Fenimor Kuper, "Pathfinder": kooban

Waxaa jira buugaag in aan la sii daayay bilowgaba shukaansi bogga u dambeeya. Waxay kaliya ma ahan ma illoobo Bengtsson, laakiin on lid ku ah, samatabbixin kuma farxo yar ee dib-u-akhriska. Kuwani waa shuqullada in wadnaha iyo damqadaan qasbo waxay khuseeyaan la geesiyaal ah, iyo xataa barooran cadaalad of qaddar. Buugani, on taas oo in laga sameeyo filimada iyo sawir gacmeedyada dadka ku dhex jira aad loo jecel yahay. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waa "Ranger", oo kooban kuwaas oo la og yahay in ay dhamaan taageerayaasha of nooca reer galbeedka.

A ereyo kooban oo ku saabsan abuuraha

Author shaqada, iyo sidoo kale taxane ah oo jaakooyinka Bumppo - Fenimor Kuper. Tani waa classic ah suugaanta American ee ku sifayn biimayn ah, aasaasaha of style ah "Western". Kor buu u koray waqti marka degay ayaa la bilaabeysa inay qabsadaan, America, sidaas ogaa nolosha ka mid ah Hindida oo ku cusub cad. In uu indhaha ku kacday Redskins burburinta riwaayadaha, uu jecel yahay oo la ixtiraamo. Wuxuu runtii empathized iyaga la, Taageersanaa Dulmi this, la diriray oo uu qalinka. Laakiin, nasiib daro, ma uu isbedeli karaan.

Waxa xiiso leh in ay jirto fursad uu buugga ugu horeysay ee qoraaga (oo waxaa iyo shaqooyin kale oo ka danbeeya) "Pathfinder." Xog marnaba awoodi doonaan in ay gaadhsiin jawiga, oo hoobto akhristaha Hawiyaha ee bogagga buugaagta. Waa in loo akhriyo iyo dib-u-akhri wax oo dhan. Way u qalantaa.

Sidaas daraaddeed, ugu horeeyay ee Roman Kuper qoray, ku dooday naagtiisa, laakiin waxa uu u jeclaa. Iyo akhristayaasha yimid ay u dhadhamiyaan nooca cusub. Sidaa darteed, James waxba shaqo dheeraad ah ku samayn berrinkii suugaanta lahaa.

image ee sharabaaddo Leather ah

qof aad u soo jiidasho abuuray by F. Cooper. "Pathfinder", gaaban ah oo looga wadahadli doono hoos ku content, wadahadalo ku saabsan jaakooyinka Bumpo. Jaleecada hore, waxa ay u muuqataa mid aad u macmal ah, sida qoraaga waa mid u nugul Buunbuunin iyo romanticizing gaab. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mid tixgalin mudan in indhaha sharabaaddo Leather ee ka dhigaysa taariikh, taas oo uu si firfircoon uga qaybqaatay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu ahaa la nacay "caadi ah" bulshada Yurub. Waa maxay sababta? Maxaa yeelay, isagu wuxuu ahaa shisheeye u asturi weyn ee saffarro uu: damaca waayo, xoog, damac, cadaalad, been. Isagu ma uu iman karo in la eego iyaga la si adag, si iskood ah ka tagaa bulshada iyo helaa nabad dadkii isaga la mid ah ka mid ah oo kaliya, in uu yahay Hindida ah. Tassna waxaa inta badan isku dayeen in ay dib ugu soo celiyaan ilbaxnimada, laakiin mar kasta oo qof uu yahay si xun u niyad. Oo bogga ugu dambeeya Nathaniel wareegga ayaa ku hadhay in Yeeyi Cunto a kali ah, doon ah oo ku haboon ee aadanaha.

Fenimor Kuper "Pathfinder": kooban

Hadda waxa la joogaa wakhtigii si ay u soo xusuusta wixii uu socday kitaabkii, taas oo la qoray by F. Cooper. "Pathfinder", oo kooban kuwaas oo waxaan ku tilmaami waa buugga saddexaad ee wareegga. Bogagga novel ah akhristaha arki doonaan characters la yaqaan ka shuqulladaadii hore ee jaakooyinka Bumpo iyo Chingachgook, iyo sidoo kale in ay bartaan characters cusub. Waa quruxsan Meybl Dunhem, badmaaxa geesinimo Charlz Kep (biyo cusbo), dhallinyarada Dzhasper Uestern iyo laba Mareykanka Dhaladka jabiyo Arrow Rosa iyo June. novel The qaadataa meel on the bangiyada of picturesque Lake Ontario.

Haddii kooban tirin buugga "Ranger" ah, waxay sheegayaa halganka saamayn dhexeeya Faransiis iyo Ingiriiska, taas oo ay barbaro galeen khilaaf ka mid ah qabiilooyinka Hindida. Wakhtigan, gabar yar oo Meybl Dunhem tagaa Safar ah Aabihiis, kuwaas oo lagu adeegi jiray dhufayskii arko. On iyada marti, iyada adeerkiis, badmaaxa ah iyo Guides Tuscarora Hindida. On sida ay u la kulmo laba nin oo dhar cadcad xidhan oo ka mid redhead. Waxay ahayd Leather ku sharabaadada, Chingachgook iyo badmaaxa Jasper. Mabel ee aabbahoodna wuxuu iyagii u soo diray si loo xaqiijiyo ammaanka. Ku saabsan sida koox ka mid ah dadka musaafiriinta ah oo qoto dheer u guurtay America, waxaana uu sheegay, "Pathfinder". Kooban sheeko waa in rafcaan si akhristaha, si ay u qaado buugga this ee gacmahaaga iyo akhriyo ka cover si ay u daboosho.

jacaylka xiliyo

On jidka group geesi ah adventures khatar sugi: isgoyska biyaha, iska hor imaadyo la Iroquois ah. Markay gaadheen goolka, waxaa soo baxday in in la sii. Young Jasper eedeeyay basaasnimo, iyo gabadha aabbeheed ahaa ayaa go'aansado inuu guursado iyada Pathfinder. Nathaniel qudhiisu waalan jacayl la Magni, sidaas ugu faraxsanahay in la sameeyo soo jeedinta guur iyada. Laakiin iyadu way u diido. Dhanka kale, weerarka Faransiis (basaas aheyd mid run jabiyo Arrow), soo boodo ku dhaawacmeen saajin Dunhema. Wuxuu bequeaths in gabadhiisa in ay guursadaan sharabaadada Leather ah, oo ay ogolaato. Laakiin muddo ka dib, ayuu ka warqaba in Mable uusan isaga jecel, laakiin Jasper ayaa muddo dheer ka mid ah la doortay oo qalbigeeda. Sidaas daraaddeed wuu iska jebiyo shaqaysiinta, iyo duceeya ku caashaqay ka.

Haddii aad ka akhrisan kooban oo aad u kooban ( "Ranger"), mana aad garan kartaa in arooska ahaa magnet iyo Jasper, iyo Nathaniel iyaga hambalyeeyay iyo la waayay. Sannado badan ka dib, qof dumar ah oo dhallinyaro ah oo leh carruur marayay wuxuu arkay tiradaasi in masaafada u, waa si xoog leh garabaka saaxiibkey hore. Markaas ayay waydiisay dadka deegaanka ah oo ku saabsan kuwaas oo ay ahayd. Waxay ii sheegeen in yimaadeen ugaadhsade naaneeso Pathfinder halyeeyga. Magni ogaaday in uu awoodi waayay in uu joojiyo iyada jecel.

Cycle Hase yeshee, Leatherstocking The

Fenimor Kuper ma aha oo kaliya abuuray image qurux badan oo ah nin kuwaas oo ka dhigay taariikhda. Waxa uu ku tilmaamay nolosha oo dhan uu geesi, full of quudhin oo halis, dhibaato iyo niyad, farxad iyo murug. Masiirka Nathaniel haboon in shan buug, oo u sheeg oo ku saabsan da'da dhallinyarada ah ee dabeecadda, kor iyo gabowga sii kordhaya. Iyo si wadajir ah ula qaddar ee qoraaga Leather sharabaaddo ku taswiiran nolosha America, nacaybkuu u dhexeeya dadka laga yaabaa in aanay la wadaagin Xoolo aad u weyn sida. Wuxuu sketched qaddar naxdin leh oo ku sifoobayaa dembiile, iyo qabsashadii oo ka mid ah dagaal iyo shaleyte diiwaan bedesho sida arimahan.

Pyatilogiya

Waxaan soo bandhigi doonaa liiska buugaagta ku jira wareegga, si ay taariikh, sida iyagu waxay ku qoran waqtiyo kala duwan.

• "Johannesört St John, ama waddada koowaad ee dagaalka" - sheeko ka Nathaniel toddoba iyo toban ama siddeed iyo toban sannadood. Buuga waxaa lagu qoray 1841.
• "The Last of Mohicans ah, ama sheekada ee sannadka 1757". qof ugu weyn ee 32-34 sano, iyo sheeko la daabacay 1826.
• "Pathfinder, ama on xeebaha Ontario" taas oo jilayaasha qiyaastii 35-38 sano. piece waxaa ku qoran 1840s ah.
• "Horseedka, ama waxay leeyihiin asal ahaan Saskuihanny" qeexayaa nolosha Nathaniel ee 67-68 sano. novel ayaa u muuqday sanadii 1823.
• "Prairie (STEP)" - buugga ugu dambeeya ee trackers ah, taas oo waqtiga sheeko ah 78-79 sano. Waxaa la daabacay 1827.

ay caanka ah ee Midowga

Waa in la ogaadaa, in tixaha of Fenimore Cooper ahaayeen kuwo aad caan adduunka oo dhan, iyo in Midowga Soofiyeeti gaar ahaan. On af Ruush kitaabka markii ugu horeysay ee aan turjumay Ishimova ao ee bartamihii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, iyo tan iyo markaas waxay si joogto ah republished. Ku saabsan mawduucyada oo ka mid ah filimada Leather-yeshee duubay iyo sawir gacmeedyada, soo saaray brand. Oo waxaa xusid mudan in geesiyaal Cooper in shaashadda keeni lahaa wax badan oo jilayaasha. Carruurta bartay tixaha hoos barnaamijka dugsiga, ka dibna ciyaaray dayrka, la kulaney ee geesiga geesi iyo saaxiibbadiis.

version Carruurta

Waxaa sugan, shuqullada James Fenimore Cooper ee loogu talagalay dhalinyarada iyo carruurta da'da dugsiga sare. Laakiin akhristayaasha dhallinyarada sahamin karaan dunida cajiib ah oo dabeecadda. Waxaa macquul ah in uu "Warkii Pathfinder ah", oo kooban oo ah taasoo aan sidoo kale ka fiirsan Skrebitsky waxyigu ku qoray ka dib markii reading ku adventures of jaakooyinka Bumppo.

wax soo saarka loogu talagalay carruurta ah da'da dugsiga hoose. Laakiin tani ma aha sheekada caadiga ah. Iyagu ma u sheegay oo ku saabsan saaxiriintii wanaagga iyo xumaanta, masaska, masduulaagii, geesiyaal iyo wuxuush. Laakiin jecel yar ee suugaanta bixiya sharaxaada xiiso leh mucjisooyin, xusay by isha feejigaan. Ranger-prirodolyubom hortiis na Skrebitsky. "Warkii Pathfinder ah", oo kooban kuwaas oo furi kara dhammaan buugaagta sixir, la hadal oo ku saabsan adduunka oo dhan. Tusaale ahaan, in laga helo carruurta birdhouse iyo sida ay uga raadinayso Koox ka mid ah wax. howcast Small ogyahay SOS fogaaday oo madax adag, cuckoo Xantoodii, habeen wanaagsan iyo jiriqsiga iyo tagfi, taas oo uu suurtagashay in ay hesho toosh oo ay noqoto firefly ah. Waxaan doonayay inaan u gudbiyo carruurta Skrebitsky? "Warkii Pathfinder ah", oo kooban kuwaas oo waxaa lagu soo kor ku xusan, la hadal oo ku saabsan xayawaanka iyo caadooyinka ay, gaar ahaan, Baaskoodu wuxu kaynta. In muddo gaaban, oo ku saabsan dunida cajiib ah agagaarka aad rabto in aad wax bartaan oo sahamin.

halkii epilogue ah

Baahnayn in la sheego in dunidu xiiso suugaanta u furan yahay oo keliya in kuwa aan cabsan inuu wax akhriyo shuqullada in nooca buuxda? nasiib wacan, saaxiibbadayow, nasiib wacan!