Economist Milton Friedman: A Biography, fikrado, nolosha iyo hadalladiisiiba

Milton Friedman - dhaqaaleyahan Maraykan ah 1976 helay Nobel Prize ee uu cilmi baaris oo duurka ku ah isticmaalka, taariikhda lacagta iyo kakanaanta siyaasadda xasilinta. Iyadoo George Stigler ahayd caqli hogaamiyaha jiilka labaad ee Dugsiga Chicago. Ka mid ah ardayda uu dhaqaaleyahannada caan ah sida Geri Bekker, Robert Fogel, Ronald Kouz, Robert Lucas, Jr .. Fikradaha aasaasiga ah ee walaac Friedman ee siyaasadda lacagta, canshuuraha, gaar, seyladda siyaasadda dadweynaha, gaar ahaan 1980. Monetarism ayaa sidoo kale saameeyay go'aanka nidaamka US Federaalka intii lagu jiray xiisadda dhaqaale ee caalamka.

Biography kooban oo Miltona Fridmana: sanadaha hore

saynisyahan The mustaqbalka uu ku dhashay ee Brooklyn, mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu saboolsan ee New York. waxay ahaayeen labadiisii waalid muhaajiriinta ka Hungary. City oo ay u haajiray, hadda waa gayiga Ukraine (Beregovo ee gobolka Transcarpathian). waalidiinta Friedman ee lagu iibinayo dharka. Muddo yar ka dib dhalashada ilmaha, qoyska u dhaqaaqay magaalada Rahway ee New Jersey. Sida ilmo, Friedman helay shil, astaantii on bushintiisa sarena ha iyo ayaan la joogay isagii u ah nolosha. dugsiga sare wuxuu ka qalin jabiyay 1928 iyo diiwaan University Rutgers. Ninkii dhallinyarada ahaa ayaa ku takhasustay xisaabta iyo dhaqaalaha. Waxa uu asal ahaan loogu talo galay in uu noqdo xoghayaha a. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta lagu guda jiro tababarka waxaan la kulmay laba saynisyahano - Arthur Burns iyo Homer Jones, oo isaga la aaminsiiyey inuu dhaqaalaha caawin kara dunida keeni baxay Depression Great ah.

Ka dib markii qalin-jabinta, uu bixiyey laba jalenimada xisaabta at Brown iyo dhaqaalaha ee Chicago. Friedman doortay dambaysta ah, oo helay Master degree ah Arts ee 1933. views uu saamayn ku Dzheykob Viner, Frank Nayt iyo Henry Simons. Waxaa uu kula kulmay naagtiisa mustaqbalka, Rose. Markaasuu wuxuu bartay statistics hoos imaanaya hoggaanka dhaqaalaha ku caan ah Harold Hotelling iyo shaqeeyay sida kaaliye Genri Shultsa. Ee Jaamacadda Chicago, Friedman la kulmay laba ka mid ah saaxiibada ugu wanaagsanaa - George Stigler iyo Allen Wallis.

adeegga Dadweynaha

Ka dib ka qalin Friedmann ugu horeysay ee ay heli waayeen waxbaridda shaqo. Sidaas daraaddeed wuxuu go'aansaday inuu si Washington tagaa, isagoo la saaxiib Allen Wallis, halkaas oo Roosevelt un la bilaabey in ay ogaadaan in uu "New Deal". Friedman dambe soo gabagabeeyey in dhan yihiin qabashada gobolka "daroogada xumaada cudurka qaldan." In 1935, uu ka soo shaqeeyay Guddiga Resources Qaranka, oo hore u bilaabeen in ay ka fekeraan fasiraadda function isticmaalka. Friedman markaas ku istiwooday in Bureau Qaranka ee cilmi baarista dhaqaalaha. Waxa uu u shaqeeyey sidii kaaliye Simon Kuznets.

In 1940, Friedman ahaa professor a at the University of Wisconsin, laakiin celiyo adeegii dadweynaha sababtoo ah anti-Nacayb. Wuxuu ka shaqeeyey on siyaasadda cashuuraha military ee Dowladda Federaalka, sida la-taliye. On waajib wuxuu ku dooday in qabashada gobolka Keynesian dhaqaalaha.

Career iyo guulihii

Milton Friedman ahaa la taliyaha gaarka ah Madaxweynaha Maraykanka oo ka tirsan xisbiga Jamhuuriga ee Ronald Reagan iyo Margaret British Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Konserfatifka Thatcher. Uu falsafada siyaasadeed kicin wanaagga suuqa xorta ah kula faragelinta dowladda yar. Marka Friedman xusay in uu u aragtaa uu guusha ugu weyn qasabka ah baabi'inta ee dalka Mareykanka. Intii uu nolosha uu ku qoray qaar ka mid ah monographs, buugaagta, articles ee joornaalada sayniska iyo wargeysyada, oo marti ku ahaa barnaamijyada TV-ga, waxaana uu macalin kasoo noqday jaamacado kala duwan. Shuqulkiisa ayaa caan ma aha oo kaliya in Maraykanka iyo UK, laakiin sidoo kale dalalka hantiwadaagga. Wargeyska "The Economist" waxaa loo bixiyey oo ah dhaqaaleyahan ka ugu saameynta badan ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 20-aad, waxaana laga yaabaa qarnigii. Iyada oo doorashada qaar ka mid ah la siiyo timirta ahaa in John Maynard Keynes.

views dhaqaalaha

Milton Friedman si fiican loogu barbaro in helitaanka lacagta dareenka. Monetarism - waa set oo ah views in xiriirka la leh aragti tirada. raad Its laga heli karaa qarnigii 16aad. Wada jir ah ula dhiba Shvarts Fridman qoray buug la yiraahdo "A History IMF ee Maraykanka ee America, 1867-1960 (1963)." Multiple falanqayn dhaca xaqiijiyay eegidda ah helitaanka lacagta maalgelinta iyo kharashka dowladda. shaqo la'aanta Dabiiciga ah waa lama huraan, sidaa daraadeed waxa uu ka dhigaa jirin dareen si ay u dagaalamaan. Dowladda lagama maarmaan ma aha in hanuuniyo dhaqaalaha iyada oo loo marayo siyaasad maaliyadeed.

Isbeddellada berrinkii tirakoobka

Falanqaynta isku xig xiga ee ay soo Milton Friedman. Fikradda wayn isaga ka yimid halka u adeegaya in ay Department of Studies War at Columbia. Markaas falanqayn tirakoobka isku xig xiga waxa uu noqday hab caadiga ah ee qiimaynta. Like daahfurtay in kale oo badan Friedman, maanta waxa ay u muuqataa cajiib ah u fududahay. Laakiin tani waa tilmaame of hanad ah oo u suurtagashay in ay dhex gasho nuxurka ifafaale. Maanta, falanqaynta tirakoobka joogto ah waa qalab muhiim ah oo dhaqaale oo casri ah.

Milton Friedman, shuuciyad iyo Freedom

Ra'yiga monetarism bilaabay gabaynayo ka mid ah aragtida Keynesian. Later, Milton Friedman wici lahaa qaar badan oo qodobada ay arinku. In 1950 wuxuu ka sameeyey tafsiira ee function isticmaalka. Shuuciyad iyo Freedom - laba fikradaha in lagu bilaabaa mar kale kacaanka sayniska ee Milton Friedman. Monetarism isticmaalaa ah "af Keynesian iyo qalab nidaamsan," laakiin waxa uu diiday fikradaha asalka ah ee aragtida ah shruucda dalku dhaqaalaha. Friedman aan rumeynin suuragalnimada in isticmaalka awoodda buuxda. In uu faham, waxaa had iyo jeer waa heerka dabiiciga ah ee shaqo la'aanta, si ay ula dagaalamaan taasoo ah wax aan waxba tarayn. Dhaqaaleyahannada ku doodaya in mustaqbalka fog Phillips qalooca u eg a line toos ah taagan, oo saadaaliyay in suurtagalnimada ee sida ugub ah sida stagflation. Sidaa darteed, siyaasadda kaliya wax ku ool ah ee gobolka waa korodh ah ee helitaanka lacagta.