Formula kelli iyo dhismaha ee phenol

Phenols - magaca guud ee ah alcohols leedahay beduliyum. On the guryaha ee arrinta yihiin acids daciif ah. muhiimadda wax ku ool ah oo muhiim ah waa homologues badan C hydroxybenzene ₆ H ₅ 0s (formula Phenol) - Wakiilka fudud ee fasalka. Ina keena aynu baari this si faahfaahsan.

Phenols. formula guud iyo dirka

formula guud ee walxaha organic ah alcohols leedahay beduliyum, - R-OH. phenols Britain laftiisa iyo cresols sameeyay xagjirka - phenyl C6H5, kaas oo si toos ah ugu xiran in mid ama ka badan kooxaha hydroxyl OH (kooxaha hydroxyl). By tiradoodu per phenols Britain ayaa waxaa loo kala saaraa galay mancaha, qaybsamaa iyo polyhydric. xeryahooda Monohydric noocan ah waa phenol iyo cresol. naphthols ay ku jiraan in ay ka kooban 2 xuduntii dhisnayd - The ugu dhex hydroxybenzenes polyhydric caadi ah.

Phenol - wakiilka of alcohols leedahay beduliyum

shaqaalaha dharka phenol waxaa hore u ogaan lahaa in qarnigii XVIII ah: looxiisa waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida dheeh ah. In muxaadaro ah ee daamurka dhuxusha ee 1834 ee Germany, farmashiyaha F. Runge iftiimiyay kiristaalo oo ah walaxda la ah caraf udgoon sifo. Magaca dhuxusha Laatiin - carbo, sidaas darteed loo yaqaan xarunta acid carbolic (carbolic acid). cilmi Jarmal ayaa ku guuldareysatay inay aqoonsadaan walaxda. formula Phenol kelli la aasaasay 1842. O. Laurent, kuwaas oo la rumaysan yahay derivative carbolic of benzene. Waayo, acid cusub loo isticmaalo magaca "phenyl" ah. Sharl Zherar go'aamisay in maalkiisu waa khamriga, wuxuuna u bixiyey phenol ah. codsiyada hore xarunta - daawo, warshadaynta hargaha maqaar, wax soo saarka ee formaldehyde dardaro. Astaamaha u gaarka ah walaxda hoos tixgelin:

• formula kiimikada QUMMAN - C ₆ H ₅ OH.
• Miisaanka uu leeyahay kelli ee xarunta - iyo 94,11. e. m.
• formula buuran ee wadar ahaan labada lug ay, - C ₆ H ₆ O.

Qaab dhismeedka Electronic iyo baaxaddaba ee Britain ayaa ah phenol

Qaab dhismeedka xilliile ah oo caanaha benzene bixiyaan farmashiyaha organic Jarmal F. Kekule ee 1865, oo wax yar ka hor - I. Loschmidt. Seynisyahanno leeyihiin Britain ayaa ah arrinta organic foomka of lixgeesle si joogto ah la talantaalli ah bonds hal iyo double. Sida ay fikradaha casriga ah, giraanta udgoon - nooc gaar ah oo qaab-dhismeedka wareeg ah, loo yaqaan "bond conjugated".

Lix atamka carbon tijaabiso hannaanka sp ² -hybridization orbitals electron. Aan ku lug leh dhismaha bonds C-C of daruuraha p-electron daboolaa kor iyo hoos diyaarada ee muhiimka ah Britain ee. Waxaa jira laba daruur electron caadi ah in daboolayaa giraanta oo dhan. Phenol formula dhismaha eegto laga yaabaa kala duwan, la siiyo hab taariikhiga ah inay sharaxaad ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka benzene. In si ay u saaraan qof ee Consort leedahay beduliyum roodhida, conventionally loo arkaa saddex ka mid ah lix bonds double taas oo kale ah oo leh saddex fudud.

Kala fogaansho ay sabab u tahay kooxda oxy

In ka ugu fudud hydrocarbon udgoon - benzene, C ₆ H ₆ - daruur electron waa symmetrical. formula phenol ka duwan yahay by mid ka mid ah group hydroxy. Joogitaanka hydroxyl jebiyo dhabanada la muuqataa in guryaha oo ah walaxda. Xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya oxygen iyo hydrogen koox hydroxy - covalent kala horjeeda. Labada nin caadi mowjadda of electrons in la eb oxygen ku keenaysaa in a lacag ku dul negative (qayb). Hydrogen lumiyo electrons iyo keensataa lacag qayb ahaan "+". Intaa waxaa dheer, oxygen ee group O-H yahay milkiilaha laba electron unshared. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah soo jiidatay by daruur electron ee giraanta udgoon ah. Sababtan awgeed, xidhiidhka sii kala fog, hydrogen si fudud bedelay biraha. daydo The siiyo fikrad ah nooca ku dhufo oo ka mid ah Britain phenol ah.

Maqaallo atamka faragelin phenol

Mid ka mid ah daruur electron ah nuclei udgoon ee Britain phenol sameynayso kooxda hydroxyl ah. Waxay dhacdaa ifafaale, magaca ereyada, kaas oo la eb oxygen labada ciyaaryahan ah u gaar ah ee electrons soo jiitay kooxaha hydroxy nidaamka giraanta benzene ah. Yaraynta amarka xun magdhow by kala fogaansho weyn ay sabab u tahay kooxda O-H.

Giraantu waxay leedahay beduliyum sidoo kale kala duwan yihiin habka qaybinta electronic. Waxaa hoos u carbon in ku xidhan tahay in ogsijiin, oo waxaa kor u kacay at dhow darina atamka ee jagooyinka ortho (2 iyo 6). Isagaoo waa raasamaal la'aan iyaga on "-". Dheeraad ah "wareejin cufnaanta - ay dhaqdhaqaaq ka atamka ee Meta-jagooyinka (3 iyo 5) in carbon ee para-meel (4). phenol formula waxbarasho loogu talagalay iyo xigay labada dhinac inta badan ka kooban oo ka mid ah tiriyey atamka ee giraanta benzene ah.

kiimikaad phenol sharaxaad ku saleysan qaab-dhismeedka elektarooniga ah

Maaraysa conjugation ee giraanta leedahay beduliyum iyo hydroxyl saamayn sifooyinka labada Qurub iyo walxaha dhan. Tusaale ahaan, cufnaanta ah electron sare ee la eb ee ortho iyo jagooyinka para (2, 4, 6) ka dhigaysa bond C-H ah wareegga phenol leedahay beduliyum more Waxyeelo ah. Dhimay lacag xun ee atamka carbon in jagooyinka Meta (3 iyo 5) ah. Weerarkii qayb electrophilic ee falgalka kiimikada bandhigi carbon ee ortho iyo jagooyinka para. falcelinta bromination isbedel benzene dhici hoos kululaynta xoog leh oo ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen qaar kaaliya. monogalogenoproizvodnoe asaasay - bromobenzene. phenol Formula ogolaanaya walax in fal la bromine ku ool ah ugala aan kulaylinta isku dar ah.

giraanta leedahay beduliyum saameeyaa group polarity xiriir hydroxy ah, waxaa sii kordhaya. Hydrogen sii dabacsan, marka la barbar dhigo alcohols cokan. Phenol sameynayso la alkalis, la xirrira cusbada - phenates. Ethanol ma fal la alkali, ama halkii, alaabta falcelinta - ethanolates - cawisa. In phenols eego kiimikada - acid ka xoog badan alcohols.

Wakiilada of class alcohols leedahay beduliyum

Kelli phenol homolog formula - cresol (hydroxytoluene methylphenol) - C ₇ H ₈ Maandooriyaha O. ee alaabta ceeriin dabiiciga ah inta badan uu weheliyo phenol, sidoo kale wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin aalkolada. homologues kale ee phenol:

• Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene). formula Kiimikada - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Resorcinol (1,3-hydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₃ (OH) _3.
• Naphthol. Maandooriyaha formula kelli - C ₁₀ H ₇ OH. Waxa loo isticmaalaa in soo saaridda ee formaldehyde, daawooyinka, xeryahooda leedahay beduliyum.
• Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol). formula Kiimikada - C ₆ H ₃ CH ₃ (OH) (C ₃ H _7). Waxaa loo adeegsaday in chemistry organic dardaro, iyo daawo.
• Vanillin phenolic xagjirka ah marka laga reebo waxaa ku jira group ether ah oo ka hadhay aldehyde ah. xarunta formula kelli - C ₈ H ₈ O _3. Vanillin waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa sida iidaan macmal ah.

reagent Formula for ogaanshaha phenols

go'aan tayada of phenol loo samayn karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo bromine. Sidaas darteed of reaction bedelay ka tribromophenol a soo dadajin cad. Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene) waa la midab leh ee midabka cagaaran ee joogitaanka chloride ferric kala diri. Iyada oo reagent isla sameynayso phenol iyo triphenol ah waxaa la aasaasay isagoo midab buluug ah. reaction tayada si resorcinol - muuqaalka midab buluug madow ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen chloride ferric. Tartiib tartiib, midabka ah ee xal jirsado madow. formula ee reagent ah, kaasi oo loo adeegsaday in la aqoonsado phenol qaarkood iyo homologs ay, - FeCl ₃ (chloride ferric (III)).

Hydroxybenzene, naphthol, thymol - oo dhan phenols. formula guud oo ah walaxda si loo ogaado xubin oo ka mid ah xeryahooda si taxane ah leedahay beduliyum. All xeryahooda organic ku jirto in ay phenyl formula xagjirka C ₆ H _5, kuwaas oo ay kooxaha hydroxy waxaa si toos ah loola xiriirinayay in ay muujiyaan guryaha gaarka ah. Waxay ku kala duwan ka soo khamriga waxaa ugu wanaagsan ka muujiyay nooca acidic. Marka la barbar dhigo walxaha taxane homologous benzene, phenols - xarunta kiimikada firfircoon.