Golaha Trent iyo natiijooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee uu shaqada

XIX Ecumenical Golaha Trent 1545-1563 sano wuxuu noqday mid ka mid ah Dhacdooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee soo galaya. Inta badan aqbalay dogmas qeybtii kunkan sanadood ka dib, sii ansax ah. Golaha Sare oo ka mid ah hoggaamiyayaasha ruuxiga ah ee kaniisadda Catholic soo ururay height of toobad, marka xadgudub oo caro iyo nolol raaxo churchmen waqooyiga Yurub ayaa diiday in ay aqoonsadaan maamulka ee Pope ka. Golaha Trent iyo natiijooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee uu shaqada ahaayeen muhim "weerar" in wax Wanaajiya, sixitaanka guul Counter-toobadkeenidda ee qarnigii XVI ka.

background ruuxiga ah ee colaadda

Church Catholic in dhammaadkii qarnigii XV ah, ku urursan gacmaha ay u badan oo dalka iyo wxbarashada maal badan. In Europe, baahsanaanta ahaa meeltobnaadka - toban meelood oo meel ururinta faa'iidada dakhliga dalagga ama lacag caddaan ah. Church noolaa dhaqax, waqti ay qayb weyn oo aamin ah waxay ahayd mid liidata. Dhab ahaantii Tani waxay hoos u aasaaskii iimaanka, maamulka kiniisadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, ee popes waxaa si weyn loo geeyay ganacsiga ee indulgences - ". Dembidhaafka uu dembiyadii" shahaadado gaar ah Waayo, xaddi gaar ah oo indulgences aadanaha, inkastoo halisnimada dembiga wuxuu noqon doonaa dhaafin dembi oo dhan. iibka noocan oo kale ah ka xumaaday Mu'miniinta. Toobadda The Center Germany, taas oo ahayd burbursan oo wax fiiriyey sida a "tiisa qoqobo". Against this asalka allifey, oo waxaa la go'aamiyay in la isugu yimaado Golaha Trent.

dhaawac weyn u geystay ka mid ah Church Catholic ee macaamiloodeen humanism. Its hoggaamiye ahaa Erazm Rotterdamsky. In buugga yar, "Mahad of Nacasnimadu" bani-maratay cambaareeyay ceebaha iyo jaahilnimada ah wadaadada ka. tiradaasi kale oo humanism Jarmal ahaa Ulrich von Hutten, kuwaas oo lagu qabtay ka hor jeeda Rome le'daan of keenida German. waa in aan ku daro in sababay cuncun caabudilahaa iyo in afka iyo qiritaanka runta ahaa Laatiin, oo parishioners caadiga ah ma ay garan.

toobadda

Toobad ayaa noqday caqabad caalami ah in ay asaaska ee kiniisadda kaatooligga. Inteeda badan waxaa lagu jiheeyo toobad ahaayeen go'aanada Golaha Trent. Fikradda hore wuxuu ahaa in shirka si wadajir ah u golahan oo uu gudoominayo by Pope iyo madaxda toobad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wada hadal khilaafka halkii maadadeed ku guuldareystay.

October 31, 1517 Martin Lyuter qodbay iridda Wittenberg Church uu "95 theses" si adag u cambaareeyey ganacsiga ee indulgences. In muddo gaaban, tobanaan kun oo dadka u noqday taageerayaasha fikrado Luther ee. In 1520, Pope soo saaray dibi ee ogsoonaa ka kiniisadda wadaad. Luther fagaare ah iyada gubay, taas oo loogu tala galay qeybtii labaad finalka Rome. Martin Luther ma diidani in kaniisadda, uu doonayo si ay u fududaato. Hagaajiyayaal postulates waa cad oo dhan:

• Wadaadada guursan ayaa laga yaabaa, dhar caadi ah, waxay leeyihiin in uu u hogaansamo sharciyada caadi ah in oo dhan.
• kaniisadda Lutheran ayaa diiday in uu calanka iyo farshaxan Masiixa iyo Virgin ah.
• Kitaabka Quduuska ah - isha kaliya ee rumaysadka ee Kiristanka.

ah ee Protestant-

Emperor Charles V go'aansaday inuu soo farageliyo kiiska. In 1521, Luther gaaray Reichstag ee Gooryaanka. Waxaa uu ka codsaday in ay ka waantoobaan aragtidiisa, laakiin Luther diiday. Cadhoodeen, boqor ka tagay shirka. On jidka guriga on Luther weeraray, laakiin Elector Saxon ku Frederick falsan ayaa ka Korinay isaga qarinayaan in uu qalcaddii. La'aanta Martina Lyutera toobadda ma aysan joogsan.

In 1529 Emperor Charles V ee ka dih Gaalnimo looga baahan yahay inay u hoggaansamaan diinta Catholic kaliya gayiga Quduuska Roman Empire ah (dhab ahaantii - Germany). Laakiin 5 madaxda, oo taageero ka 14 magaalo u caddeeyey. Laga soo bilaabo in taageerayaasha toobad, Catholics bilaabay in loogu yeedho Brotestanka.

Weerarka lagu qaaday toobad

Inta lagu jiro ay taariikhda dheer Church Catholic ayaa lama yaqaan jahwareer qoto dheer sida, kuwaas oo bilaabay toobad iyada. Iyada oo taageero ka helaya dalalka Catholic ee taliyayaashii le'daan Rome waxay bilaabeen in ay si firfircoon ula dagaalamaan "faasiqnimo ah Protestant." Nidaamka tallaabooyin loogu talagalay kuwa dhutiya iyo tirtiridda fikrado in toobaddii iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa, loo yaqaan the-Counter toobadda. keebka ah dhacdooyinkaan waxay ahayd Golaha Trent ee 1545.

Weerar ku qaaday toobad ay astaan u soo nooleenta ah oo xaalkaas u Dr Makumbe, ee ka dillaacay ay ku dhinteen boqolaal "kufaar Protestant." Inquisitors gacanta ku daabacaadda. Fasax la'aan, waxa ay ahayd wax aan macquul aheyn in la daabaco shaqada keli ah, oo "xun" suugaanta keentaa "index of buugaagta Xarrimay" gaar ah oo ay tahay in la gubay.

dibuhabaynta The Catholic

Toobadda waxay u kala jabeen dunida Catholic qeybtii, laakiin dhexe ee reer Yurub qarnigii XVI ay rajeyneysay in xaalada wali waa la sixi karaa. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah oo kaliya in search for dib u heshiisiinta, labada dhinac ayaa talaabo dhinaca kasta oo kale. Sidaas awgeed, waxaan u maleeyey Mu'miniinta ma aha oo kaliya ee caadiga ah, laakiin sidoo kale qayb ka mid ah Cardinals iyo wadaadada waawayn. Iyaga ka mid ah, codad dheeraad ah oo ku adkaysanayaan in kuwa u yeedhay Quduuska ah ka eeg in ay dhaqanka ee dib u habaynta kaniisadda.

Popes nahey waqti dheer ka hor inta uusan ogolaanin inuu ku beddelidda. Ugu dambeyntii, ee 1545, Pope Paul III isugu Council Ecumenical ah. Goobta Golaha Trent loola jeedaa magaalada Trento (Italy). Oo ay meel qaatay googo'an ilaa 1563, sida muddo 18 sano ah.

Guushaan ayaa ka mid ah Hagaajiyayaal of Church Catholic

Bilowgiiba, ka qaybgalayaasha in golaha loo kala qaybiyey laba kooxood - taageerayaasha dibuhabaynta Catholic iyo soo horjeeda ay. In dood kulul ee la soo dhaafay ku guuleystay. Under ay cadaadis, waxaan la geeyay go'aamada muhiimka ah ee Golaha Trent, si uu u xaliyo booska iimaanka Catholic qarniyo.

Papacy lahaa si aad u joojiso iibinta indulgences, laakiin si loo hubiyo mustaqbalka ee Church Catholic ah in la dhiso shabakad of seminaries. Waa in ay derbiyada diyaariyo wadaaddada Catholic ah nooca cusub in ay waxbarashada waa ineysan u wacyigaliyo Protestant.

Trent: macnaheeda iyo saamaynta

cathedral ayaa noqday jawaab Catholic si Protestant. Waxaa la isugu by Pope Paul III ee 1542, laakiin sababta oo ah dagaalka Franco-Jarmal, kulankii ugu horeeyey ee ka dhacay kaliya ee 1945. Cathedral ay fuliyeen saddex popes. Wadar ah 25 kulan, laakiin keliya 13 kalfadhi oo go'aan muhiim ah oo saamayn iimaanka, caadooyinka ama xeerar anshax.

Trent ka mid ah ugu weyn ee taariikhda Church Catholic waa. Waxa laga hirgeliyey at shirarka dogmas la xiriira set su'aalo aasaasi ah. Tusaale ahaan, ilaha rumaysadka, ansixiyay xeerkoodu buugaagta Kitaabka Quduuska ah loo aqoonsaday. At Council hadlay dogmas gaar ah oo Brotestanka diiday. On ku salaysan wada waxaa la eegay aragti xagga damacbadnaan.

The arrimaha Amarada Baabtiiska iyo Xaqiijinta, Evrahistii iyo Falsau, sacrament allabariga ee St. Liturgia, guurka. taxanahan iwm ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey xal of purgatory, xurmayn quduusiinta iyo wixii la mid ah.

Pope Pius IX ansixiyey amarrada conciliar ee 1564 ka. uu dhintay, Pope St. ka dib markii Pius V lagu bixiyo xaqiijiyay qaabkii Council updated iyo updated missal breviary.

Golaha Trent: go'aannada waaweyn

• lama taabtaan ah ee madaxda Church, Mass iyo qirasho.
• Ilaalinta toddobada sacraments, caabudo walxood quduuska ah.
• Xaqiijinta doorka dhexdhexaadinta ah ayaa kiniisaddii iyo maamulka sare ee Pope waxaa gudahood ah.

Trent dhigay aasaas u ah la xariirta iyo xoojinta ku anshaxa Church Catholic. Wuxuu muujisay in fasax la Protestant-noqday final.

waxbaridda Golaha Trent on Eucharist

Golaha Trent (1545-1563) ka hadlay arrinta Eucharist inta lagu jiro xilliga oo dhan hirgelintiisa. Waxay yihiin saddex amarrada muhiim ah la qaatay

• "Qadarka on Eucharist Quduuska ah" (1551).
• "Qadarka on wehelnimada laba nooc iyo wehelnimada carruurta yar» (16.VII.1562).
• "Qadarka on Allabaryo ugu Quduuska ah ee reer Mass ah" (17 H.1562).

Trent ilaaliya, dhammaan ayuu ka sarreeyaa, joogitaanka dhabta ah ee Masiixa ku Eucharist ah iyo sida ay u muuqato hoos joogitaanka images of khamri iyo kibista dhigayeen - «transubstantiatio». Dabcan, tani waxay ahayd habka caadiga ah ee aayahiisu, maxaa yeelay, agagaarka sharaxaad faahfaahsan ee sida saxda ah sida ay u dhacdo «transubstantiatio», khilaaf ayaa ka mid ahaa fiqiga.

Markii hore loo maleeyey in Masiixu joogo ee Eucharist ah, ka dib markii maamulka macbadka ah, haddii weli jidhka iyo dhiigga quduus ka dhigay. Golaha Trent xaqiijiyay this. Waxa kale oo la xaqiijiyey by aqoonsiga la taaban karo oo u dhexeeya dhibanaha of Service Quduuska ah iyo allabarigii Masiixa iskutallaabta dusheeda.

Ka dib markii Golaha Trent fiqiga mar kale ku urursan on aragti cidhiidhi ah ee Eucharist ee Masiix hortiisa oo ku saabsan nooca qurbaanka ee Mass. Habkan Brotestanka ugu baaqay in ay xaq u. Gaar ahaan wax badan ayaa sheegay in ku saabsan allabariga Mass, iyo in kastoo uusan marnaba beeniyay in tani ay tahay allabari keliya ee Ciise Masiix, Service allabari caddayntii weynayd laftiisa laftiisa in laga yaabo siin aragti ah in allabari this la furay ka - taariikhi ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, xooga xad-dhaafka ah ee wadaadka inta lagu guda jiro hawshii Eucharist waa a "labaad Masiix", ayaa si weyn u dhimay doorka dadka taabacsan ee triune ee.

gunaanad

Approved by caqiidada Golaha Trent bedelin ka badbaaday. ku nool Church Catholic ayaa si waafaqsan xeerarka la ansixiyay 500 oo sano ka hor. Taasi waa sababta Golaha Trent, badan loo arkaa ugu muhiimsan tan iyo kala qeybinta hal kaniisad u Catholic iyo Protestant.