyaalahan - wadada isku dardaro ee shaybaarka iyo warshadaha iyo sidoo kale ee dabiiciga ah ku dhawaad midkoodna ma dhici karto. Sababo la halogeen ay aadka u falceliya. Waxaa inta badan go'aamisa codsigooda sida alaabta dhexe ee Avv kiimikada.

Sida wakiilada Consort halogenated badan, si ay u kala saaraan sida ay shuruudaha kala duwan. salaysan waxay ku taalaa labada qaabka iyo badnaanta isku xirnaanta circuit, iyo faraqa u ah ee atamka ee halogeenka iyo meesha ay goobta.

Consort Halogenated: soocidda

muuqashadii A ugu horeeya ee isa-soociddiisa ku saleysan yahay mabaadi'da guud ahaan aqbalay quseeya oo dhan xeryahooda organic. kala soocidda wuxuu ku salaysan yahay farqiga u nooca silsilad carbon ah, ay cyclicality. Iyadoo ku saleysan dhaadheer:

• yareysey Consort halogenated;
• roodhida,
• udgoon;
• aliphatic;
• acyclic.

separation Next ku salaysan yahay eb halogeenka iyo ay ka kooban taranta ee Britain ayaa ku. Sidaas darteed, in la sii daayo,

• monoderivatives;
• diproizvodnye;
• sadex;
• tetra;
• pentaproizvodnye iyo wixii la mid ah.

Haddii aan ka hadlo halogeen ah, ka dibna magaca-group sub ka kooban yahay laba eray. Tusaale ahaan, monohlorproizvodnoe, triyodproizvodnoe, tetrabromgalogenalken iyo wixii la mid ah.

Sidoo kale, waxaa jira muuqashadii kale oo kala soocidda, kuwaas oo kala by Consort la doorbidayo halogenated cokan. Tani waa tiradii ugu eb carbon kaas oo halogeen waxaa ku lifaaqan. Sidaas darteed, in la sii daayo,

• taagayo aasaasiga ah,
• sare;
• jaamacadaha, iyo wixii la mid ah.

Wakiilka kasta oo gaar ah la gashay kaalinta kartaa sidii dhammaan tilmaamo iyo si loo ogaado meesha buuxa ee nidaamka xeryahooda organic. Tusaale ahaan, xarunta la Halabuurka ah CH ₃ - CH ₂ -CH = CH-CCL ₃ loo kala saari karaa sida. Tani ma aha xadka pentene a trihlorproizvodnoe aliphatic.

Qaab dhismeedka kelli

Joogitaanka atamka halogeen ma laakiin waxay saamayn kartaa labadaba guryaha jireed iyo kiimikada, iyo qaab-dhismeedka guud ee Britain ayaa ku. formula guud ee fasalka this xeryahooda waa foomka R-Hal, halkaas R - hydrocarbon xagjirka ah free of dhismeedka kasta, iyo Hal - eb halogeen ah, mid ama ka badan. Xiriirka ka dhexeeya carbon iyo halogeen si adag u kala fog, ku dheehan Britain ayaa guud ahaan waxay noqonaysaa inay laba saamaynta:

• inductance xun;
• mesomeric wanaagsan.

Halkan, koowaad ee taas oo si weyn u xoogan, si la eb Hal waxaa had iyo jeer muujinayaa sifooyinka substituent electron-noqoshada.

In dhammaan qaababka kale ee dhismaha ee u taagoo waa ma ka mid ah kuwii Consort caadiga ah ka duwan. Guryaha sharxay qaab dhismeedka iyo silsilad branching ay, tirada atamka carbon, sifooyinka xoog leedahay beduliyum.

fiiro gaar ah waa in ay isku waydaarsanayeen ee Consort halogenated. Sidee in loogu yeedho xiriir xogta? Si arrintan loo sameeyo, waxaad u baahan tahay in la raaco a xeerar yar.

1. silsilad Lambaraynta bilaabmaa ku laayeen taas oo u dhow yahay eb halogeen ah. Haddii uu jiro wax bond badan, tirec bilaabmin iyada la, aan la substituents electron-noqoshada.
2. Magaca Hal tilmaamay in horgalaha, waa in sidoo kale tilmaamaya tirada atamka carbon ka oo u ka tago.
3. Talaabada ugu dambaysa waa la siiyey magaca atamka silsilad weyn ee (ama giraanta).

Tusaale ka mid ah magacyada sida: CH ₂ = CH-CHCL ₂ - 3-dichloropropene-1.

Magaca la siin karaa oo Magac buuxa. Xaaladdan oo kale, xagjirka ah ee ku Xusa Magaca, ka dibna - la halogeen qadarin ah -id ah. Tusaale: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ br - bromide propyl.

Like fasalo kale xeryahooda organic, Consort halogenated waxaa ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka gaar ah. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa xubno badan u xil magacyada taariikhiga ah. Tusaale ahaan, Halothane CF ₃ CBrClH. Helitaanka saddex halogens ee Britain ayaa ku bixisaa guryaha gaarka ah oo ah walaxda. Waxa loo isticmaalaa in daawada, sidaas darteed waxaa ay u badan tahay in ay isticmaalaan magacyo taariikhiga ah.

hababka dardaro

Hababka diyaarinta Consort halogenated waa kuwo kala duwan. Waxaa jira shan hababka aasaasiga ah ee ereygu wuxuu ka mid ah xeryahooda ee shaybaarka iyo warshadaha.

1. Halogenation dhismaha caadiga ah ee Consort caadiga ah. nidaamka dareen-celin Guud: RH + Hal ₂ → R-Hal + HHal. Features ee geedi socodka waa sida soo socota: la chlorine iyo bromine hubi inaad shucaaca UV, dareen-celin la iodine ficil ahaan waa wax aan macquul aheyn ama aad u gaabis ah. Tan iyo dhexgalka fluorine waa mid aad u firfircoon, sidaas isticmaali halogeen firfircoon ee ay foomka saafi ah ma sheegi karo. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, in halogenation ee taagayo udgoon u baahan tahay in ay isticmaalaan nidaamka Xoojiya gaar ah - acid Lewis ah. Tusaale ahaan, chloride bir ah ama aluminium.
2. Diyaarinta Consort halogenated ayaa sidoo kale fuliyay by gidrogalogenirovaniya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xarunta this bilowga ah waa in ay ahaadaan hydrocarbon ah roodhida. Tusaale: R = RR + HHal → RR-RHal. Inta badan waxaa dheer electrophilic la mid ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa si aad u hesho chloroethene ama chloride vinylalkohol, tan iyo xarunta this waa wax muhiim ah sida xawliga ah u syntheses warshadaha.
3. Saamaynta alcohols gidrogalogenov. Foomka guud ee falcelinta: R-OH + HHal → R -Hal + H ₂ O. In arrin joogitaanka waajib ku ah Hannaan. Tusaale ahaan geeddi-socodka Sheelare in loo isticmaali karaa: chlorides fosfooraska, baaruud, zinc ama bir ah, sulfuric acid, xal of chloride zinc in Aashito - Lucas reagent.
4. Decarboxylation ee cusbada acid in wakiilka oksidheeyeyaal ah. waa magac kale oo habka - cadaanyo Borodin-Hunsdikkera. Nuxurka wuxuu ka kooban yahay in cholesterol ee Britain ah ee carbon ka taagayo lacag dioxide ee acids carboxylic markii loo feydo wakiilka oksidheeyeyaal ah - halogeen. Sidaas darteed, Consort halogenated loo sameeyay. Xasaasiyada guud ahaan waa sida soo socota: R-COOAg + Hal → R -Hal + CO ₂ + AgHal.
5. galoformov Avv. In si kale loo dhigo, methane trigalogenproizvodnyh soo dhaweynta. Habka ugu fudud si ay u soo saaraan - gaadhista halogens xal cawaaqib xumadoodu waxay acetone. Sidaas darteed, waxaa jira a taagoo galoformnyh formation. Dhexsameeysmo si la mid ah in industry halogenated Consort leedahay beduliyum.

fiiro gaar ah in la bixiyo, in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee wakiilada roodhida of class this. Habka aasaasiga ah - waa saamaynta on cusbada alkynes mercury iyo copper in joogitaanka halogens, taas oo keenta in wax soo saarka la bond a double ee silsiladda.

Consort leedahay beduliyum Halogenated helay halogenation reactions arenes ama dhinac alkylarene silsilad. Kuwani waa waxyaabaha warshadaha muhiim ah, tan iyo markii ay waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida sunta cayayaanka beeraha.

guryaha jirka

The guryaha jirka ah ee Consort halogenated waa si toos ah ay ku xidhan tahay qaabka Britain ee. Heerkulka karkaraya iyo gobolka barafku ka mid ah xulkii saamayn tirada atamka carbon Silsilad iyo laamaha suurto gal ah in qayb dhankiisa. The more, tirooyinka ay ka sareeyaan. Guud ahaan waxaan sifaha karaan xuduudaha jirka at dhowr dhibcood.

1. Imaanshaha: wakiillo ugu horeysay hoose - gaasas, ku xiga in C ₁₂ - dareere kor ku xusan - jirka adag.
2. Leeyihiin urta af xun oo gaar ah, ku dhowaad dhammaan wakiillada.
3. Aad u liidata L. biyo, laakiin naftaada - qase fiican. The xeryahooda organic waxaa la kala diri aad u wanaagsan.
4. Karkaraya iyo barafka kordhay heerkulka la sii kordhaya tirada atamka carbon Silsilad ugu weyn.
5. All xidhiidhada, marka laga reebo taagayo fluorine, ka badan biyaha culus.
6. The laamood dheeraad ah silsilad ugu weyn, hoose dhibic karaya oo ah walaxda ah.

Way adag tahay in la garto qaababka badan oo la mid ah ee caadiga ah, maxaa yeelay, aad bay u kala duwan yihiin wakiilada ee halabuurka iyo qaab-dhismeedka. Sidaa darteed, a qiimaha natiijo roon xarunta kasta gaar ah oo taxanahan ka mid ah Consort.

kiimikaad

Mid ka mid ah ku soo koobin ugu muhiimsan oo waa in ay tixgeliyaan warshadaha iyo ereygu wuxuu falgalka kiimikada yihiin guryaha kiimikada ee Consort halogenated. Isku mid ma aha, waayo, dhammaan xubnaha, maadaama ay jiraan tiro ka mid ah sababaha farqiga.

1. Dhismaha silsilad carbon ah. Habka ugu fudud ee uu cadaanyo bedelay (nooca nucleophilic) ka halides alkyl Dugsiyada Sare iyo Jaamacadaha iman.
2. nooca halogeen kale oo muhiim ah. Xiriirka ka dhexeeya carbon iyo Hal waxaa si xoog leh kala fog, iyo in ay bixisaa dillaac fudud in ay sii daayaan xagjirka lacag la'aan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habka ugu fudud si ay isgaadhsiin bakhtiistay dhexeeya iodine iyo carbon ay sabab u tahay isbedelka dabiiciga ah (hoos u dhac) ee ku qabanaya tamarta ee taxane ah: F-cl-br-aan.
3. Joogitaanka oo ka mid ah bonds xagjirka badan ama udgoon.
4. Qaab dhismeedka iyo branching ee xagjirka ah.

Guud ahaan, waxaa ugu wanaagsan in alkyl halides fal bedelay dhab nucleophilic. Ka dib markii la eb carbon ka dib markii la dillaacaan sabab u halogeen urursan mas'uul ka qayb wanaagsan. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa xagjirka ah oo dhan si ay u noqdaan qayb ka eletronootritsatelnyh aqbalana. Tusaale ahaan:

• OH ^-;
• SO ₄ ^2-;
• NO ₂ ^-;
• CN ^- iyo kuwa kale.

Tani waxay fasireysaa xaqiiqada ah in ka hydrocarbon ah halogenated tagi kartaa dhow fasal wax xeryahooda organic u baahan tahay oo kaliya inaad doorato reagent ku haboon taas oo siin doona shaqeynta la doonayo.

Guud ahaan waxa la odhan karaa in guryaha kiimikada ee shidaalka ka halogenated waa in awood u leh inay galaan isdhexgalka socda.

1. Iyada oo qayb ka nucleophilic cayn oo kala duwan - cadaanyo bedelay ah. Natiijadan ayaa waxa laga yaabaa in ay: alcohols, ethers, esters, xeryahooda Nitro, amines, nitriles, acids carboxylic.
2. reaction Tirtiridda ama dehydrohalogenation. Sidaas darteed of xal khamriga ah ee Britain halide alkali loo kala off. alkene Sayidka sameeyay, miisaanka kelli hooseeyo by-products - iyo biyo cusbo leh. Tusaale falcelinta: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ br + NaOH _(khamriga) → CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂ + NaBr + H _{2 O.} Nidaamkan waa mid - mid ka mid ah hababka ugu muhiimsan ee ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee alkenes muhiim ah. Geedi socodka waxaa had iyo jeer la socda heerkulka sare.
3. Diyaarinta alkanes dhismeedka caadiga ah ee habka Avv Wurtz. Nuxurka of falcelinta ka kooban yahay ee ku tiriska ah hydrocarbon HALO-bedelay (laba taagoo) sodium biraha. Sidee si adag electropositive ra'iyi, sodium aqbala atamka halogeen ka xarunta. Sidaas darteed, ay xag hydrocarbon sii daayay way xiran yihiin oo u dhexeeya bond ah, alkane sameynta qaab dhismeedka cusub. Tusaale: CH ₃ -CH ₂ cl + CH ₃ -CH ₂ cl + 2Na → CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₃ + 2NaCl.
   
4. homologues Avv ee Consort leedahay beduliyum by reaction Friedel-farshaxan. nuxurka geedi - of hoosaysiiyo benzene haloalkyl iyadoo ay wada joogaan of chloride aluminium. Sidaas darteed of falcelinta la bedelay ee toluene iyo formation of chloride hydrogen. Xaaladdan oo kale joogitaanka Hannaan ah waa lagama maarmaan. Ka sokow benzene ee sidan la oxidized karo iyo homologs ay.
5. Diyaarinta Grenyara dareere ah. reagent Tani waa hydrocarbon HALO-bedelay la ra'iyi magnesium in sideeda ah. Markii hore waxaa fuliyay saamaynta biraha magnesium hawada on haloalkyl a derivative. Natiijadu waxay tahay xarunta adag oo ah caanaha guud RMgHal, gudbiyo reagent Grenyara.
6. hoos si alkane ah (alkene, Xanrunta). Sameeyaa ka yar tallaabada of hydrogen. Natiijadu waxay tahay shidaalka iyo by-saarka - halide hydrogen. Tusaale ka mid ah foom guud: R-Hal + H ₂ → RH + HHal.

Tani waa is dhexgalka aasaasiga ah, taasoo si fudud u geli karo Consort halogenated dhismaha kala duwan. Dabcan, waxaa kale oo jira dareen diidmo oo gaar ah, taas oo loo baahanyahay in la wakiil kasta.

taagoo isomer

Consort halogenated Isomerism - arrin gebi ahaan dabiiciga ah. Waxaa la og yahay in atamka carbon dheeraad ah ee silsiladda, sare tirada foomamka isomeric. Intaa waxaa dheer, wakiilada roodhida leeyihiin bonds badan, kaas oo sidoo kale uu noqonayaa sabab ay ku isomers.

Laba noocyo ugu weyn ee this ifafaale fasalka this xeryahooda la cayimi karo.

1. Isomerism xagjirka ah iyo lafaha carbon ah silsilad ugu weyn ee a. Tani waxay sidoo kale loo saarin karaa in booska uu ka debaajiga badan, haddii la joogo ee Britain ayaa ku. Sida Consort fudud, ka formula wakiilka saddexaad u qoraan karaan xeryahooda isagoo isku hadal formular dhismaha kelli, laakiin kala duwan. Waxaa intaa dheer, tirada foomamka isomeric of amar of magnitude uu ka badan yahay alkanes dhiganta (alkenes, alkynes, arenes iyo wixii la mid ah) si ay Consort halogeen.
2. booska uu ka halogeen ee Britain ayaa ku. lambarka kursiga Its tilmaamay in horyaalka, xataa haddii isbeddel ka mid ah oo keliya, sifooyinka isomers waxay noqon doontaa arrin oo kala duwan.

isomerism da'ayeen halkan inaan laga hadlin, sida atamka halogeen this aan macquul ka dhigi. Sida oo dhan xarumaha kale ee dabiiciga ah ee haloalkyls isomers ku kala duwan yihiin ma aha oo kaliya in qaab-dhismeedka, laakiin sidoo kale astaamaha jirka iyo kiimikada.

Taagayo ee shidaalka roodhida

xeryahooda noocan oo kale ah, dabcan, wax badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxan danaynaynaa Consort roodhida halogenated. Waxay sidoo kale loo qaybin karaa saddex kooxood oo ugu waaweyn.

1. Vinylalkohol - marka la eb Hal waxaa si toos ah ku yaal bond badan la eb carbon ah. TUSAALE Britain: CH ₂ = CCL _2.
2. Iyada oo meel cidlo ah. eb halogeenka iyo bond ugu badan waxa uu ku yaalaa qaybo ka soo horjeeda ee Britain ayaa ku. Tusaale: CH ₂ = CH-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -Cl.
3. taagayo Allyl - eb halogeen a bond labanlaab waxa uu ku yaalaa iyada oo mid ka mid ah la eb carbon, in waxa lagu kaydiyaa meel Alfa ah. Tusaale: CH ₂ = CH-CH ₂ -CL.

Muhiimad gaar ah waa xarunta ah sida chloride vinylalkohol, CH ₂ = CHCL. Waa inay awoodaan inay polymerization reactions si ay u sameeyaan wax soo saarka muhiim ah, sida ningax, maro biyuhu iyo wixii la mid ah.

Wakiilka kale oo ka mid ah taagayo halogenated roodhida - chloroprene. Formula uu - SN₂ = CCL-CH = SN₂. Xarunta Tani waa wax laga bilaabo, waayo, ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee masaxado oo kala duwan iska caabin dab, noolaa muddo dheer, permeability hooseeyo si ay gaasaska.

Tetrafluoroethylene (ama dhimatay), - polymer ah taas oo uu leeyahay a sooca ah oo tayo leh. Waxaa loo isticmaalo soo saaridda of cover qiimo wixii faahfaahin ah farsamo, suxuunta, noocyo kala duwan oo qalab. Formula - CF ₂ = CF _2.

Consort leedahay beduliyum iyo taagayo ay

xeryahooda leedahay beduliyum yihiin kuwa, kaas oo ka mid ah giraanta benzene ah. iyaga ka mid ah sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin koox dhan halogeen. Laba nooc oo waaweyn oo ka mid ah in qaab-dhismeedka loo aqoonsado.

1. Haddii Hal eb waxaa si toos ah addoonsi in asaasiga ah, i.e. giraanta udgoon, markaas xarunta waxaa loo yaqaan haloarenes.
2. eb halogeen The ma xidhna u giraanta iyo atamka silsilad kooxda, i.e. effluent a xagjirka ah galay laanta dhinaca. xeryahooda noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo yaqaan halides alkyl aryl.

Ka mid ah walxaha ee su'aasha la odhan karaa xubnaha dhowr ah kuwaas oo ay leeyihiin muhiimada ugu weyn ee la taaban karo.

1. Hexachlorobenzene - C ₆ cl _6. Tan iyo bilowgii qarnigii XX loo isticmaali jiray masax awood iyo cayayaanka. Waxay leedahay saamayn nadiifiyo wanaagsan, sidaas darteed waxaa loo isticmaalaa daaweynta abuur ka hor baaritaanka ku. Uu leeyahay ur xun, dareere ah iyo dhamayta, cad oo ku filan, waxay keeni kartaa inuu dillaaco.
2. Benzyl bromide C ₆ H ₅ CH ₂ br. Waxa loo isticmaalaa sida reactant muhiim ah in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee xeryahooda organometallic.
3. Chlorobenzene C ₆ H ₅ Champions League. walax dareere midab isagoo ur gaar ah. Loo isticmaalaa in soo saaridda ee formaldehyde, sunta cayayaanka. Waa mid ka mid ah qase fiican organic.

Isticmaal in industry

Consort Halogenated isticmaalo warshadaha iyo Avv kiimikada aad u ballaadhan tahay. About wakiilada roodhida iyo leedahay beduliyum aan ku sheegay. Hadda guud ahaan loogu yeero isticmaalka xeryahooda ee taxanahan.

1. In dhismaha.
2. Sida qase.
3. In wax soo saarka ee dharka, caag, caag, colorants, qalabka polymeric.
4. Waayo, ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee xeryahooda badan organic.
5. taagayo Fluorine (CFCs) - refrigerants ah in nidaamka qaboojiye.
6. Waxaa loo adeegsaday sida sunta cayayaanka, sunta cayayaanka, fungicides, saliidaha, varnishes, Beeyada, saliidaha.
7. Tag soosaarka qalabka qalabada, iyo si bixi.