Copper: conductivity, guryaha, sifooyinka iyo codsiyada

In laamo badan oo warshadaha casriga ah waa mid aad u ballaaran loo isticmaalo qalab sida copper. conductivity korontada birta tani waa mid aad u sarreeya. Tani waxay fasireysaa Bulshda ee ay codsiga ugu horayn in injineernimada korontada. kirishbooyada Copper waxaa laga heli qaab fiican. Dabcan, biraha this waxaa loo isticmaalaa ma aha oo kaliya in injineernimada korontada, laakiin sidoo kale in warshado kale. Sababtoo ah halka ay ku tacaluqa oo ay ku jiraan tayada ay sida iska caabin ah si ay u baabba'aan xoqe in qaar ka mid ah deegaanno xoqe, refractoriness, plasticity, iwm

macluumaadka taariikhiga ah

Copper waa bir yaqaan in nin tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore. Waxa uu sharaxayaa hordhaca hore ee dadka la qalabkan ugu horayn ay baahsanaanta ee dabiiciga ah ee foomka of Oofirna. saynisyahano badan ayaa waxay aaminsan yihiin in waxa ay aheyd birta ugu horeysay copper qofka xeryahooda oxygen soo kabsaday. Marka dhagaxyada kaliya kululeeyo Dabka la Joogta iyo si degdeg ah la qaboojiyey, taasoo keenta iyaga crack. Later kabashada copper bilaabeen in ay soo saaraan ku jirta ee dheeriga ah ee dhuxusha iyo Bufinkii is qarxiyaan. Horumarinta ee geedi socodka this ugu dambeyntii keentay in abuurista foornada qodaa. Weli ka dib, biraha bilaabay si aad u hesho by oksidheeyeyaal senti dikhaw.

Copper: wax conductivity

In gobolka quiescent, dhan kasta oo electrons free biraha ku wareegsan xuduntii. Marka ilo dibadda ah gaadhista waxaa lagu abaabulaa ee isku xigxiga oo ay noqoto sidayaal of hadda. Degree ee awoodda biraha inay dhex maraan waxa la soo dhaafay loo yaqaan conductivity. unit ee cabbirka ee International SI Siemens waxaa lagu qeexaa sida 1 CM = 1 Ohm ^-1.

conductivity The of copper waa mid aad u sarreeya. Sida laga soo xigtay tilmaamahan, waxaa dhaafa oo dhan Biraha saldhig maanta loo yaqaan. Better badan iyada hadda maraa oo keliya lacagtii. copper conductivity Tusiyaha waa 57h104 cm ^-1 at heerkul ah +20 ° C. Thanks to this ay hantida biraha this hadda waa ugu badan ee kaari loo isticmaalay ujeeddooyin warshadaha iyo qoyska oo dhan.

ganaax Copper adkeysan load koronto joogto ah iyo sidoo kale waa la isku halayn karo iyo raagaya. Intaa waxaa dheer, biraha this waxa lagu gartaa dhibic barafku sare iyo (1083,4 ° C). Tani, markeeda, ogolaanaya copper ah muddo dheer oo uu ka shaqeeyo gobolka kulul. Sida kaari ah jiritaanka hadda sida aluminium tartami karin oo keliya biraha.

Saamaynta of nijaasta on conductivity ee copper

Dabcan, waqtiga dikhaw bir cas our waxaa loo isticmaalaa farsamooyin kale oo badan casri badan wakhtiyadii hore. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xataa maanta aad u saafi CU waa ku dhowaad aan macquul ahayn. copper The mar walba jooga oo dhan cayn kasta oo nijaasta daahiriya. Waxay noqon kartaa, tusaale ahaan, Silicon, birta ama beryllium. Dhanka kale, nijaasta badan oo copper ah, ay qayb korontada ku yar. Wixii soo saaridda ee silig ka, tusaale ahaan, waxaa habboon yahay biraha saafi ah oo ku filan oo keliya. Sida laga soo xigtay caddaymaha, waayo, sababtan aawadeed loo isticmaali karaa qadarka nijaasta copper aan ka badnayn 0.1%.

Inta badan ee biraha this ka kooban yahay boqolkiiba gaar ah oo baaruud, arsenic iyo midabyo. si weyn u walax ugu horeeyay ee yaraynaysaa ductility mid ah waxyaabaha la. conductivity The of copper iyo baaruud buu u kala duwan. shaydi this ma uusan samayn hadda. Taasi waa insulator wanaagsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, conductivity korontada baaruud copper uusan saamayn ku lahayn ku dhowaad wixii jidka. Isla sidaas u dhaqmaan conductivity kaamerada ah. Iyada oo midabyo iyo arsenic soo horjeeda waa run. xubno Kuwani waa inay awoodaan si loo yareeyo conductivity korontada oo ah naxaas aad buu u.

Alloys

Dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee lagu daro waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si gaar ah loogu talagalay horumarinta xoog mid ah waxyaabaha sida caag ah sida copper. Its conductivity korontada, waxay sidoo kale hoos u dhigi. Laakiin si ay u isticmaalaan si weyn u kordhin kartaa nolosha oo dhan cayn kasta oo alaabta.

Xaaladaha intooda badan, sida daro isticmaalo copper, xoog u qaadidda-CD (0.9%). Natiijadu waxay tahay naxaas cadmium ah. Its conductivity waa 90% conductivity ee copper. Mararka qaarkood, halkii cadmium sida lagu daro waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida aluminium. conductivity ee biraha tani waa 65% oo ah naxaas la mid ah tiradaasi. Si loo kordhiyo xoogga fiilooyin ee foomka of daro waxaa loo isticmaali karaa, iyo qalabka kale iyo walxaha - daasadda, fosfooraska, chromium, beryllium. Natiijadu waxay tahay naxaas ah ee brand gaar ah. Xarunta A oo ah naxaas la zinc yeedhay naxaas.

sifooyinka Alloys

Ku xiran tahay bir conductivity korontada kartaan ma aha oo kaliya on tirada nijaasta iyaga in, laakiin sidoo kale on tilmaamayaasha kale. Tusaale ahaan la sii kordhaya heerkulka kululaynta copper awoodda hadda dhex maraya waxa ay hoos u. Waxay saamaysaa conductivity ee silig a xataa habka of saaridda. In guriga iyo warshadaha waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida fiilooyin copper jilicsan-annealed oo adag barbaro. In duwanaansho ugu horeeyay ee awood u leh inay noqotay laftiisa iyada oo kor hadda.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saamaynta ugu weyn, dabcan, loo isticmaalo daro iyo tirada conductivity korontada oo naxaas ah. Shaxda hoose waxay soo bandhigaysaa akhristaha leh macluumaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan awoodda ay hadda noqotay Alloys ugu badan ee biraha.

conductivity korontada naxaasta iyo copper u dhigma. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tirada biraha marka hore, dabcan, wax yar ka hoosaysiisay. Laakiin isaga iyo ka badan in oo naxaas ah. Sida silig naxaas ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa ilaa xad si ballaaran. Hadda waxaa ag maraaba wuu ka yar oo ah naxaas, laakiin isku mid ah oo kharash yar. Inta badan ka sameeyey naxaas dhigi xiriirada, clamps iyo qaybo kala duwan oo idaacadaha.

Alloys Copper iska caabin sare

qalabka kaari Kuwan waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in soo saaridda ee resistors, rheostats, alaabtii korontada iyo aaladaha. Inta badan loo isticmaalo this ujeedada Alloys copper gelinba iyo manganin. resistivity ee hore oo kale (86% CU, Mn 12%, 2% Ni) waa 0.42-0.48 micromhos / m, iyo labaad (60% CU, 40% Ni) - 0.48-0.52 micromhos / m.

Isgaarsiinta la Wehliyaha ee conductivity kaamerada

conductivity The of copper - 59.5 million / m. tiradaasi, sidii hore u soo sheegnay, waa sax, laakiin kaliya heerkulka u dhexeeya +20 ^° C conductivity kaamerada of biraha kasta, oo waxaa jira bond conductivity ah. Abuurayaa uu sharciga Wiedemann - Franz. Waxaa la sameeyaa si loo Biraha at heerkulka sare iyo waxa lagu sheegay formula soo socda: K / γ = π ^2/3 (k / e) ² T, halkaas oo y - conductivity, k ah - joogto, e Boltzmann ee - lacag hoose.

Dabcan, xiriir noocan oo kale ah ka jira oo bir ah sida copper. conductivity kaamerada iyo korontada ayaa aad u dheer. In kaalinta labaad ka dib waa lacag on labada tilmaamayaashan.

xarunta of copper iyo aluminium fiilooyin

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay ee guriga iyo warshadaha ayaa bilaabay in la isticmaalo korontada sii kordheysa sare. Intii lagu guda jiray jeer Soviet, taararka waxaa laga sameeyey inta badan ka aluminium raqiis ah. Shuruudaha cusub ee waxqabadka, nasiib darro, mar dambe ma la kulmaan. Maanta, sidaas daraaddeed, guriga iyo in industry waxaa inta badan ka bedelay in copper silig aluminium. Faa'iidada ugu weyn ee ugu dambaysta ah, marka lagu daro refractoriness, waa in geedi socodka oxidative guryaha ay tabinta la dhimay.

Inta badan casriyeynta ee korontada, aluminium iyo naxaas ah oo silig ka leedahay in lagugu xiro. waxan u samaynaysaan maayo si toos ah. Dhab ahaantii, conductivity ee aluminium iyo naxaas ma kala duwan yihiin oo aad u badan. Laakiin keliya Biraha kuwan gudahood. Oksidheeyeyaal film ee aluminium iyo naxaas leeyihiin guryaha kala duwan. Taas darteed, conductivity waxaa si weyn u dhimay ee xidhiidhka. film murqo aluminium ka duwan iska caabin uga sarreysa copper. Sidaa darteed, isku dhafan oo ka mid ah laba nooc oo kirishbooyada waa in la sameeyaa si gaar ah iyada oo loo marayo adabtarada gaar ah. Waxay noqon kartaa, tusaale ahaan, clip, Jinka kooban ka dhaca xabagta ilaalinta biraha. muuqashadii Tani waxaa caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa la adapters xira fiilooyin waddooyinka. In qol si joogta ah loo isticmaalo qabashada isgoyska. Waxa ay design ka mid saxan u gaar ah in ay meesha xiriir toos ah oo u dhexeeya aluminium iyo naxaas. Maqnaanshaha kirishbooyada sida in deegaanka gudaha, halkii fiilo maroojinta lagula talinayaa in ay si toos ah u isticmaalaan dhaqe iyo lowska si ah "buundada" dhexe.

guryaha jirka

Sidaas darteed, waxaan ogaaday waxa conductivity korontada oo naxaas ah. tiradaasi kala duwanaan karaa iyadoo ku xiran ilaa samaynaysaa ee nijaasta ahaa bir ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baahida loo qabo copper in industry ee la go'aamiyo iyo guryaha faa'iidada ay kale oo jirka, si aad u hesho macluumaad ku saabsan oo ay suurogal tahay shaxda hoose ka.

kiimikaad

Sida laga soo xigtay sifooyinka sida oo naxaas ah, conductivity korontada iyo conductivity kaamerada taas oo ah mid aad u sarreeya oo waa dhexe u dhexeeya xubno ka mid ah kooxda koowaad triad VIII, iyo kooxda cawaaqib xumadoodu waxay ugu horeeyay ee miiska wareegsan. By hantida kiimikada aasaasiga ah waxaa ka mid ah:

• u janjeera in ay kaxeynayo foomka;

• awoodda in ay soo saaraan xeryahooda midab iyo sulfides beelaya.

dabeecad badan copper waa gobolka divalent. Egyihiin la Biraha alkali waxa ay leedahay ficil ahaan lahayn. Its falcelin sidoo kale waa yar yahay. In joogitaanka CO ₂ ama film biyaha sameeyay carbonate cagaaran on dusha copper. All cusbada copper yihiin walxaha sunta ah. The mancaha iyo divalent sheeg biraha foomamka aad u deggan xeryahooda adag. Qiimaha ugu sareeya ee warshadaha ay yihiin ammonia.

Baaxadda isticmaalka

conductivity sare kaamerada iyo korontada oo ah naxaas go'aamiso ay codsi ballaaran ee qaybaha kala duwan. Dabcan, inta badan bir ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in injineernimada korontada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani ma aha meesha kaliya ee ay codsiga. Intaa waxaa dheer, copper loo isticmaali karaa:

• ee dahabka,

• naqshadaha,

• marka la dhisayo nidaamyada biyaha iyo kuleyliyaha;

• in dhuumaha gaaska.

Si loo soo saaro noocyada kala duwan ee laysku sharxo oo loo isticmaalo inta badan daawaha copper dahab. Tani waxay kordhisaa iska caabin ah si ay calaamadaha lahayo quruxda iyo abrasion. naqshadaha waxaa loo isticmaali karaa cladding copper ah kuwii saqafkooda oo guriyo. Faa'iidada ugu weyn ee dhameysatay noocan oo kale ah waa raagaya. Tusaale ahaan, go'yaal ah biraha gaar this u guntaday saqafka waa durkiya naqshadda si fiican u yaqaan - Cathedral Catholic ee magaalada Jarmal ee Hildesheim. saqafka Copper ee dhismaha ka ilaaliya ay meel gudaha ah muddo ku dhow 700 sano.

adeegyada injineernimada

Faa'iidooyinka ugu weyn ee tuubooyinka biyaha copper kale oo jira cimri dherer iyo isku halaynta. Intaa waxaa dheer, biraha waa awoodaa inuu lifaaq guryaha gaarka ah u gaar ah oo biyo ah, taas oo waxtar u shaqeeyo. Si aad u soo shirin dhuumaha iyo kulaylinta tube copper ah ayaa sidoo kale haboon - inta badan ay sabab u tahay iska caabin ay daxalka iyo ductility. Marka cadaadis kordhay degdeg ah khadadka sida ay awoodaan in ay u adkeysan load badan ka sii badan tahay birta. khasaare kaliya ee tuubooyinka copper ah waa qarashka sare.