Dibadda iyo gudaha Politika Ekateriny 2. Maqaallo Catherine siyaasadda gudaha 2

Tan iyo carruurnimada, madax banaan oo xiiso leh Catherine II ahaa awoodaan si ay u fuliyaan kacaan dhab in Russia. Laga soo bilaabo 1744 waxaa la odhan jiray Empress ah Elizabeth ee St. Petersburg. Waxaa, Catherine qaaday Asalraacnimadu oo noqday aroosadda of Prince Peter Fedorovich.

Halganka loogu jiro carshiga

Future Empress isku dayay wax kasta in ay ku guuleysato Nicmada ninkeeda, ayaa hooyadiis iyo dadka. Catherine waqti badan ku qaatay barashada buugaag on dhaqaalaha, sharciga, taariikhda, taas oo saameyn ah on its saadaasha. Oo markii Butros III oo carshiga ku yimid, xiriirka uu naagtiisa shakhiyeed cadaawad labada dhinac. Wakhtigan, Catherine bilaabay inuu diyaariyo goob. At dhankeedi, Gorgorrada, kg Razumovsky. NI Panin iyo kuwa kale. Bishii June 1762, markii boqor kuma jirin St. Petersburg, Catherine galay qalcaddii Izmailovsky Ciidankii wacdiyey taliye-maroorsi. Ka dib markii badan oo ka mid ah codsiyada wadahadalo iyada oo qoraal ah ninkeeda casishay. Gudaha, dibadda Politika Ekateriny II bilaabay dhinaca horumarinta.

Features of guddiga

Catherine II awooday inaan isku wareejiyeen shaqsiyaad tayo leh oo gaar ah. Waxay si adag u taageeray fikradaha xiiso leh noqon kartaa faa'iido in ay isticmaalaan ujeedooyin iyaga u gaar ah. Iyadoo maadooyinka Empress taxadir leh u dhaqma oo miyir, lahaa hadiyadda dhagaysto wada ah. Laakiin Catherine II jeclaa xoog iyo si xad dhaaf ah wax tegi karin, oo kaliya in ay iyada sii.

Empress taageeray Church Orthodox ka, laakiin ma uusan diidi isticmaalka diinta siyaasadda. Waxa uu ogol yahay in ay dhistaan kaniisado Protestant iyo Catholic iyo xataa masaajidyada. Laakiin weli ciqaabay by guurka ka-galku inay diin kale.

Guriga Catherine 2 (gaaban)

Empress doortay saddex postulates, kaas oo ku salaysan hawlaheeda: xigxiga, tartiib iyo xisaabaadka ee dareenka dadweynaha. Catherine dibinta ahaa taageere u ahaa la baabiiyo of serfdom, laakiin keentay abtirsan jiray si ay u taageeraan siyaasadda. Waxay dhigay tirada dadka ee gobolka kasta (dadka deggan waa in aanay noqon in ka badan 400 oo kun), iyo gobolka (ilaa 30,000). In xidhiidh la leh kala magaalooyin badan ayaa la dhisay. In xarun kasta ee gobolka of tiro ka mid ah hay'adaha dawladda waxaa loo soo abaabulay. Kuwani waa, sida hay'adda ugu weyn ee gobolka - maamulka - la taliyaha masuulka ah, Hay'adda Maareynta Maaliyadda iyo kan Dambiyada Civil Chamber, (House of Maaliyadda). Waxaa sidoo kale la aasaasay: Maxkamadda Gobolka High, Gobolka Magistrate iyo rabshadaha Sare. Waxay door barxadda ee fasalada kala duwan oo ka koobnaa oo ka mid ah madaxda iyo qiimeeya ee. jidhka loo abuuray inay xalka nabadeed ee colaadaha, lagu magacaabo maxkamad ogsoon yahay. Waxa kale oo maqla kiisas dambi waalan. Caqabadaha qalabka dugsiyada, hoyga iyo masaakiinta loogu hawlan Order of samafal dadweynaha.

dib u habaynta siyaasadeed ee gobollada

Inner Catherine 2 siyaasadda saameeyeen magaalada. Halkan, sidoo kale, tiro ka mid ah loox. Sayidka maxkamadda hoose ee degmada ayaa masuul ka ah hawlaha bilayska iyo maamulka. maxkamadda gobolka waxa uu ahaa Maxkamadda gobolka hoose High iyo kuwii gobta ahaa tixgeliyo kiiska. meel A halkaas oo muwaadiniin ah ayaa lagu xukumay, wuxuu ahaa garsooraha magaalada. Si loo xaliyo dhibaatooyinka qastaan abuuray xasuuqii Hoose.

Control of dil saxda ah ee sharciga ah waxaa loo xilsaaray in ay xeer gobolka iyo laba looyarrada. The Governor-General shuqul dhowr gobol iyo si toos ah u Empress ka codsan kartaa. Guriga Politika Ekateriny 2, miiska xaafadaha ku tilmaamay in buugaag badan oo taariikhda.

dib u habaynta garsoorka

In 1775, waxaa la aasaasay nidaam cusub si loo xaliyo khilaafaadka. In fasal kasta dhibaatada xallin ay amar maxkamadeed. Dhammaan maxkamadaha, marka laga reebo dil Hoose ayaa doortay. Gobolka High baaro kiisaska dadka dhulka leh iyo dirir ridayeen (haddii beeralay ahaa gobolka) degan rabshadaha sare iyo hoose. Khilaafka kala duwan nin oday serfs. Sida sheekh ah, ay kiniisadda ee consistories gobolka xukumi karaa oo keliya. Senate waxa uu ahaa maamulka sare ee garsoorka.

dibuhabaynta Municipal

Empress damcay inuu dhiso hay'adaha maxalliga ah ee fasal kasta ee la xiriira xuquuqda in ay is-xukuumadda. In 1766 Catherine II bandhigay Bayaanka a on formation of Komishanka si wax looga qabto arrimaha maxalliga ah. Under hanuunka Guddoomiyaha kuwii gobta ahaa oo madaxa la soo doortay ee magaalada qaaday doorashada ku xigeenadiisa, iyo sidoo kale kala iibsiga waajib meeshoodii. Sidaas darteed, qaar ka mid ah falalka sharci-dejinta, taas oo go'an xeerarka qaar ka mid ah dawlada hoose. abtirsan ayaa waxaa ka fadilnaa haboon in la doorto degmada iyo madaxda gobolka, xoghayaha, garsoore gobolka iyo qiimeeya ee iyo tababarayaasha kale. maamulka Urban qaadataa laba fikirrada: Guud iyo Shestiglasnaya. hore wuxuu xaq u leeyahay inuu sameeyo amar ku yaala goobahan. Waxaa shir duqa magaalada. Fikirka guud ee la socday ilaa xadka loo baahan yahay. Shestiglasnaya maalin kasta socday. Iyadu waa jidhka fulinta iyo ka koobnaa lix wakiil ah fasal kasta iyo duqa magaalada. Weli waxaa uu ahaa Council City, taas oo la kulmay saddex sannadood oo kasta. jidhkan wuxuu xaq u leeyahay in la doorto fikirka Shestiglasnuyu.

Guriga Politika Ekateriny 2 aan la siiyaa booliiska dareenka. In 1782, ayay abuuray amar kaas oo nidaaminaya qaab-dhismeedka hay'adaha fulinta sharciga, jihada hawlahooda, iyo sidoo kale nidaamka cadaab daran.

nolosha ku abtirsan

Guriga Politika Ekateriny 2 tirada dukumeentiyo sharci ah u xaqiijiyay booska wanaagsan of class this. Oo Toogtay Nin sharaf leh ama iska qaado hantida ahaa oo kaliya suurto gal ah ka dib markii uu galay dambi halis ah. Xukun daruuri waafaqsan Empress ah. Nin sharaf leh ayaa laga yaabaa in aan la hoos geliyey wax ciqaab jirka ah. Waxa intaa dheer in asturidda qaddar ee yaroow iyo arrimaha guryaha, wakiilka guryaha si xor ah u socdaalaan dibadda laga yaabaa, si toos ah u-Governor General diri cabashooyinkooda. Dibadda iyo gudaha Politika Ekateriny 2 ku salaysan danaha fasalka.

wakiillo ka yar masaakiinta ay falayeen darteed xuquuqda. Sidaas, ka qayb qaataan Kiniisadaha gobolka abtirsan ee waayeen shaqsi leh aqoon hantida gaar ah. Taasi ayaa sidoo kale ansixiyey in jagada, kiiskan, dakhliga dheeraadka ah waa in aanay noqon wax ka yar $ 100 halkii sanno.

dib u habaynta dhaqaalaha

In 1775, uu akhriyey Bayaanka ah, taas oo dhan ayaa la oggol yahay in ay "si iskood ah dabaylaha oo dhan cayn kasta oo ku daqiijin jireen oo iyaga saaro dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee farsamada gacanta oo aan haysan si horay ogolaansho la siiyey" labada maxalliga ah iyo kuwa amarka sare leh. Mfu laga reebo ahaa kiis in qaab ganacsi dowladda socday ilaa 1861, iyo sidoo kale shirkadaha adeega ciidanka. dhacdooyinka ee la soo dhaafay ayaa qeyb ka koritaanka dhaqaalaha ee fasalka baayacmushtarka ku socotay ah. fasalka ka qayb qaatay firfircoon horumarinta wax soo saarka cusub oo ganacsi. Sababo la xiriira tallaabada ah ganacsatada bilaabeen in ay horumariyaan warshadaha dharka wanaagsan oo linenka ah, loo bedelay ka dib qaybta dhar ah. Catherine II ee 1775, aasaasay Guild saddex baayacmushtarka ku socotay ah, kaas oo la kala kasta oo kale ee magaalada ka jira. Iyada oo isku lacag kasta laga duubay of 1% ka mid ah magaalada Muqdisho, kaas oo lagu dhawaaqay iyo aan la hubiyaa. In 1785, charter la akhriyo, kuwaas oo sheegay in baayacmushtariyadii waxay xaq u leeyihiin inay ka qayb qaataan dawlada hoose iyo maxkamadda, ay dhaafi ciqaabta jirka. Mudnaan la xiriira oo kaliya in ay sancaawiyada koowaad iyo labaad, iyo in soo laabashada waxaa loo baahan yahay in la kordhiyo tirada caasimada dhawaaqay.

Guriga Politika Ekateriny II khusaysaa dadka deggan dhulka miyiga ah. Waxay la ogol yahay inay warwareegaan iyagoo iyo iibiyaan wax soo saarka keentay. Beeralayda iibiyo xabaalo ah, laakiin la xadidin hirgelinta hawlaha tafaariiqda badan. Gobta abaabulo laga yaabaa carwooyinka, oo waxay ka sii iibin sheyga, laakiin ha xaq u leeyihiin inay dhistaan warshadaha ee magaalooyinka haysan. class Tani waxay sameeyeen sidii ugu fiican in ay riixaan Korka baayacmushtariyaasha dharka iyo warshadaha distillery. Oo iyana waxay si tartiib tartiib ah ku guulaysteen, sida ugu horreysa ee bilowgii qarnigii XIX Sirkaalkii 74 lahaa warshadaha qubo, baayacmushtariyaasha, iyo laba iyo toban keliya ayaa keentay shirkadaha.

Catherine II furay qoray Bank, kuwaas oo loo abuuray inay howlgalka guulaha ee fasalada sare. hay'ad maaliyadeed aqbalo lacag dhigaal ah, qiiqa sameeyay saaray biilasha xisaabaadka. Natiijada waxa ay aheyd isuga ka mid ah dhaq oo qoray a Ruble lacag ah.

Reform Waxbarashada, Dhaqanka iyo Sayniska

Features 2 siyaasadda gudaha ee goobahaas Catherine ee waa sida soo socota:

1. Anigoo ku hadlaya magaca macalinka Empress II Betskoi horumariyo "General Hay'adda waxbarashada ee dadka dhalinyarada ah ee labada jinsiba." Society of Mudanayaal Noble furmeen ku saleysan oo dhan (Institute Smolny), kulliyadda ganacsiga iyo dugsiga ee Academy of Arts. In 1782, Guddiga on samaynta dugsiyada waxaa la aasaasay dibuhabaynta dugsiyada. iyada qorshe loo sameeyay by FI baraha Austria Jankovic. In koorsada of dib u habaynta magaalada qof walba in la furo dugsiyada dadweynaha - waaweyn iyo kuwo yaryarba. Hay'adaha la hara gobolka. Medical College, School Macdanta iyo dugsiyada kale ee la furay hoos Catherine II.
2. Successful gudaha Politika Ekateriny 2 sano 1762-1796 siiyey kor u qaada horumarka sayniska. In 1765, waxaa jiray ururka of Society Dhaqaalaha Free ah, kaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu ballaariyo aqoonta juqraafiga ee dalka. In muddo ah ka 1768 si ay u 1774, ka saynisyahano ah Academy of Sciences ka qaybgalay shan guutadii. Iyada oo ololaha sida ayaa balaariyay aqoonta ma aha oo kaliya in juqraafiga, laakiin sidoo kale in bayoolaji iyo cilmiga kale ee dabiiciga ah. In 80s ee, Ruush Academy waxaa la dhisay waxbarasho ee afka iyo suugaanta. Inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Catherine II, buugaag dheeraad ah oo lagu daabacay ka badan in oo dhan qarnigii XVIII. In St. Petersburg, furay ugu horeysay ee Maktabadda Dadweynaha ee Gobolka. Cunid akhriska buugaagta ee ku dhow kasta fasalka. Wakhtigan, waxbarashada waxa uu noqday mahad.
3. Guriga Politika Ekateriny 2 aan u tudhin, iyo muuqaalka kore ee bulshada sare. nolosha bulshada firfircoon ee wareegyada ugu sareeya ee mudanayaal iyo marwooyin waajib ku ah in ay raacaan fashion ah. In 1779, weriyey "Fashion maqaalka bil kasta, ama Library Mudanayaal musqul" ayaa lagu daabacay tusaale oo dhar cusub. Qadarka 1782 ku amray kuwii gobta ahaa in ay xirtaan dharka u waafaqayaan midabada astaanta u ah gobolka. Laba sano ka dib, si ay si dar shuruudaha - labbis qaab gaar ah.

siyaasadda dibadda

Catherine II ma iloobin oo ku saabsan hagaajinta xiriirka la gobolada kale. Empress gaari natiijooyinka soo socda:

1. Sababo la goysiga ee gobolka Kuban ah, Crimean, gobollada Lithuanian, galbeedka Russia, ee Duchy soohdintooda ah Courland gobolka si weyn u balaariyay.

2. George ee khuseeya la saxiixay, kaas oo tilmaamay doorka Maxmiyadda Ruush badan Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti).

3. Waxaa jiray dagaal galeen, waayo, dhulka la Sweden. Laakiin ka dib markii saxiixa nabad ah xuduudaha heshiis ku hadhay isku mid.

4. Horumarinta Alaska iyo Islands Aleutian ah.

5. Sidaas darteed dagaalka Ruush-Turkish waxaa qayb ka ah soohdinta reer Poland u dhexeeya Austria, Prussia iyo Russia kala qaybsan.

6. mashruuca Giriigga. Ujeedada cilmiga ahaa ee dib u soo celinta ee Empire Byzantine ah, xuddun ee Constantinople. Sida uu madaxa gobolka uuraysatay lahaa in ay awow u ahaa Catherine II, Prince Constantine.

7. Marka ay dhamaato oo ka mid ah 80 ayaa bilaabay dagaalka Ruush-Turkish iyo halganka la Sweden. Waxaa soo gabagabeeyay 1792 nabad Iasi saameyn ku xaqiijisatay ee Empire Ruush ee Caucasus iyo Bessarabia, iyo xaqiijiyay badhkood of Crimean.

Catherine 2. Natiijooyinka siyaasadda gudaha iyo midda dibadda

Great Ruush Empress tagay calaamad ah tirtiri karin taariikhda Russia. Ka dib markii dumin carshiga ninkeeda, ayay qabtay tiro ka mid ah dhacdooyinka, kuwaas oo qaar badan ayaa si weyn u soo hagaagtay nolosha dadka. Gebogebadii natiijooyinka siyaasadda gudaha ee Catherine 2, waa in la ogaadaa xaaladda gaarka ah ee ku abtirsan iyo cadcad ee maxkamadda. Empress si adag u taageeray class this iyo dadkoodii ay jeclaayeen ku dhow.

Guriga Politika Ekateriny 2, si kooban u sharxi haddii ay dhinacyada ugu muhiimsan ee soo socda. Thanks to falalka muhim ah Empress ah, dhulka ee boqortooyada Ruush u kordhay. Tirada dadka dalka ahaa inay gaadhaan waxbarashada. Waxaa muuqatay dugsiga ugu horeysay ee qastaan. su'aalo ku saabsan maamulka degmooyinka iyo gobolladaba lagu xalin. Empress ka caawiyay Russia noqday mid ka mid ah dalalka Yurub weyn.