Dagaalka Angola: sano ah, kooraska ee dhacdooyinka iyo natiijada dagaallada hubaysan

qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 20-aad ayaa waxaa ay astaan u isbedelo waa weyn ee horumarinta dalalka Afrika. Waxaan ka hadleynaa nooleynta oo ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqa xoreynta qaranka ka dhanka siyaasadda gumeysiga oo ka mid ah dalalka Yurub. All of waji lagu soo bandhigi doonaa in dhacdooyinka ka dhacay 1961 ee Angola.

Angola on map of Africa: meesha juquraafi

Angola - waa mid ka mid ah dalalka Afrika abuuray ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida. In si ay u maraan xaaladda, taasoo ku soo jirtay ee gobolka this qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 20-aad oo idil, waa in aan marka hore la fahmo meesha waa Angola on map iyo waxa on dhulal soohdinta. dalka Modern ku yaalla Koonfurta Afrika.

Waxaa xuduud xagga koonfureed by Namibia, kaas oo ilaa iyo dhamaadka 1980-ka, si buuxda waxaa u jideeyey, ee Republic of South Africa (waa arrin aad muhiim u ah!), In bari - la Zambia. In waqooyiga iyo waqooyi-bari waa soohdinta gobolka la Dimuqraadiga Republic of Congo. oo soohdintu waxay galbeed - waa Badweynta Atlaantik. Ogaanshaha Waa kuwee dalalka xuduud la Angola, waxaa fududaan doonta si ay u fahmaan jidadka dhexgalka territory ah askarta ajnabiga ah.

Sababaha dhicin dagaalkii

Dagaalka Angola ma bilaabi degna. Muddo bulshada Angola ka 1950 ilaa 1960 waxa la sameeyay saddex kooxood oo kala duwan kuwaas oo loo arko hawsha halganka madaxbannaanida ee gobolka. Dhibaatada waxa ay tahay in aanay midoobaan kartaa sababta oo ah incompatibility fikirka.

Waa maxay kooxdan? Kooxdu waxay ugu horeysay - MPLA ah (waxay u taagan tahay Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dadka ee ka Liberation of Angola) - state haboon ee horumarinta mustaqbalka loo arkaa fikirka Markis. Waxaa laga yaabaa in Agostinho Neto (hoggaamiye) iyo ma arag in nidaamka dawliga ah ee ku haboon USSR ah, maxaa yeelay, in views dhaqaale Gaarna Karla Marksa wax yar ka duwan wixii loo adeegay sidii Marxism ee Midowga. Laakiin MPLA hagayay taageerada caalamiga ah ee dalalka ku bahoobay Soviet.

Kooxda labaadna - FNLA ah (Front National ee Liberation of Angola), kuwaas oo fikrad kale oo uu ahaa mid xiiso leh. Hogaamiyaha FNLA Holden Roberto jeclaa fikradda ah horumarinta madax banaan, oo ka faylosuufiinta Chinese amaahatay. By habka, hawlaha FNLA qaadeen qaar ka mid ah halis u yihiin inta badan ee Angola, sababtoo ah u kaca si ay awoodda Roberto hanjabay burburkii dalka. Waa maxay sababta? Holden Roberto ahaa qof qaraabo ah oo ka mid ah Madaxweynaha Zaire oo ballan qaaday in ay dhacdo guul, in qayb ka mid ah dhulka of Angola siin.

Kooxda ayaa saddexaad - UNITA (Front National for Total Independence of Angola) - gartaa a orientation pro-Western. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah kooxaha, kuwaas oo lahaa qaar ka mid ah taageero ee bulshada iyo saldhigga bulshada kala duwan. Heshii iyo midoobaan kooxahan xitaa isku dayin, maxaa yeelay, iyagu aad u kala duwan oo ka xisbi kasta waa ka dhigan Jidka halganka ka dhanka degay ah, iyo ugu muhiimsan - horumarinta dheeraad ah ee dalka. Waa is burinaya kuwaas oo keentay in dillaaco ee colaadaha ee 1975.

dhicin dagaalkii

Dagaalka Angola bilaabay September 25, 1975. Aan waxba bilowga this article, waxaan ka hadlay, waayo, meel juquraafi ahaaneed ee dalka iyo kuwa dariska ku xusan. On maanta, ka Zaire galeen ciidamada, kuwaas oo ay taageerayaan FNLA ah. Xaaladda sii xumaatay ka dib markii October 14, 1975, markii Angola galeen ciidamada South Afrika (ka dhulka ay gacanta ku Koonfur Afrika, Namibia). Ciidamada waxay ku taageereen xisbiga pro-Western UNITA. Sababaha macquulka ah ee sida jago siyaasadeed ee Koonfur Afrika in colaadda Angola waa wax iska cad, in hoggaanka South Afrika ayaa had iyo jeer aad u badan oo reer Portugal. MPLA markii hore ayaa sidoo kale taageero ka baxsan. Waxaan ka hadleynaa ciidankii reer SWAPO, kaas oo difaacay madaxbanaanida ee Namibia ka South Africa.

Sidaas daraaddeed, waxaan aragnaa in dhamaadka 1975 ee dalka ayaa loo arkaa ciidamada dalal badan, kuwaas oo midba midka kale wajahay. Laakiin dagaalkii sokeeye ee Angola lagu arki karaa macne ballaadhan - sida khilaafka a military u dhexeeya dalalka dhowr.

Dagaalka Angola: "Operation Savannah"

Ciidamada South Afrika Muxuu ka dib markii gudbayay xadka la Angola si degdeg ah? Taasi waa xaq - waxaa la si firfircoon u qaadida. kuwaasi oo noqday taariikhda sida "Savannah" howlgalka. Ciidamada South African ah ayaa u qaybsan dhawr kooxood oo dagaal. guusha "Savannah" Howlgalka ayaa waxaa lagu hubiyaa by yaab iyo Hillaac tallaabo degdeg ah oo ka mid ah Dingane iyo qaybaha kale. In yar maalmood, waxay ka guulaystay oo dhan koonfur-galbeed ee Angola. Group "Foksbat" ee ku sugan gobollada dhexe.

Ciidamada qaaday waxyaabaha sida: magaalada Liumbalu, Kakulia, Katenge, Airport Benguela, dhowr xero tababar ah MPLA ah. March ayaa guul ciidammada sii waday ilaa November 13, markay magaaladii Novo Redondo qabsadeen. "Foksbat" band ayaa sidoo kale ku guuleystay dagaal aad u adag, waayo, buundada №14.

The "X-Ray" qaadeen mudnaanta ciidanka Cuba u dhow magaalada Ksanlongo, dar daaran u taliya, qabtay buundada Salazar iyo joojin ka hor ee Cubanka dhinaca Kariango.

ka qaybgalka USSR ee dagaalka

Ka dib markii la falanqeeyo Chronicle taariikhiga ah, waxaan fahamsanahay in dadka Midowga dhowaad ma ay aqoon waxa dagaalka ee Angola. Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa marna lagu xayeysiiyaa ay ka qayb firfircoon ee dhacdooyinka.

Ka dib markii hordhaca ah ee ciidamada ee Zaire iyo Koonfur Afrika, hogaamiyaha MPLA ka codsaday gargaar military ka Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Cuba. Madaxda dalalka hantiwadaagga xerada ma diidi karo in ay ciidanka iyo xisbiga oo qirashadeeda fikirka hantiwadaagga. colaadaha Milatariga ee noocan oo kale ah ay ahaayeen ilaa xad faa'iido u Midowga Soofiyeeti, sababtoo ah hoggaanka xisbiga weli fikradda ah dhoofinta kacaanka ka tegin.

gargaarka Caalamiga ah inay Angola ayaa la buriyay waaweyn. Rasmi ah, ciidankii Soviet ka qeyb galay dagaallada ka 1975 si ay u 1979, laakiin dhab ahaantii ku jira colaadaan waxaa, ciidamada ka qayb qaatay in burburkii USSR. xogta rasmiga ah iyo kuwa dhab ah oo ku saabsan khasaaraha ku jira colaadaan waxaa jira kala duwan. In warqadaha ee Wasaaradda Difaaca si cad u sheegtay in ciidanka laga badiyay 11 qof intii lagu jiray dagaalka sokeeye ee Angola. Khubarada Milatariga rumaysan tiradaasi waa mid aad u yar oo u muuqdaan in ay dadka ku saabsan 100-kisiga opinion.

Dagaalka ayaa in November iyo December 1975

Dagaalka Angola ay wareega kowaad wuxuu ahaa mid aad u dhiig leh. Aynu baaro dhacdooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee marxaladan. , Sidaas dalal yar leeyihiin ciidamada. Tani waa waxa aan ognahay. Maxaa dhacaya marka xiga? kaalmo Military ka Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Cuba ee foomka of khubaro, qalabka, doonniyaha Soviet Navy ayaa si weyn u xoogaystay ciidanka MPLA ah.

Guusha ugu weyn ee ciidanka ka dhacay dagaal la Kifangondo. Dadka ka soo horjeeda ay ahaayeen ciidankii reer Zaire iyo FNLA ah. Faa'iidada Strategic bilowgii dagaalkiina wuxuu ka dhacay ciidanka MPLA sababtoo ah Zairians hub ahaa mid aad u dhacsan, iyo ciidankii hantiwadaagga ayaa helay gargaar ka USSR, ku dayashada cusub ee qalabka military. November 11 ciidan FNLA badiyay dagaalka oo inta badan isku dhiibay ay, shiidaa joojinta halganka waayo, xoog in Angola.

Nasinta ka ciidankii reer MPLA ma uu ahayn, sababta oo ah waqti isku mid ah u yimid Army Afrika South ( "Savannah" hawlgal). Ciidamada Its u guurtay dhulka ee dalka by saabsan 3000-3100 km. anigu iskama dejiyaan dagaalka Angola! dagaalka taangiga dhex marey ciidamada ka MPLA iyo UNITA, lagu qabtay November 17, 1975 meel u dhow magaalada Ganguly. Kulan Tani guuleystay ciidamada hantiwadaagga. Hawlgalka ayaa guul ka mid ah "Savannah" on dhamaadka this. Ka dib markii dhacdooyinkan, ciidanka MPLA ka sii waday in ay weerarka, laakiin cadowga ma quusan, oo waxaa jiray dagaal joogto ah.

Xaaladda hore ee 1976

colaadaha Military sii, iyo in soo socda 1976, sanad, ka. Tusaale ahaan, waayo, January 6th ciidamada MPLA qabtay salka FNLA ee xagga woqooyi. Mid ka mid ah horjeeda hantiwadaagnimadu la dhab adkaaday. Dabcan, si loo soo afjaro dagaalka, ma ka mid tahay, sidaa darteed Angola sugayay sannado badan masiibooyinka. Sidaas darteed, ciidamada FNLA in gebi ahaanba kala tagay dalka reer Angola ee qiyaastii 2 todobaad. Left xerada deyr la'aan, wayna kari waayeen in ay sii wadaan olole firfircoon.

No maareynta hawl yar halis MPLA lahaa in ay go'aan ka, maxaa yeelay, Angola ma tago qayb ka mid ah si joogto ah u ahaa ciidanka dalka Zaire iyo South Africa. By habka, meel aad u xiiso badan in ay aado sheegashada ay dagaalka ee Angola, South Africa. siyaasiyiinta South African ahaayeen qanacsanahay in xaaladda aan degganayn ee dalka deriska la ah waxa ay cawaaqib xun ay gobolka. Waa maxay? Tusaale ahaan, ay hawshooda ka baqay dhaqdhaqaaqa dibad. Iyadoo kooxda ay xafiiltamaan, kuwaas oo aysan awoodin in ay qabsadaan ilaa iyo dhamaadka March 1976.

Dabcan, MPLA laftiisa la ciidammadii caadiga ah cadowga ma awoodi doonaan in ay ku fuliyaan. Doorka ugu muhiimsan ee cadaadinta ah ee soo horjeeda ka baxsan xudduudaha gobolka iska leh 15,000 Cuba iyo Soviet takhasuska ciidamada. Ka dib markii in, nidaamka iyo hawlaha firfircoon markii qaar ka mid ah aan la hayo, maxaa yeelay, cadowgii go'aansaday inuu UNITA dagaallama qaab dhuumaalaysi ah. In foomkan of iska hor imaad inta badan isku dhaceen yar dhacay.

wajiga dhuumaalaysiga ah ee dagaalka

Ka dib markii 1976 nooca dagaalka ayaa yara beddeleen. Ilaa 1981, ciidanka shisheeye looma fuliyo gayiga Angola, nidaamka hawlgallada milateri. Ururka UNITA fahamsan yahay in ciidamada aan dagaalka ku furan yahay caddayn karaan Fadilmo badan FALPA (ciidan Angola). Isagoo ka hadlayay ciidanka reer Angola, waa in aan ogayn in ay si dhab ah ciidamada MPLA ah, maxaa yeelay kooxda hantiwadaagga tan iyo 1975 si rasmi ah xoog. Sida ku xusan, iyadoo jidka ag fadhida, Agostinho Neto, calanka Angola ma aha, waayo, wax kasta oo madow iyo casaan ah. midabka cas waxaa inta badan lagu arkaa calaamado ah oo ka mid ah dalalka hantiwadaagga, iyo madow - midabka ah ee qaaradda Afrika.

Shilalka 1980-1981,

Dhamaadkii 1970, waxaan la hadli kartaa oo kaliya oo ku saabsan kulamada ay la qalimaan dhuumaalaysiga UNITA. In 1980-1981 ,. dagaal ee Angola ayaa xoojiyey. Tusaale ahaan, in qeybtii hore ee 1980, ciidamada South African galeen in ka badan 500 jeer dhulka Angola. Haa, waxa aan ahaa nooc ka mid ah hawlaha istiraatiiji ah, laakiin weli waxaa jira wax badan oo falalka si ay dalka u qasaan. In 1981, hawlaha ciidamada South African kor u ah howlgalka ciidamada-buuxa, taas oo in buugaagta taariikhda la odhan jiray "Proteus."

Qayb ka mid ah ciidanka South African hormartay on qoto dheer dhul Angola 150-200 km, waxaa jiray su'aal ku saabsan qabashada dhowr magaalo. Sidaas darteed ka mid ah hawlaha weerar iyo daafac ka yar dab cadowga arkidda daran dhinteen in ka badan 800 oo askari oo Angola. sida si fiican u yaqaan (inkastoo dukumentiyada rasmiga ah ee meel laga helo) on dhimashada 9 Ciidamada Soviet. Ilaa March 1984 Dagaal recurred.

Dagaalka Cuito Cuanavale

A dhowr sano ka dib ayaa mar kale dib u bilaabay dagaal-buuxa ee Angola. Battle of Cuito Cuanavale (1987-1988) wuxuu noqday hal dhibic ka leexdo iyo aad u muhiim ah in iska hor imaad sokeeye. In dagaalka this askari oo ku lug leh oo ka mid ah Dadka Army ee Angola, ciidamada Cuba iyo Soviet - on gacanta ku hal, jabhada ee UNITA oo ciidanka South Afrika - oo dhinaca kale ah. dagaal Tani waxay si xun u dhammaadeen, UNITA iyo Koonfur Afrika, si ay u lahaa in ay ka cararaan. Isla mar ahaantaana, waxay kor u afuufeen buundada soohdinta ah, complicating Angola raacdada suurto galka ah ee qaybo ay.

dagaalka ka dib, ugu dambeyntii, waxay bilaabeen in ay la kulmaan wadahadalo nabadeed oo halis ah. Dabcan, dagaalka sii joogay tan iyo 1990, laakiin waxa uu ahaa dagaal ee Cuito Cuanavale ahaa leexashada ay guushu ku ah ciidamada Angola. Maanta Angola jiraan sidii dawlad madax bannaan uu yeesho. Flag of Angola hadlay doorashada siyaasadeed ee gobolka maanta.

Muxuu Midowga Soofiyeeti lama faa'iido rasmi ah ku lugta leh dagaalka?

Sida la og yahay, in 1979 uu bilaabay faragelinta ciidan Soviet in Afghanistan. Fulinta waajibaadka caalamiga ah sida loo arko lagama maarmaan iyo haybadda leh, laakiin noocan oo kale ah galidda, faragelinta dadka kale runtii ma taageero dadka Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo bulshada caalamka. Taasi waa sababta Midowga ayaa si rasmi ah waxa uu qiray in ay ku lug leeyihiin ololaha Angola keliya inta lagu jiro muddada u dhaxaysa 1975 in 1979.