Farshaxankiisa ee dadkii hore. sawirro dhagax weyn Baydka

ilbaxnimada Human ayaa ka yimaadeen meel fog ee horumarinta iyo waxa ay gaadhay natiijada cajiib ah. farshaxanka casriga ah - mid ka mid ah. Laakiin wax walba waxay leedahay bilowgii. Sidee rinjiyeynta iyo cidda ay ahaayeen - fanaaniinta ugu horeysay ee dunida?

Bilow farshaxanka innoo - noocyada iyo qaababka

In Da'da Stone ah, Paleolithic ah, marka hore u muuqataa tahay heer hoose ah. Waxay lahaa qaab ka duwan. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen hawlgalo cibaadaysi, music, qoob iyo gabayo, iyo sidoo kale images gelinaya on dusha kala duwan - farshaxankiisa dhagaxa dadka heer hoose ah. Si aad muddada this iska leh iyo abuurista nin-dhigay dhismeedka hore - megaliths, dolmens iyo menhirs, ujeedada taas oo weli la ogeyn. The ugu caansan iyaga ka mid ah - Stonehenge in Salisbury, oo ka kooban cromlechs (dhagaxyo qumman).

Qalabka guriga, sida dahabka, alaabta lagu ciyaaro, sidoo kale waxay ka tirsan yihiin farshaxanka dadka heer hoose ah.

periodization

Seynisyahanno shaki ku jirin ah oo ku saabsan waqtiga ay asal ahaan ka mid ah tahay heer hoose ah. Waxay bilaabeen in ay sameeyaan dhexe ee Paleolithic ah, inta lagu jiro mudada of Neanderthals goor dambe. Dhaqanka waqtiga la yidhaahdo Mousterian ah.

Neanderthals ay awoodaan si loo farsameeyo dhagaxa, la abuuro qalab. On maadooyinka qaar ka mid ah, saynisyahano helay Niyadjabka iyo noqtay in qaab, iskutallaabtiisana ha la xirrira wax sharraxsan, a heer hoose ah. Isla mar, sawir weli kari waayeen, laakiin nidaamka horay loo isticmaalo. dhulka off gogo 'iyada ayaa laga helay, sida qalin, taas oo loo adeegsadey.

rinjiyeynta dhagax weyn heer hoose - Qeexid

Tani waa nooc ka mid ah tahay heer hoose ah. Ma image, rinji ah codsatay dushiisa derbiga godkii nin qadiimiga ah. Inta badan waxyaabaha kuwaas oo laga helay Europe, laakiin waxaa jira farshaxankiisa ee dadkii hore ee Asia. meesha ugu weyn ee badashada tahay dhagax weyn - soohdinta reer Spain casriga ah iyo France.

saynisyahano Shakiyeen

Muddo dheer, sayniska casriga ahi kuma ka warqabin xaqiiqada ah in farshaxanka nin heer hoose ay gaareen sida heer sare ah. sawiro ee godadka of dadkii hore ma aanan helin ilaa qarnigii XIX ah. Sidaas daraaddeed, kolkii la diray ayay ugu horeysay helay, waxay qaateen waayo, been.

History of daahfurtay

tahay dhagax weyn oo awel hore laga helay by aadmka ah hiwaayadda, qareen Spanish Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola.

Natiijadan ayaa waxaa sabab u ah ee dhacdooyin aad u waaweyn. In gobolka Spanish ah Cantabria ee 1868, ugaadhsade ku helay godka. soo galo ayaa waxaa la ciiraya dhagax weyn chipped burburka. In 1875, waxaa baaritaan Sautuola ka de. Isla mar, wuxuu helay qalab oo keliya. helo ayaa ugu badan. Afar sano ka dib, aadmka hiwaayadda eegid godkii Altamirskuyu. Waxa uu la socday gabadhii 9-sano jir ah, kuwaas oo helay iyo sawiro. Wada jir ah ula saaxiibkiis, aadmka Juan Vilanova Pierre de Sautuola ku hawlan excavations godka. Wax yar ka hor in, at bandhiga oo alaab ah ee xilligii dhagaxa, wuxuu arkay image ee gisi, la yaab garabaka rinjiyeynta dhagaxii weynaa oo nin qadiimiga ah, kuwaas oo uu arki karin gabadhiisa Maria. Sautuola soo jeediyay in Altamirskoy helay sawiro godkii xoolaha ka tirsan Paleolithic ah. In this uu taageeray iyo Wilanow-Pierre.

Qubarada ayaa daabacay natiijada naxdinta laheyd ee excavations ay. Oo markaas uu ku eedeeyay of Beenaalayaal dunida tacliimeed. khubarada hormoodka berrinkii cilmi akeoloji ayaa si cad u diiday suurtogalnimada uu helo waqti paleolithic tahay. Marcelino de Sautuola eedeeyay, in sawiro of dadkii hore, sida la sheegay wuxuu iyagii ka helay, ayaa barbaro aadmka kale, guests in maalmood isaga la kuwa.

Kaliya 15 sano ka dib, dhimashada qofka helay dunida tusaalooyin yaabka of art of dadkii hore ka dib, soo horjeeda aqoonsadeen runta ah ee Marcelino de Sautuola. By markii ugu kuwan sawiro in godadka dadkii hore laga helay ay Font-de-Gaume, Trois Frères, les combarelles iyo Rouffignac ee France, Bale d'Oduber ee Pyrenees iyo gobollada kale. Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah ayaa loo aaneeyey inay u xilligii Paleolithic. Sayidka, magaca wanaagsan ee saynisyahan a Spain ayaa ka go'an mid ka mid ah daahfurtay ugu caan ah ee cilmi akeoloji, dib loo soo celiyo.

Xirfad ka mid ah fanaaniinta qadiimiga ah

rinjiyeynta Rock, photos kuwaas oo hoos lagu soo bandhigay, ka kooban yahay hannaanka ay taswiiro xoolaha kala duwan. Waxay waxaa inta badan ku figurine gisi. Kuwa ugu horeysay arkay sawirada farshaxanka ee dadkii hore laga helay god of Altamira, waxaa la yaabay sida xirfadeed waxay ka samaysan yihiin. Tani xirfad heer sare ah oo ka mid ah fanaaniinta qadiimiga ah iyo ka dhigay in markii ay sabab u bilaabaan inay shaki saynisyahano siidaayay ay.

dadkii hore isla aan bartay in la abuuro images saxda ah ee xayawaanka. sawiro, kuwaas oo si dirqi ah ku qeexan contours ah ayaa laga helay, sidaas darteed waa ficil ahaan wax aan macquul aheyn si aad u ogaato kuwaas oo doonayay in sawir artist yahay. xirfadaha si tartiib tartiib ah ay barbaro galeen helay wanaagsan, oo uu u suurtogashay in ay si caddaalad ah sax ah u gudbiyo image ee xayawaanka.

Waxaa ka mid ah farshaxankiisa koowaad ee dadkii hore ayaa sidoo kale ka mid noqon kara handprints helay godad badan.

Hand lahu la rinjiga codsatay in ay derbiga, ka dhalanaya contours aragti ah ee midab ka duwan on dusha ka been goobada. Sida baadhayaashu, ficilkan ahaa macna weyn u dhaqan Aadanaha ee qadiimiga ah.

Mowduucyada rinjiyaynta fanaaniinta ugu horeysay

rinjiyeynta Dhagaxii weynaa ee dadkii hore ka tarjumaya xaqiiqada dhabta ah in ay ku wareegsan. Waxay ku tusaysaa waxa isaga ka walwalsan ugu. shaqo ugu weyn iyo jidka Paleolithic ee wax soo saarka cuntada waxaa ugaarsadaan. Sidaa darteed xayawaanka - Ujeeddada ugu weyn ee sawirada muddada. Sida hore u soo sheegnay, ee Europe, ayaa laga helay noocyo kala duwan oo images of qoraafiga, deerada, fardaha, riyaha, orso. Waxay wareejiyo ma aha ma guurto ah iyo in mooshin. Xayawaanka ordaan, boodi, ku dhex cayaari iyo dhiman, wareemay by waranka ugaadhsadaha.

In god of Caves, oo ku yaalla France, waa image dibi qadiimiga ah ee ugu weyn. Its size - in ka badan shan mitir. In dalalka kale, fanaaniinta qadiimiga ah ayaa sidoo kale rinji kuwa xoolaha oo iyaga ka garab noolaa. In Soomaaliya, image ee gariga laga helay Hindiya - shabeelka iyo Yaxaasyada, in godadka Sahara ku jiraan sawiro gorayada iyo maroodiga. xoolaha ka sokow, fanaaniinta ugu horeysay rinji goobaha ee ugaarsiga iyo dadka, laakiin aad u dhif ah.

Magacaabidda petroglyphs

Maxaad sameeyey dadkii hore iyagoo muujinayay in xoolaha iyo dadka on derbiyada godadka iyo goobaha kale, lama oga. Sida uu hore u bilaabeen in ay sameeyaan diin, u badan tahay, waxay u haysteen in muhiimad dhaqan qoto dheer. Jaantuska "Ugaarsiga" dadkii hore, ee ra'yi ah ee cilmi, calaamad natiijada guul halganka bahalka. Qaar kale waxay aaminsan yihiin in iyana way abuurmeen Sikh qabiil galo riyooday oo isku day si aad u hesho iyada oo sumcadda ciidanka gaar ah. fanaaniinta Baydka ku noolaa muddo dheer, laakiin maxaa yeelay, ujeedadii abuurka sawiro in culimada casriga ah waa la garanayn.

Rinjiga iyo qalab

In la abuuro a barbaro fanaaniinta heer hoose loo isticmaalo farsamo gaar ah. Marka hore, waxay xoqo xoolaha magaabay wiil image dhagaxa dushiisa ama dhagax, ka dibna waxaa la codsadaa in ay rinji ah. Waxaa la sameeyey qalabka dabiiciga ah - midabada kala duwan ee ocher iyo Midabka madow, oo soo saarta dhuxusha. Waayo, qamaar khad loo isticmaalo xayawaanka organics (dhiig, baruurta, medulla) iyo biyo. Colors la heli karo si ay fanaaniinta qadiimiga ahaayeen dhowr: jaalle ah, oo cas, madow, brown.

Farshaxankiisa ee dadkii hore lahaa muuqaalada yar. Mararka qaarkood waxay superimposed on kasta oo kale. Inta badan fanaaniinta rinji tiro badan oo xoolaha. Xaaladdan oo kale, tirooyinka sawir waxaa si taxadar leh lagu sawiray, iyo inta kale - schematic. nin heer hoose Maanaan Abuurin darey in tirada ugu badan ee sawiro - wareeray qasan ee images. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, wax yar uun "farshaxanka" ogaaday in ay leeyihiin Halabuurka direyska.

In muddo ah Paleolithic ayaa durba la abuuray iyo qalabka ranjiyeynta ugu horeysay. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen qoryo guranaya heer hoose ah iyo burush ka dhogorta xayawaanka sameeyey. fanaaniinta qadiimiga ah iyo daryeeli ku saabsan la huriyo uu "canvases". laambadihii lagu helay inay ku sameeyeen qaab maddiibadood oo dhagax. Waxay ku shubtay saliid iyo saaray dubaalad ah.

Chauvet godkii

Waxa la ogaaday in 1994 ee France, iyo ururinta ah farshaxankiisa aqoonsaday ugu qadiimiga ah. waxbarashada shaybaarka ayaa ka caawiyay qeexo da'da sawiro - horrayn ka mid ah ayaa la dhigay 36,000 oo sano ka hor. Halkan, images of xoolaha la helay ee ku nool da'da baraf ah. oo dhogor wiyisha Tani, libaax godkii, gisi, harimacadka, Tarpan (awoowe faraska casriga ah). Tirokoobyada dhammaataan sii raagayaan ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in kumanaan kun oo sano ka hor laga galo in godka la ciiraya.

Hadda waxa uu ku xiran yahay dadweynaha. microclimate uu ku jiray waxaa jira images, carqaladeeyo kartaa joogitaanka aadanaha. Kaliya dhawr saacadood oo cilmi ay u qaban kara. Si aad u booqato daawadayaal ku go'aansaday in la furo replica a godkii aan ka fogayn ka.

Caves

Tani waa meel kale si fiican u yaqaan, halkaas oo laga helay farshaxankiisa ee dadkii hore. Cave helay by afar dhalinyarada ee 1940. Haddaba iyada ururinta ah farshaxankiisa oo ka mid ah fanaaniinta qadiimiga Paleolithic ka mid ah 1900 images.

Meesha waxa uu noqday mid ah kooxda martida ah aad loo jecel yahay. socodka badan oo dalxiisayaal ah ayaa keentay in waxyeelo ay ku sawiro. Tani waxay ka dhacay sababtoo ah badin ah carbon dioxide pipe by aadanuhu. In 1963 waxaa la go'aamiyay in la xiro godka dadweynaha. Laakiin dhibaatooyinka la ilaalinta ee sawirada qadiimiga jira ilaa maantadan la joogo. Microclimate Lasko waxaa lahagaajin jebiyey, oo hadda tiradu si joogto ah loola socdo.

gunaanad

Farshaxankiisa ee dadkii hore noo furato ay xaqiiqo iyo farsamada. Artists waqtiga ay awoodaan si uu u gudbiyo oo keliya ma muuqaalka kore ee dhab ah ee xayawaanka, laakiin dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo caadooyinka. Waxa intaa dheer in qiimaha bilicsanaanta iyo farshaxanka oo ka mid ah farshaxankiisa farshaxan heer hoose waa wax muhiim u ah waxbarashada ku dubato muddada. Thanks to kuwa lagu helo in ay sawiro Chauvet grotto, culumadu sameeyey daahfurka bilowgiis yahay, waayo, kaasu leexatay in libaaxyada iyo wiyisha, Dadka Asal ahaan dalalka kulul koonfurta xilligii of Age Stone ku noolaa Yurub.