Denver koromosoom soocidda saldhig ahaan karyotyping

Noolaha oo dhan ku jira nuclei of unugyada set gaar ah oo wax hidaha. In unugyada eukaryotic, waxaa wakiil koromosoomyada. Wixii sahlanaato, xisaabaadka iyo cilmi sayniska nidaaminta karyotype isticmaalaya farsamooyin kala duwan. Ogaha hababka xigxigsiinta wax hidde by tusaale ahaan ka mid ah koromosoomyada aadanaha.

Qoondaynta oo ah koromosoomyada aadanaha

Karyotype - complement koromosoomyada (diploid), oo ku yaalla mid ka mid ah unugyada degaaankaaga. Waa dabeecad u ah u shaqeeyo oo la mid ah in dhammaan unugyada jinsiga ahayn.

karyotype koromosoomyada waa:

• autosomes, ma kala duwan ee shakhsiyaadka ee jinsiyadaha kala duwan,
• jinsiga (koromosoom siyaada) ku kala duwan yihiin qaab-dhismeedka Xayawaanka ee jinsiyadaha kala duwan.

unugyada aadanaha ku jira DNA qaybood 46, kuwaas oo 22 lammaane oo autosomes iyo hal - taranka. Tani 2n diploid dhigay mid ah waxyaabaha hidaha. Lamaanihii haweenka geterohromosom tilmaamay XX, kuwii lab - xy, magacaabista ah ee karyotype ah, siday u kala horreeyaan, 44 iyo 44 + XX + xy.

Unugyada jeermiga (gametes) joogo ama hal set haploid DNA 1n. Oocytes ka kooban 22 autosomes iyo mid ka mid ah unugyada manida X-koromosoom - 22 autosomes iyo mid ka mid ah geterohromosom, X ama Y.

Waa maxay sababta ay aqoonsi iyo dirka koromosoomyada

Denver iyo Paris nidaamka qoondaynta ee wax la iska dhaxlo, si ballaaran loo isticmaalo bulshada sayniska, loogu talagalay in lagu mideeyo iyo guud fikradda ah ee karyotype ah. Habka caadiga ah waxaa loo baahan yahay soo bandhigidda saxda ah iyo fasiraadda natiijada cilmi-berrinkii genetics, Karyosystematics, taranta.

Schematically muujinayaan karyotype isticmaalaya ideograms - xigxiga habeeyay iyo diyaarin descendingly size koromosoomyada. Ideogram ka tarjumaysaa ma aha oo kaliya dhinacyada DNA helical, laakiin qaar ka mid ah sifooyinka morphological, iyo gaar ahaan in ay qaab-dhismeedka aasaasiga ah (khaniis iyo gobolka euchromatin).

By falanqeeyo garaafyo, kuwaas oo adkayn heerka uu xiriirka u dhexeeya kooxaha kala duwan Qorxeey ee noolaha.

karyotype waxaa laga yaabaa in labo ka mid ah autosomes, ku dhowaad isku mid ah in size, taas oo ay adag tahay in la saxo meesha iyo tiriyey. Ka fikir waxa beegyada uu ka mid Denver iyo dirka Paris ee koromosoom aadanaha.

Natiijada shirka ee Denver, 1960

Sannaddii in, taasoo ah magaalada Denver, USA, oo shir ku koromosoomyada aadanaha. Waxaa habab kala duwan si ay u codify koromosoomyada (size, goobaha centromere meel la kala duwan ah galool iyo D. t.) La isku daro nidaamka keli ah.

Go'aamada Shirka ahaa waxa loogu yeero soocidda Denver ee koromosoom aadanaha. Nidaamkan waxaa lagu hanuuniyey by mabaadi'da:

1. All autosomes aadanaha kuwa la tiriyey oo israacsan 1 ilaa 22 la hoos ka mid ah dhererka, chromatids galmada loo xilsaaray tilmaamood X iyo Y.
2. karyotype koromosoom qaybsan 7 kooxaha la centromere bixinta, joogitaanka satalayt iyo caqabadaha sare on chromatids.
3. Si loo fududeeyo index ah kala soocidda isticmaalo centromeric, oo waxaa loo xisaabiyaa qeybi dhererka gacanta gaaban oo dhererkeedu yahay oo dhan koromosoom iyo waxaa lagu qeexay boqolkiiba.

kala soocidda Denver ee koromosoom waxaa guud ahaan loo aqoonsan yahay in bulshada caalamku sayniska.

kooxaha koromosoom iyo sifooyinka ay

Denver soocidda koromosoomyada ka mid ah todoba kooxood oo autosomes waxaa lagu abaabulaa si of tiriyey, laakiin di'in tiro. Tan waxa u sabab ah qaababka ee ay u qaybiyeen kooxo. Faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo arrintan ku saabsan in miiska.

Sida aad arki karto, kala soocidda Denver ee koromosoom oo ku salaysan falanqaynta fataahadda, oo aan ku salaysayn khalkhalgelinta ka mid ah DNA ah.

Paris dirka koromosoomyada aadanaha

The salaysan soocidda this, bandhigay 1971, ku salaysan hababka kala duwan ee xayd chromatin. Sidaas darteed, rinjiyeynta caadiga ah oo dhan chromatids noqon hanaankeedu gaarka ah ee guutooyinkiisa oo iftiinka iyo mugdiga, oon si fudud loo aqoonsaday kooxaha gudahood.

In daaweynta formaldehyde kala duwan ee koromosoom ogaado qaybaha shaqsi:

• qaybaha Q-koromosoom fluoresce iyada oo sababtu tahay iniin khardal dheeh-quinacrine ah.
• G-qeybaha waxaa lagu muujiyey ka dib markii habka xayd Giemsa (la mid ah sida Q-qeybaha).
• qaybaha R-xayd ka hormarey denaturation kulaylka gacanta.

calaamado dheeraad ah waxaa lagu soo bandhigay si ay u muujiyaan meesha uu hiddo on koromosoomyada:

1. gacanta ka dheer ee koromosoom tilmaamay by a hoose warqad kiiska q, gaaban - p kuwa yaryarba.
2. Inside garabka kor u qoondeeyo in 4 meelaha, kuwaas oo loo tiriyey centromere ilaa dhammaadka telomere ah.
3. Tiradoodii of haad sidoo kale meelaha ay jihada ka centromere gudahood.

Haddii booska uu ka hiddo-a on koromosoom waxaa si sax ah loo yaqaan, ay duwo waa index ah ee falliiqa. Marka deegaamaynta hiddo yar la hubo, waxa loogu yeero ku yaalla gacanta dheer ama gaaban.

Waayo, khariidaynta sax ah koromosoomyada, hybridization iyo waxbarasho mutagenesis hab kasta hal waa lagama maarmaan. Denver soocidda koromosoom iyo Paris kiiskan waa la kala saari Karin xidhiidh iyo dhamaystir u midba midka kale.