Gantaal Carrier "proton-M": sifooyinka, ordaya, waayen

Space ayaa had iyo jeer ah "card buunka" ee dalka, il kibirka oo muwaadiniinteeda. Ever tan iyo satellite ugu horeysay oo ninkii ugu horeeyay ee meel bannaan, waxaan u bartayba horumarinta firfircoon of this qaybaha, taas oo ah mid ka mid ah doodaha geopolitical ugu muhiimsan.

Nasiib darro, burburka in 90s ee si weyn u riixay warshadaha ee dib, lakiin wax walba laga bilaabo si loo hagaajiyo sannadihii la soo dhaafay. Caddeynta of this u adeegi karaan in dib loo bilaabo duulimaad "proton-M" Gantaal culus kan kara inuu rido falagiisuu a Muga record ee xamuulka.

History of abuurka

By 1960, kaas oo ku dhowaad si rasmi ah loo tixgeliyaa in muddo ah u kaca loo arag ee bannaan ee Soviet, waxaa ugu dambeyntii noqday cadeeyo baahida loo qabo in gobolka in la bilaabay gaari aad u awood badan, kuwaas oo awoodi doonaan in ay meel kastana falagiisuu dhex xamuul oo dheeraad ah. Dabcan, "ayuu violin ugu horeysay" ee u ololaynaya qorshaha sida yihiin xitaa ma barnaamijka boos rasmi ah, iyo ciidamada, kuwaas oo loo baahan yahay ah "truck" xoog gaadiidka ee boos culus xamuulka militariga.

Labada dhinac ee dagaalkii qaboobaa ee sano ee la tusay xiiso aan horay loo arag in qorshaha muujiyaan ah idiinna geostationary super awood bambooyin hydrogen. Nasiib wanaag, hirgelinta dhabta ah ee noocan oo kale ah talaabo military USSR isdilka iyo Maraykanka ayaa weli ma gaarin, laakiin gantaal ah "proton-M" wakhtigaas ahaa diyaar.

Ina keena aynu taariikhda si degdeg ah Abuuridda soo laabto. In la sameeyo waxaa ku Aaminto OKB-52, kaas oo lagu madax Chelomey V. N. xafiiska this laga maarmi waayay in lacagta cajiib ah oo shaqo ah in la sameeyo muddo gaaban of time, loo baahan yahay in lagu daro in ka badan CB diyaaradaha darsin ka dalka oo dhan waxaa isaga la jiray.

Horeba noocooda ugu horeysay waxaa la dhisay sanadkii 1962. Gantaal ayaa waxaa loo yaqaan "UR-200." Laga soo bilaabo 1962 in 1964, sagaal ayaa la sameeyay orod maxkamad qalab cusub.

noocooda cusub

Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah ay ahaayeen guulo, laakiin 1961, ka hor inta duulimaad imtixaanka, ayuu Chelomei ku adkeystay on horumarinta noocooda cusub. Sida laga soo xigtay xisaabinta, uu u maleeyeen inuu ahaadaa shan (!) Times ah ka culus yahay version asalka ah!

Markii hore, abuuray doonayay in ay tagaan oo ay la socdaan jidka "iska caabin ah ugu yaraan" by isku laba gantaalo "SD-200" oo intaa ku daray in design ka dhalanaya ee stage suunka kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xisaabinta hordhaca ah ayaa si cad u muujiyay, in kalsoonida howlahan oo kale si cad u Baxaan badan waxaa loo doonayaa.

Sidaas darteed, waxaa la go'aamiyay in la abuuro gantaal cusub "SD-500", laakiin uu u fududayn lahaa xisaabinta, saynisyahano degeen on tanaasul ah: qaadayaan tallaabooyin qaabka waafaqsan, sida ay loo isticmaalo sare ee mid ka mid ah ee "SD-200". Dabcan, mashruuca hore uu ahaa mid si weyn u uqaabaynta.

matoorada

Iyada oo matoorada ku dhiirigelinayaan in uu lahaa inuu laxanka. Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in ay sabab u tahay dood dheer, waxay polyblock doortay version of khariidad ee marxalada koowaad. Qorshahani wuxuu ka dhigtay in ay suurto gal ah in ay ku habboon galaasyada habka of buundooyinka iyo sugnan inta lagu jiro marxaladaha gantaal gaadiidka, laakiin waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah xadeyn ku saabsan shidaalka loo isticmaalo.

Labada ciyaaryahan oxygen-shito Qadiimiga ahaa mid aan suurta galayn, sababtoo ah waxaa qaadan lahaa si weyn u kordhiyo tirada, oo sidaas daraaddeed sida shidaalka ah soo xulay tetraksidom sun dimethylhydrazine unsymmetrical la nitrogen sida oxidant ah.

Iyadoo ku saleysan waxaa jiray khilaaf soo la Queen, kuwaas oo sheegay in ay ahayd la shito. Ilaa 1965, waxaan sameeyay baaritaanka ballaaran ee warshad cusub ee xaaladaha sida ugu dhow in ay xaqiiqada.

taariikhda dheeraad ah

Sida inta badan u dhacdaa in barnaamijka boos qaranka gelin sannadahaas, siyaasadda heysatay oo dhan. By 1965, markii mashruuca hore u jiray shiidaa si buuxda diyaar, shirkadda ayaa lagu dhibayay jeegaga on amarka L. Brezhnev. Wuxuu unconcealed shaki dhaxalka isaga ka horeeyay ee.

Taasi waa sababta horumarinta "SD-200" waxaa ugu danbeyn joojiyay. Nasiib wanaag, model ah 500-th maamula si ay u difaacaan. Bartamihii 1965-satellite "proton" ayaa si guul leh bilaabay falagiisuu. signal ayaa waxaa ka heli karo oo kaliya dhowr saacadood kadib duritaanka galay falagiisuu, si ay wakhti dheer ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay bilow xun.

In daabacaadan koowaad ee saxaafadda gantaal uu si qalad ah loo yaqaan magaca satellite ah. Oo waxaa ugu dhaqsaha badan qabatay, taasina waa sababta tan iyo 1965 in our bannaan oo u muuqday "proton-M". More hufan, halkii index ah "M" at gantaal uu leeyahay horgalaha "K".

Casriyeeyey u noqday kuwa loo yaqaan oo keliya sanadkii 2001, markii lagu tuuraa falagiisuu markii ugu horeysay iyadoo la kaashanayo iyada xamuulka.

Features Key

Features of mucjiso this of gantaal Soviet-Ruush iyo run ahaantii cajiib ah. khariidad ee gantaal ah - a saddex-yada. Miisaanka uu aad u ah "M proton AE" - 702 metrik! Gantaal The muujiyaan karaa on kastana falagiisuu dhex iibsiga geosynchronous lix tan oo payload.

Wejiga kowaad ayaa ballaciisu yahay in ka badan lix mitir, saddexaad - in ka badan afar. Iyada oo la tixgelinayo in shidaalka loo isticmaalo qaybaha aad sun u baahan in heerka ugu sareeya ee diyaarinta preflight labadaba gantaal iyo suuf la bilaabay iyada ah.

Isla mar ahaantaana bilowdo kharashka - ka yar $ 100 million. By habka, waayo American Delta IV gantaal ku culus, taas oo ah mid ka mid ah tartanka ugu waaweyn ee gaadiidka "proton-M", tiradaasi waa $ 265 million .... Saddex jeer!

The statistics murugo

Hoogay, ee horyaalka ee maqaalka ma ma ahan oo keliya waxay leeyihiin ereyga "shil". Far keliya ma aha ee size iyo tirada wax soo saarka load ammaanay side. Xaqiiqada ah in gantaal ah "proton-M" ayaa lagu yaqaanaa in ay tirada furayey guuldareystay. dhaqan Tani waxa ay sii fogaanaya, waxa ay ka horreeyay.

Xukun naftaada. Oo ka mid ah afar furayey ugu horeysay lagu qabtay muddada u dhaxaysa 1965 si ay u 1966, mid ka mid ah ayaa ku guul daraystay ay sabab u tahay shil ee marxaladda labaad suunka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ay ahaan laheyd la yaab leh ay ka sugayaan soo horjeeda, sida technology a qoto dheer cusub ee noocan oo kale ah had iyo jeer waa jaaniska sare ah failure.

Guud ahaan, keliya ku saabsan 47 diiwaan kiis oo kale oo la bilaabay ee "proton-M" ku dhammaaday fashil. Marka la eego in guud ahaan waxay ahayd 400 oo bilowday, aan helno ee ku saabsan 89% ka mid ah furayey guul.

The musiibada ugu caansan

Shilalka of Launcher this lagama yaabo inay keeneen sida qaylo dadweynaha (gaar ahaan tan iyo xaaladaha degdegga ah ka dhacay oo la "proton" si joogto ah), laakiin taasi orod uu la xidhiidha horumarinta nidaamka qoyska oo kaliya ee meelaynta aduunka - GLONASS.

Sidaas daraaddeed kuwa 100 milyan oo doolar, taas oo kharashka aad u bilowdo, si fudud aan qiimo lahayn marka loo eego dhaawaca in Gobolka uu yahay in ay dhacdo khasaare ah oo ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah satellite ah. Tani waxay si gaar cad ee 2010, marka kaliya seddex satalayt koox GLONASS aan galay falagiisuu oo si hoose ee Badweynta Pacific.

Burburka ka dibna waxa ay ku saabsan 3 billion rubles, haddaan lagu darin qiimaha gantaal laftiisa. Sidaas darteed shilka (kaas oo ka dhacay ay sabab u tahay qalad markii buuxinta heerarka shidaalka) shaqooyinkooda laga badiyay daraasiin "meel" sar sare ee ka tirsan.

In 2011, mar kale, ay sabab u tahay dhibaatooyinka la matoorada gantaal ah, waxa ay ku guuldareysteen inay keenaan suunka sax satellite idiinna gaar ah "Express AM4." Waxaa la xidhiidh la leh kala guurka si buuxda u baahinta telefishanka ee digital ee dalkeenna. unit Samatabbixinta dunida oo dhan la tijaabiyey, saldhigyada telemetry loo adeegsaday dunida oo dhan, laakiin waxa uu awoodi waayay in laga hortago gubidda satellite ee jawiga.

Kharashka dhaawaca lagu qiyaasay ugu yaraan 10 bilyan oo rubles.

In 2012, waxaa jiray ahaantii sheeko la mid ah la laba Satellite isgaarsiinta. Mar kale, ay sabab u tahay dhibaatooyinka ka jira nidaamka shidaalka cutubyo gantaal ah ayaa lagu shubaa kastana falagiisuu dhex qaldan. In la dhiso xiriir ka nexeen, farsamada ayaa waxaa buriyay. Kharashka dhaawaca - qiyaas ahaan la mid ah 10 bilyan.

Bartamihii 2013 sii horeysay la GLONASS. Mar kale, saddex Saaxiibkiis muddo dheer dhibaatada (!) Ilaa afuufeen gantaal. Baaritaanka ayaa ahaa dhamaystiran. Wakhtigan cadeeyay inuu yahay dareemayaal eed of xawaare angular, kuwaas oo lagu rakibay shirka wareejiyo 180 digrii ka booska caadiga ah. Sababta oo ah gantaal this ayaa on gebi kastana falagiisuu dhex qaldan.

Ugu dambeyntii, bishii May ee sanadkan si hoose ee mar kale ayaan u tegey satellite ah "muuji" qorshe mar kale lagu aasay, waayo, guurka degdeg ah baahinta dijitaalka.

Gabagabadii iyo rajada

Sidaas darteed dhammaan xaaladaha kor ku xusan, waxaan ayaa laga badiyay ugaasyadii adeeg badan. Dawladda ayaa loo qoondeeyey oo ku saabsan 2 billion rubles diyaarinta ugu fiican ee furitanka ee gantaalaha ee noocan ah. Sidaas darteed, qiimaha socda a "proton" (oo ay ku jiraan oo dhan khasaaraha) barbareeyay ah in "Atlas 5" gantaal American.

Iyadoo ay taasi jirto, "proton-M" ayaa weli mid ka mid ah tiirarka ugu muhiimsan ee furayey ganacsi. Xitaa kharashka shil kastana falagiisuu dhex geostationary weli ugu hooseeya dunida oo dhan, laakiin sababta oo ah yaraanta ah ee la-hawlgalayaasha ka iman kara iyo macaamiisha Roskosmos ma dareemaan ma.

gantaal cusub

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khubarada ayaa muddo dheer ayaa sheegay in "proton-M" dhakhsaha badan duqsiyo badan aad. Xaqiiqada ah in horumarinta degdegga ah "Angara" hadda socda. Tani gantaal block cusub ma aha oo kaliya ka jaban tahay ururka ka horeeyey, laakiin waa u fududdahay in la sameeyo. The "Angara" waxaa loo isticmaalaa matoorada shito-oxygen. Waxaa la ordi karaan ka cosmodrome ah "Plesetsk" iyo "East" aan bixin Kazakhs idiina ah sumalka uguma kiro ah "Baikonur".

Inkastoo rajada ididiilo sida, gantaalka side "proton-M" dhab ahaan loo isticmaali doono muddo dheer, sida horumarinta technology cusub waxaa ka danbayso.